Degania Alef

According to the 1881 Survey of Western Palestine, Umm Junieh was possibly the place called Union, or Homonœa, by Josephus (Vita, 54).[4][5]

The Muslim village called Umm Junieh[6] is mentioned during the Late Ottoman period (late 19th century) at the site from which the first Jewish settlers would start establishing their community in 1909–1910. A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place as ruined.[7] Umm Junieh was just by the ancient bridge known in Arabic as Jisr es-Sidd, which was also noted as ruined by Jacotin.[7]

In 1875, Victor Guérin observed the village of Oumm Djouneh, sitting on a hill east of the river Jordan.[8] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the place, cited as Umm Junieh, as a stone and adobe village, on the east side of the river Jordan, on the top of the eastern bank of the river. It contained about 250 Muslim inhabitants. All the plain around was arable soil; no trees. A mill was worked at the village.[9] A population list from about 1887 showed that Umm Juny had about 330 inhabitants, all Muslim.[10]

Degania (later Degania Alef) was the first kvutza-type agricultural settlement established by Zionist pioneers of the New Yishuv under Ottoman rule. The location was south-west of the Sea of Galilee, at a place known in Arabic as Umm Junieh or Umm Juni, within the administrative Ottoman area of Acre Sanjak. It was founded in 1910 by a group of eight men and a one woman, the "[labour] conquest group", followed at the end of the same year by what would become the permanent settlers group (ten men and two women).

In June 1912, the group moved from the mud huts and wooden shack of Umm Juni to the new stone-built compound at its permanent location.[11] That is at the place where the Jordan River emerges from the Sea of Galilee and therefore had the Arabic name Bab al-Tumm, "Gate of the Mouth".[11][12]

The poetess Rachel Bluwstein, the "prophet of labor" A. D. Gordon, and paramilitary commander and leading Zionist Joseph Trumpeldor all worked at Degania Alef. Zionist pioneer and future Israeli politician Yosef Baratz was among the founders of Degania Alef. On June 5, 1912, he married and started the first family. His first child, Gideon Baratz (1913–1988), who was born in Degania Alef,[13] was the first child born in a Jewish collective community in Palestine.[14] The second child to be born in Degania Alef was the prominent Israeli general and politician Moshe Dayan. Dayan was named after Moshe Barsky, a member of Degania Alef who was the first kibbutz member killed in an Arab attack.[15] Barsky was killed in November 1913. He was alone in the kibbutz fields when he was shot in the back and left for dead by Arab marauders.[16]

In 1920 two new kibbutzim, Degania Bet and Degania Gimel, were established to the south of what consequently became Degania Alef or Aleph.[17]

By 1947 Degania Alef had a population of 380.

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  The original wooden shack at Umm Juni, 1910
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  Wooden shack (recent reconstruction) at Umm Juni
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  Degania. 1925
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  View of Degania Bet, 1931. Samakh is in the background
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  Degania 1932
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  Degania Alef 1939

Syrian Renault R35 tank captured in Degania A, 1948. The Yiftach Brigade soldier in the picture was killed two days later

On May 20, 1948, during the Battles of the Kinarot Valley, in one of the first battles of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the residents of Degania Alef and Bet, assisted by a small number of military personnel, repelled a Syrian attack and succeeded in halting the advance of the Syrian army into the Jordan Valley.[17] During the attack Degania Alef was completely destroyed by the Syrian army.[18] According to a 1949 book by the Jewish National Fund, the village was destroyed following attacks on the neighboring kibbutzim of Sha'ar HaGolan and Masada. The settlers resisted, however, and launched a counter-attack which helped to recover the neighboring settlements. Reconstruction started almost immediately.[3]