Demographics of Australia

The population of Australia is estimated to be 26,818,100 as of 25 October 2023.[1] Australia is the 55th[2] most populous country in the world and the most populous Oceanian country. Its population is concentrated mainly in urban areas, particularly on the Eastern, South Eastern and Southern seaboards, and is expected to exceed 30 million by 2029.[3]

Demographics of Australia
Population pyramid of Australia in 2022
Population26,518,400 (as of June 2023)
Growth rate1.60% (2023 est.)
Birth rate12.3 births/1,000 population
Death rate6.77 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy83.09 years
  male80.93 years
  female85.36 years
Fertility rate1.73 children
Infant mortality rate3.01 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate6.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio
Total0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityAustralian

Australia's population has grown from an estimated population of between 300,000 and 2,400,000 Indigenous Australians at the time of British colonisation in 1788 due to numerous waves of immigration during the period since. Also due to immigration, the European component's share of the population rose sharply in the late 18th and 19th centuries, but is now declining as a percentage.[4]

Australia has an average population density of 3.5 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. This is generally attributed to the semi-arid and desert geography of much of the interior of the country. Another factor is urbanisation, with 89% of its population living in a handful of urban areas, Australia is one of the world's most urbanised countries.[5] The life expectancy of Australia in 2015–2017 was 83.2 years, among the highest in the world.[6]

Cities

Australia contains five cities (including their suburbs) that consist of over one million people. Most of Australia's population live close to coastlines.[7]

 
Largest populated areas in Australia
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
1SydneyNSW5,259,76411GeelongVic289,400
2MelbourneVic4,976,15712HobartTas251,047
3BrisbaneQld2,568,92713TownsvilleQld181,665
4PerthWA2,192,22914CairnsQld155,638
5AdelaideSA1,402,39315DarwinNT148,801
6Gold CoastTweed HeadsQld/NSW706,67316ToowoombaQld143,994
7NewcastleMaitlandNSW509,89417BallaratVic111,702
8CanberraQueanbeyanACT/NSW482,25018BendigoVic102,899
9Sunshine CoastQld355,63119Albury-WodongaNSW/Vic97,676
10WollongongNSW305,88020LauncestonTas93,332

Ancestry

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of humans to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 65,000 years ago,[9] most probably from the islands of Indonesia and New Guinea.[10]

Captain James Cook claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770; the west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000,[11] divided into as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages.

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism,[12] and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.[13]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics no longer collects data on race, but does ask each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census.[14] These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups.[15] In the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:[16]

At the 2021 census, 3.2% of the Australian population identified as being IndigenousAboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 3][18] In 2020, 7.5% of births were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons up from 5.7% in 2010; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander fertility rates have stayed above replacement levels even as the nation's has declined rapidly.[19]

Although the ABS does not collect data on race and ethnic background, various studies have put together results of the census to determine the ethnic composition of Australia, the Australian Human Rights Commission has estimated the European population at 76% of the Australian population,[20] while a media diversity study put it at 72%, the non-European proportion was 21% and 23% respectively, and the Aboriginal Australian population at 3% in both.[21]

Immigration minister Andrew Giles has pledged to incorporate a question on ethnicity into the 2026 Australian census.[22]

Immigration and country of birth

Australian and foreign born population pyramid in 2021

In 2019, 30% of the Australian resident population, or 7,529,570 people, were born overseas.[23]

Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I,[24] much of this increase from immigration. Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, a higher proportion than in any other nation with a population of over 10 million.[23][25] Most immigrants are skilled,[26] but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.[26]

The following table shows Australia's population by country of birth as estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2021. It shows only countries or regions or birth with a population of over 100,000 residing in Australia.

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021)[27]
Place of birth Estimated resident population[upper-alpha 1]
Total Australian-born 18,235,690
Total foreign-born 7,502,450
England[upper-alpha 2] 967,390
India 710,380
China[upper-alpha 3] 595,630
New Zealand 559,980
Philippines 310,620
Vietnam 268,170
South Africa 201,930
Malaysia 172,250
Italy 171,520
Sri Lanka 145,790
Scotland[upper-alpha 2] 130,060
Nepal 129,870
United States 109,450
Germany 107,940
South Korea 106,560
Hong Kong[upper-alpha 3] 104,990
Greece 100,650
  1. Only countries with 100,000 or more are listed here.
  2. The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland separately although they are all part of the United Kingdom. These should not be combined as they are not combined in the source.
  3. In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, Mainland China, Taiwan and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.


Religion

Religion in Australia as declared in the 2021 census[28]

  Christianity (43.9%)
  No religion (38.9%)
  Islam (3.2%)
  Hinduism (2.7%)
  Buddhism (2.4%)
  Sikhism (0.8%)
  Other religions (0.9%)
  Not stated or unclear (7.2%)

Australia has historically been a majority Christian, and Christian-influenced nation: the first census Australia held in 1901 had the Christian population at 96.1% of the population. In every census since 1991 this number has continued to drop, with it being under half of the population by the 2021 census.

At the 2021 Census, 38.9% of the population identified as having "no religion",[16] up from 15.5% in 2001.[29] The largest religion is Christianity (43.9% of the population).[16] The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9.8%). Multicultural immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), Buddhism (2.4%), Sikhism (0.8%), and Judaism (0.4%).[16]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:

Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.

Historically, Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology was the prevalent belief system in Australia until around 1840, when European Australians first outnumbered indigenous Australians. For a period, in the 19th and 20th centuries, Australia was majority Protestant with a large Catholic minority.[30][31] Catholics first outnumbered Anglicans in the 1986 census.[32] As a result of this history, while Australia has no official religion and "no religion" constitutes the largest group by religious identification, the various governments of Australia refer to the Christian God in their ceremonies, as do the various Australian Courts.[33]

As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in religious services is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as affiliated with a religion; weekly attendance at Christian church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population.[34] Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools play a prominent role in welfare and education services. The Catholic education system is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 795,000 students (and around 20 per cent of all secondary school enrolments).[35]

Language

Percentage of people who speak the English language at home in 2016

The vast majority of Australians speak English at home, with the exception of Aboriginal Australians and first-generation immigrants. Although Australia has no official language, English has always been the de facto national language and the only common tongue.[36] Australian English is a major variety of the language, with a distinctive accent and lexicon,[37] and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.[38] General Australian serves as the standard variety.

At the 2021 census English was the only language spoken in the homes of 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin Chinese (2.7%), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Cantonese (1.2%), and Punjabi (0.9%).[18] Considerable proportions of first- and second-generation immigrants are bilingual.

Over 250 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact; fewer than 20 are still in daily use by all age groups.[39][40] About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people.[40] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[41]

Australia has its own sign language, Auslan. It is the main language of about 5,500 deaf people.[42]

Indigenous population

Indigenous Australians as a percentage of the population as of the 2011 census

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 40,000 years ago.[10]

Dutch navigators landed on the coasts of modern Western Australia and Queensland several times during the 17th century. Captain James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770 while standing on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have numbered between as few as 315,000 and as many as 1,100,000,[11][43] divided into many tribes speaking many different languages. In the 2011 census, 495,757 respondents declared they were Aboriginal, 31,407 declared they were Torres Strait Islander, and a further 21,206 declared they were both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.[44]

Today, most of Australia's Indigenous population live on the east coast of Australia, where almost 60% of Indigenous Australians live in New South Wales (208,476) and Queensland (188,954) which roughly represents 2–5% of those state's populations. The Northern Territory has an Indigenous population of almost 70,000, which represents about 30% of the total Northern Territory population.

States and territories

State/territory Population
(Sept 2020 estimate)[45]
Land area Population density % of total

national

population

 % of
population
living in capital
Notes
km² mi² per km² per mi²
 New South Wales8,166,400800,642 309,1308.64 22 32%63%[46]
 Victoria6,680,600227,416 87,80623.54 61 26%71%[47]
 Queensland5,184,8001,730,648 668,2072.50 6 20%46%[48]
 Western Australia2,667,1002,239,170 864,5480.89 2 10%73.4%[49]
 South Australia1,770,600983,482 379,7251.62 4 7%73.5%[50]
 Tasmania541,10068,401 26,4107.24 19 2%41%[51]
 Australian Capital Territory431,2002,358 910151.49 392 2%100%[52]
 Northern Territory246,5001,349,129 520,9020.16 0.4 1%54%[53]

Historical population

European Australians from 1947 to 1966 when racial data was collected in the country

Population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population before European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable maximum population of around 750,000.[54] Where available, actual population figures from census years are included.

Historic population (estimated)
Pre-1788
YearIndigenous population±%
pre 1788300,000 to 1,000,000    
Source: [55]
Settlement  Federation
YearNon-indigenous population±% p.a.
1788 859    
1798 4,588+18.24%
1808 10,263+8.38%
1818 25,859+9.68%
1828 58,197+8.45%
1838 151,868+10.07%
1848 332,328+8.15%
1858 1,050,828+12.20%
1868 1,539,552+3.89%
1878 2,092,164+3.11%
1888 2,981,677+3.61%
1898 3,664,715+2.08%
Source: [56]
Post-Federation
YearTotal population±%
1901 3,788,123    
1906 4,059,083+7.2%
1911 4,489,545+10.6%
1916 4,943,173+10.1%
1921 5,455,136+10.4%
1926 6,056,360+11.0%
1931 6,526,485+7.8%
1936 6,778,372+3.9%
1941 7,109,898+4.9%
1946 7,465,157+5.0%
1951 8,421,775+12.8%
1956 9,425,563+11.9%
1961 10,548,267+11.9%
1966 11,599,498+10.0%
1971 13,067,265+12.7%
1976 14,033,083+7.4%
1981 14,923,260+6.3%
1986 16,018,350+7.3%
1991 17,284,036+7.9%
1996 18,224,767+5.4%
2001 18,769,249+3.0%
2006 19,855,288+5.8%
2011 21,507,717+8.3%
2016 23,401,892+8.8%
2021 25,417,978+8.6%
Note: Estimated populations prior to 1961 do not include the Indigenous population.
Source: [57][58][59][60][61]
Historical population of Australia

Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[62]

The following figures show the total fertility rates since the first years of British colonisation.

Total fertility rate in Australia[62]
1850s
1850185118521853185418551856185718581859
4.945.014.075.034.865.325.195.635.715.75
1860s
1860186118621863186418651866186718681869
5.715.675.85.595.755.645.335.415.435.19
1870s
1870187118721873187418751876187718781879
5.195.094.975.014.934.814.814.694.744.8
1880s
1880188118821883188418851886188718881889
4.734.734.624.664.774.784.744.774.764.65
1890s
1890189118921893189418951896189718981899
4.694.624.524.44.134.073.813.783.643.66

Crude birth rates from 1860 to 1899

The crude birth rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a year. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[63]

Crude birth rate in Australia[63]
1860s
1860186118621863186418651866186718681869
42.642.343.341.742.942.139.840.440.538.7
1870s
1870187118721873187418751876187718781879
38.738.037.137.436.835.935.935.035.435.8
1880s
1880188118821883188418851886188718881889
35.335.334.534.835.635.735.435.635.534.7
1890s
1890189118921893189418951896189718981899
35.034.533.732.830.830.428.428.227.227.3

Historical distribution of the total population by age

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[64][65][66][67]

Ages 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007 2016
0–14 years 35.1 31.6 31.8 28.5 24.2 27.2 30.3 28.7 25.0 21.9 20.5 19.4 18.6
15–24 years 19.4 20.1 16.9 18.1 17.5 14.1 14.3 17.4 17.4 16.0 13.7 14.0 12.8
25–44 years 29.4 28.8 30.0 29.3 30.0 29.4 27.7 27.4 28.4 28.6 30.0 29.2 27.9
45–64 years 12.0 14.8 17.0 18.0 20.9 20.4 19.9 20.0 19.2 19.3 23.1 25.0 25.1
65 years and over 4.0 4.3 4.5 6.1 7.4 8.1 8.5 8.3 9.8 11.3 12.6 13.2 15.8
Total (%) 100 99.6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Historical median age of the population

Median age of the Australia population through history. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[65][66][68][69]

Years19011911192119511961197119811991200120152017
Median age of the total population22.524.025.830.329.327.729.632.435.737.438.7
Median age of males23.624.626.129.928.727.029.031.734.937.9
Median age of females21.523.425.530.830.228.330.233.036.439.5

Vital statistics since 1900

Source:[70]

Average population (June 1, form 2017 Dec 31) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Crude migration change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates[upper-alpha 1][62] Net overseas migration[71][72][73]
1900 3,715,000 102,221 44,060 58,161 27.3 11.8 15.5 3.66
1901 3,765,000 102,945 46,330 56,615 27.1 12.2 14.9 -1.6 3.64
1902 3,824,000 102,776 48,078 54,698 26.7 12.5 14.2 1.4 3.39
1903 3,875,000 98,443 47,293 51,150 25.3 12.1 13.2 12.0 3.58
1904 3,916,000 104,113 43,572 60,541 26.4 11.0 15.4 -4.9 3.54
1905 3,974,000 104,941 43,514 61,427 26.2 10.9 15.3 -0.6 3.51
1906 4,032,000 107,890 44,333 63,557 26.6 10.9 15.7 -1.2 3.35
1907 4,091,000 110,347 45,305 55,042 26.7 11.0 15.7 1.2 3.35
1908 4,161,000 111,545 46,426 55,119 26.6 11.1 15.5 3.9 3.35
1909 4,232,000 114,071 44,172 59,899 26.7 10.3 16.4 2.9 3.35
1910 4,323,000 116,801 45,590 61,211 26.7 10.4 16.3 7.3 3.35
1911 4,425,000 122,193 47,869 74,324 27.2 10.6 16.6 6.8 3.51
1912 4,573,000 133,088 52,177 80,911 28.6 11.2 17.4 15.8 3.51
1913 4,820,172 135,714 51,789 83,925 28.2 10.7 17.5 36.6 3.51
1914 4,893,000 137,983 51,720 86,263 28.0 10.5 17.5 -2.5 3.51
1915 4,971,000 134,871 52,782 82,089 27.1 10.6 16.5 -0.6 3.51
1916 4,969,000 131,426 54,197 77,219 26.6 11.0 15.6 -15.9 3.07
1917 4,917,000 129,965 48,029 81,936 26.3 9.7 16.6 -27.1 3.35
1918 4,982,000 125,739 50,249 75,490 25.0 10.0 15.0 -1.9 3.07
1919 5,080,000 122,290 65,930 56,360 23.6 12.7 10.9 8.6 3.07
1920 5,303,000 136,406 56,289 80,117 25.5 10.5 15.5 28.8 3.07
1921 5,411,000 136,198 54,076 82,122 24.9 9.9 15.0 5.2 3.12
1922 5,510,000 137,496 51,311 86,185 24.7 9.2 15.5 2.7 3.11
1923 5,637,000 135,222 56,236 78,986 23.7 9.9 13.8 9.0 3.02
1924 5,755,000 134,927 54,980 79,953 23.2 9.4 13.8 7.0 2.97
1925 5,882,000 135,792 54,658 81,134 22.9 9.2 13.7 8.3 2.95
1926 6,000,000 133,162 56,952 76,210 22.0 9.4 12.6 7.4 2.85
1927 6,124,000 133,698 58,282 75,716 21.6 9.4 12.2 8.3 2.80
1928 6,251,000 134,078 59,378 74,700 21.3 9.4 11.9 8.8 2.77
1929 6,355,000 129,480 60,857 68,623 20.2 9.5 10.7 5.8 2.64
1930 6,436,000 128,399 55,331 73,068 19.8 8.6 11.2 1.4 2.58
1931 6,500,000 118,509 56,560 61,949 18.2 8.7 9.5 0.4 2.36
1932 6,552,000 110,933 56,757 54,176 16.9 8.6 8.3 -0.3 2.19
1933 6,603,000 111,269 59,117 52,152 16.8 8.9 7.9 -0.1 2.17
1934 6,656,000 109,475 62,229 47,246 16.4 9.3 7.1 0.9 2.11
1935 6,707,000 111,325 63,599 47,726 16.5 9.4 7.1 0.5 2.12
1936 6,755,000 116,073 63,932 52,141 17.1 9.4 7.7 -0.6 2.18
1937 6,810,000 119,131 64,496 54,635 17.4 9.4 8.0 0.1 2.21
1938 6,871,000 120,415 66,451 53,964 17.4 9.6 7.8 1.1 2.21
1939 6,935,000 122,891 69,147 53,744 17.6 9.9 7.7 1.6 2.22
1940 7,004,000 126,347 68,384 57,963 17.9 9.7 8.2 1.7 2.26
1941 7,077,000 134,525 71,176 63,349 18.9 10.0 8.9 1.5 2.36
1942 7,143,000 136,708 75,191 61,517 19.1 10.5 8.6 0.7 2.38
1943 7,201,000 149,295 74,486 74,809 20.6 10.3 10.3 -2.3 2.57
1944 7,269,000 153,344 69,596 83,748 21.0 9.5 11.5 -2.1 2.63
1945 7,347,000 160,560 70,231 90,229 21.7 9.5 12.2 -1.6 2.74
1946 7,430,000 176,379 74,661 101,718 23.6 10.0 13.6 -2.4 2.99
1947 7,517,000 182,384 73,468 108,916 24.1 9.7 14.4 -2.8 3.08
1948 7,637,000 177,976 76,839 101,137 23.1 10.0 13.1 2.7 2.98
1949 7,792,000 181,261 75,260 106,001 22.9 9.5 13.4 6.7 2.99
1950 8,045,000 190,591 78,187 112,404 23.3 9.6 13.7 18.5 3.01
1951 8,307,000 193,298 81,788 111,510 23.0 9.7 13.3 31.2 3.06
1952 8,527,000 201,650 81,597 120,053 23.4 9.5 13.9 12.4 3.15
1953 8,739,000 202,235 80,188 122,047 22.9 9.1 13.8 10.9 3.23
1954 8,902,000 202,256 81,805 120,451 22.5 9.1 13.4 5.1 3.3
1955 9,089,000 207,677 82,036 125,641 22.6 8.9 13.7 7.2 3.35
1956 9,311,000 212,633 86,088 126,545 22.5 9.1 13.4 10.8 3.39
1957 9,530,000 220,358 84,953 135,405 22.9 8.8 14.1 9.3 3.41
1958 9,744,000 222,504 83,723 138,481 22.6 8.5 14.1 8.2 3.42
1959 9,947,000 226,976 89,212 137,765 22.6 8.9 13.7 7.0 3.41
1960 10,160,000 230,326 88,464 141,862 22.4 8.6 13.8 7.5 3.39
1961 10,391,000 239,986 88,961 151,025 22.8 8.5 14.3 8.2 3.35
1962 10,642,000 237,081 93,163 143,918 22.1 8.7 13.4 10.6 3.3
1963 10,846,000 235,689 94,894 140,795 21.5 8.7 12.8 6.2 3.24
1964 11,055,000 229,149 100,594 128,555 20.5 8.7 11.8 7.6 3.17
1965 11,280,000 222,854 99,715 123,139 19.6 8.8 10.8 9.4 2.97
1966 11,505,000 223,731 103,929 119,802 19.3 9.0 10.3 9.5 2.89
1967 11,704,000 229,796 102,703 127,093 19.4 8.7 10.7 6.4 2.85
1968 11,912,000 240,906 109,547 131,359 20.0 9.1 10.9 6.7 2.89
1969 12,145,000 250,175 106,496 143,681 20.4 8.7 11.7 7.7 2.93
1970 12,407,000 257,516 113,048 144,468 20.5 9.0 10.5 9.9 2.94
1971 12,663,000 276,361 110,650 165,711 21.5 8.6 12.9 7.5 2.98
1972 13,067,000 271,960 110,191 161,769 20.6 8.4 12.2 19.5 2.74
1973 13,303,000 255,848 111,336 144,512 19.1 8.3 10.8 7.2 2.49
1974 13,504,000 243,658 110,179 133,479 17.9 8.1 9.8 5.2 2.32
1975 [74] 13,771,400 239,794 114,501 125,293 17.4 8.3 9.1 10.7 2.15
1976 13,915,500 231,135 110,610 120,525 16.6 7.9 8.7 1.8 2.06
1977 14,074,100 226,954 111,490 115,464 16.1 7.9 8.2 3.2 2.01
1978 14,248,600 226,359 108,059 118,300 15.9 7.6 8.3 4.1 1.95
1979 14,521,700 223,370 108,315 115,055 15.5 7.5 8.0 11.2 1.91
1980 14,695,400 223,664 106,654 117,010 15.3 7.3 8.0 4.0 1.89
1981 14,923,300 230,920 109,429 121,491 15.6 7.4 8.2 7.4 1.94
1982 15,178,400 237,076 110,990 116,086 15.7 7.4 8.3 9.4 1.93 128,100
1983 15,393,500 241,764 112,918 128,846 15.8 7.4 8.4 5.8 1.92 73,300
1984 15,579,400 240,544 110,887 129,657 15.5 7.2 8.3 3.8 1.84 49,100
1985 15,788,300 241,814 114,197 127,617 15.4 7.3 8.1 5.3 1.92 73,800
1986 16,018,400 239,115 116,069 123,046 15.0 7.3 7.7 6.9 1.87 100,500
1987 16,263,900 242,977 116,139 126,838 15.0 7.2 7.8 7.5 1.85 125,800
1988 16,532,200 246,200 120,463 125,737 15.0 7.3 7.7 8.9 1.83 149,400
1989 16,814,400 250,155 118,767 131,388 15.1 7.1 8.0 9.3 1.84 157,500
1990 17,065,100 257,521 125,112 132,409 15.3 7.4 7.9 7.2 1.90 124,700
1991 17,284,000 261,158 119,572 141,586 15.2 7.0 8.2 4.6 1.85 86,500
1992 17,494,700 259,200 120,836 138,800 14.9 6.9 8.0 4.3 1.89 68,600
1993 17,667,100 259,959 121,338 138,621 14.8 6.9 7.9 2.9 1.86 30,100
1994 17,854,700 258,314 123,496 134,818 14.5 7.0 7.5 3.1 1.84 46,600
1995 18,071,800 258,210 126,232 131,978 14.4 7.0 7.4 4.9 1.82 80,200
1996 18,310,700 250,438 126,400 124,038 13.8 6.9 6.9 6.4 1.80 104,000
1997 18,517,600 253,660 127,298 126,362 13.7 6.9 6.8 4.5 1.78 87,200
1998 18,711,300 249,105 129,255 119,850 13.4 6.9 6.5 4.1 1.75 79,100
1999 18,925,900 249,965 128,278 121,487 13.3 6.8 6.5 5.0 1.75 96,500
2000 19,153,400 249,310 128,392 120,918 13.1 6.7 6.4 5.7 1.75 107,200
2001 19,413,200 247,500 128,913 118,587 12.8 6.7 6.1 7.5 1.73 135,700
2002 19,654,900 247,400 130,300 117,200 12.9 6.9 6.0 6.5 1.77 110,600
2003 19,902,700 247,400 132,239 115,200 12.5 6.7 5.8 6.8 1.75 116,500
2004 20,139,800 252,100 133,231 115,851 12.4 6.7 5.7 6.2 1.76 100,000
2005 20,409,100 255,800 131,354 124,580 12.6 6.5 6.1 7.3 1.79 123,800
2006 20,697,900 263,500 134,000 129,500 12.8 6.5 6.3 7.9 1.82 146,700
2007 21,015,900 277,700 136,000 141,700 13.2 6.4 6.8 8.6 1.87 232,700
2008 21,384,400 289,500 140,800 148,700 14.4 6.8 7.6 10.6 2.02 277,400
2009 21,778,800 297,100 143,700 153,400 13.9 6.6 7.3 11.4 1.90 299,800
2010 22,031,900 304,200 141,500 162,600 13.4 6.4 7.0 4.2 1.89 172,038
2011 22,340,000 301,200 145,400 155,800 13.5 6.6 6.9 7.0 1.92 205,679
2012 22,733,500 306,000 147,200 158,800 13.6 6.5 7.1 10.6 1.91 241,151
2013 23,128,100 311,100 149,200 161,900 13.3 6.4 6.9 10.4 1.88 235,797
2014 23,475,700 307,000 150,000 157,000 12.8 6.5 6.3 8.3 1.8 179,000
2015 23,816,000 307,700 155,900 151,800 12.8 6.7 6.1 8.1 1.81 181,000
2016[75] 24,385,600 311,800 157,400 154,400 12.9 6.5 6.4 10.2 1.789 243,800
2017 24,770,700[76] 308,500 160,300 148,200 12.7 6.6 6.1 9.7 1.741 241,700
2018 25,180,200[77] 314,900[78] 158,500 156,400 12.7 6.4 6.3 10.2 1.740 248,400
2019 25,522,169 305,800 166,700 139,100 12.1 6.6 5.5 8.1 1.657 210,700
2020 25,694,400 294,400 161,400 133,000 11.5 6.3 5.2 1.5 1.581 3,300
2021 25,766,605(C) 309,996 171,469 138,527 12.1 6.7 5.4 -2.6 1.70 -3,600
2022 26,268,359 300,684 190,745 109,800 11.6 7.3 4.3 15.2 1.63 387,000

Current vital statistics

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - March 2022 76,800 45,100 31,700
January - March 2023 74,900 45,500 29,400
Difference Decrease -1,900 (-2.48%) Negative increase +400 (+0.89%) Decrease -2,300

In 2012, the total fertility rate of Australian-born women was 1.94, while for overseas-born women, it was 1.81,[79] while in 2013, it was 1.91 and 1.79 respectively.[80] In 2017, TFR was 1.68 for overseas women (overseas father 1.73) and 1.78 for native women (native father 1.69).

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.VIII.2016) (These data have been randomly rounded to protect confidentiality. Individual figures may not add up to totals, and values for the same data may vary in different tables.): [81]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 11 546 638 11 855 248 23 401 892 100
0–4 752 142 712 638 1 464 779 6.26
5–9 771 055 731 592 1 502 646 6.42
10–14 717 629 679 553 1 397 183 5.97
15–19 727 677 693 915 1 421 595 6.07
20–24 795 423 771 369 1 566 793 6.70
25–29 824 084 840 525 1 664 602 7.11
30–34 839 821 864 026 1 703 847 7.28
35–39 773 132 788 548 1 561 679 6.67
40–44 777 702 805 551 1 583 257 6.77
45–49 773 170 808 282 1 581 455 6.76
50–54 748 954 774 601 1 523 551 6.51
55–59 709 115 745 214 1 454 332 6.21
60–64 632 357 667 048 1 299 397 5.55
65-69 581 230 607 766 1 188 999 5.08
70-74 431 325 456 390 887 716 3.79
75-79 307 441 345 217 652 657 2.79
80-84 204 026 256 529 460 549 1.97
85-89 123 502 185 463 308 960 1.32
90-94 46 828 93 570 140 398 0.60
95-99 9 244 24 672 33 920 0.14
100+ 777 2 788 3 569 0.02
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2 240 826 2 123 783 4 364 609 18.65
15–64 7 601 439 7 759 070 15 360 509 65.64
65+ 1 704 373 1 972 395 3 676 768 15.71

Life expectancy at birth from 1921 to 2015

Life expectancy in Australia since 1885

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1921–1949
1920s
1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
61.0 62.9 61.7 62.5 63.2 62.9 62.8 62.9 63.1
1930s
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
64.9 65.3 65.6 65.4 64.8 65.1 65.2 65.8 65.8 65.8
1940s
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
66.2 66.1 65.9 66.4 68.0 68.5 68.0 68.6 68.5 69.1

Source: Our World in Data[82]

Life expectancy in Australia since 1960 by gender
1950–2015
Period Life expectancy in
Years
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 69.4 1985–1990 76.2
1955–1960 70.4 1990–1995 77.7
1960–1965 70.9 1995–2000 78.8
1965–1970 70.8 2000–2005 80.3
1970–1975 71.8 2005–2010 81.5
1975–1980 73.6 2010–2015 82.3
1980–1985 75.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects[83]

Other general demographic statistics

As of March 2023, the population growth rate was 1.6%.[84] This rate was based on estimates of (April 2019):[1]

  • one birth every 1 minute and 41 seconds,
  • one death every 3 minutes and 20 seconds,
  • one migrant person arriving to live in Australia every 56 seconds,
  • one Australian resident leaving Australia to live overseas every 1 minute and 53 seconds, leading to
  • an overall total population increase of one person every 1 minute and 13 seconds.

Much of the data that follows has been derived from the CIA World Factbook[73] and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, through censuses.

Population

Estimated resident population of Australia since 1981

The following figures are ABS estimates for the resident population of Australia, based on the 2001 and 2006 Censuses and other data.

26,818,100 (as of 25 October 2023)[1]
23,470,145 (July 2018 est.)
23,232,413 (July 2017 est.)
21,262,641 (July 2009 – CIA World Factbook)
Population pyramid of Australia from 1950 to 2020

Age structure

Australian babies: 0 year olds as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, according to the 2011 census results.
Australian babies: 0–4 year olds as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, according to the 2011 census results
0–14 years: 17.75% (male 2,138,080 /female 2,027,583)
15–24 years: 12.62% (male 1,520,528 /female 1,442,461)
25–54 years: 41.35% (male 4,944,587 /female 4,760,752)
55–64 years: 11.84% (male 1,379,681 /female 1,398,177)
65 years and over: 16.44% (male 1,786,595 /female 2,071,701) (2018 est.)
0–14 years: 17.8% (male 2,122,139/female 2,012,670)
15–24 years: 12.79% (male 1,524,368/female 1,446,663)
25–54 years: 41.45% (male 4,903,130/female 4,725,976)
55–64 years: 11.83% (male 1,363,331/female 1,384,036)
65 years and over: 16.14% (male 1,736,951/female 2,013,149) (2017 est.)

Median age

Map of the median age of Australians by Statistical Local Area in the 2011 census
total: 38.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 58th
male: 38.1 years
female: 39.7 years (2018 est.)
Total: 36.9 years[85]
Male: 36.6 years
Female: 38.1 years (2009 est.)

Birth rate

12 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 165th
12.1 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
12.47 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) (Rank 164)

Death rate

7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 118th
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.) (Rank 146)

Total fertility rate

1.77 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 155th

Net migration rate

5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 22nd
5.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) (Rank 21)
6.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population. (2009 est.) (Rank 15)

Population growth rate

1.6% (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.7 years (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82.4 years (2018 estimate)
male: 79.9 years (2018 estimate)
female: 85 years (2018 estimate)

At the time of Australian Federation in 1901, the rate of natural increase was 14.9 persons per 1,000 population. The rate increased to a peak of 17.4 per thousand population in the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. During the Great Depression, the rate declined to a low of 7.1 per thousand population in 1934 and 1935. Immediately after World War II, the rate increased sharply as a result of the start of the post–World War II baby boom and the immigration of many young people who then had children in Australia. A rate plateau of over 13.0 persons per 1,000 population occurred for every year from 1946 to 1962.

There has been a fall in the rate of natural increase since 1962 due to falling fertility. In 1971, the rate of natural increase was 12.7 persons per 1,000 population; a decade later it had fallen to 8.5. In 1996 the rate of natural increase fell below seven for the first time, with the downward trend continuing in the late 1990s. Population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that continued low fertility, combined with the increase in deaths from an ageing population, will result in natural increase falling below zero sometime in the mid-2030s. However, in 2006 the fertility rate rose to 1.81, one of the highest rates in the OECD.

Since 1901, the crude death rate has fallen from about 12.2 deaths per 1,000 population, to 6.4 deaths per 1,000 population in 2006.[86]

Urbanisation

urban population: 86% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanisation: 1.43% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
Urbanisation population: 89% of total population (2008)
Rate of urbanisation: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005–2010)

Sex ratio

Birth: 1.06 males/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 males/female
15–64 years: 1.03 males/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male/female
Total population: 1 male/female (2009)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 51.1
youth dependency ratio: 28.5
elderly dependency ratio: 22.6
potential support ratio: 4.4 (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2017 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 26,000 (2017 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 200 (2017 est.)[87]

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 23 years
male: 23 years
female: 23 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 12.6%. Country comparison to the world: 105th
male: 13.7%
female: 11.5% (2017 est.)

Incarceration and punishment

In March 2019, 43,320 adults were imprisoned in Australia – an incarceration rate of 221 prisoners per 100,000 adult population[88] or 169 per 100,000 total population.[89] Additionally, 75,544 people were in community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, bail, probation and community service).[90]

In June 2018, about 980 minors were imprisoned in Australia on an average night.[91]

Literacy

Definition: aged 15 years and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99% (2003 est.)

Education expenditure

4.9% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 55

Population density

As of June 2016, the population density of Australia was reported as 3.1/km2 (8.0/sq mi).[92] This makes Australia the 3rd least densely populated country in the world, after Namibia and Mongolia.[93]

See also

Notes

  1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
  1. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic ancestry.[17]
  2. Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
  3. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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Sources

General references

Further reading

  • Jupp, James. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins (2002)
  • O'Farrell, Patrick. The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day (3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001)
  • Wells, Andrew, and Theresa Martinez, eds. Australia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook (ABC-CLIO, 2004)
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