Demographics of Germany

Historical population of Germany

The contemporary demographics of Germany used to also be measured by a series of full censuses mandated by the state, with the most recent held in 1987. Since reunification, German authorities rely on a micro census. Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.[28] Due to the privacy concerns of the German population after reunification, Germany did not hold a regular census until the EU-mandated 2011 German Census. The requirement was met with large disapproval. As required by the EU, Germany now continues to hold censuses every 10 years.[29]

• One birth every 43 seconds
• One death every 34 seconds
• Net gain of one person every 4 minutes
• One net migrant every 2 minutes

[30]

Fertility

Fertility rate in Germany by district, average of 2017–2019

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[31]

Total fertility rate in Germany[31]

Years	1800	1801	1802	1803	1804	1805	1806	1807	1808	1809	1810
	5.4	5.40	5.39	5.39	5.38	5.38	5.37	5.37	5.36	5.36	5.35
Years	1811	1812	1813	1814	1815	1816	1817	1818	1819	1820
	5.35	5.34	5.34	5.33	5.33	5.32	5.32	5.33	5.35	5.37
Years	1821	1822	1823	1824	1825	1826	1827	1828	1829	1830
	5.35	5.33	5.31	5.28	5.26	5.17	5.07	4.97	4.88	4.78
Years	1831	1832	1833	1834	1835	1836	1837	1838	1839	1840
	4.80	4.83	4.85	4.88	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9
Years	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849	1850
	4.9	4.95	4.97	5.00	5.02	5.02	5.02	5.01	5.01	5.01
Years	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860
	4.87	4.74	4.60	4.47	4.33	4.45	4.56	4.67	4.79	4.90
Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870
	4.93	4.96	5.00	5.03	5.06	5.09	5.11	5.13	5.16	5.18
Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880
	5.24	5.30	5.35	5.41	5.46	5.38	5.30	5.22	5.14	5.06
Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890
	5.14	5.21	5.29	5.28	5.26	5.25	5.23	5.22	5.21	5.20
Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899
	5.18	5.17	5.16	5.14	5.11	5.09	5.06	5.04	4.99

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.4 years (2015 est.)

Life expectancy

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

Life expectancy in Germany since 1875

Life expectancy in Germany since 1960 by gender

1875–1950

Years	1875	1885	1895	1905	1911	1915	1925	1935	1946[32]
Life expectancy in Germany	38.5	39.5	42.8	45.5	49.0	40.5	57.4	61.5	60.5

1950–2015

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	67.5	1985–1990	75.0
1955–1960	68.9	1990–1995	76.0
1960–1965	70.0	1995–2000	77.3
1965–1970	70.7	2000–2005	78.6
1970–1975	71.2	2005–2010	79.7
1975–1980	72.3	2010–2015	80.4
1980–1985	73.7	2015–2020	81.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects[33]

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 34th

male: 78.5 years

female: 83.3 years (2017 est.)

Age structure

0–14 years: 12.83% (male 5,299,798 /female 5,024,184)

15–24 years: 9.98% (male 4,092,901 /female 3,933,997)

25–54 years: 39.87% (male 16,181,931 /female 15,896,528)

55–64 years: 14.96% (male 5,989,111 /female 6,047,449)

65 years and over: 22.36% (male 7,930,590 /female 10,061,248) (2018 est.)

Median age:

total: 47.4 years. Country comparison to the world: 3rd

male: 46.2 years

female: 48.5 years (2018 est.)

• 
  Population pyramid in 1933
• 
  Population pyramid in 1946
• 
  Population pyramid in 1950
• 
  Population pyramid in 2000

Animated population pyramid

Three population pyramids of Germany: in 1889, 1989 and 2000

Most childbirths in Germany happen within marriage. Out of 778,080 births in 2019, 258,835 were to unmarried parents,[47] which means that around 33% or one third of the children are born out of wedlock, while two thirds are within. This percentage of unmarried birth has long been growing and reached 33% in 2010, more than twice of what it was in 1990.[48] However in recent years it has started to stagnate or even decrease.[49]

The Mikrozensus done in 2008 revealed that the number of children a German woman aged 40 to 75 had, was closely linked to her educational achievement.[50] In Western Germany the most educated women were the most likely to be childless. 26% of those groups stated they were childless, while 16% of those having an intermediate education, and 11% of those having compulsory education, stated the same. In Eastern Germany however, 9% of the most educated women of that age group and 7% of those who had an intermediary education were childless, while 12% of those having only compulsory education were childless.

The reason for that east-western difference is that the GDR had an "educated mother scheme" and actively tried to encourage first births among the more educated. It did so by propagandizing the opinion that every educated woman should "present at least one child to socialism" and also by financially rewarding its more educated citizen to become parents. The government especially tried to persuade students to become parents while still in college and it was quite successful in doing so. In 1986 38% of all women, who were about to graduate from college, were mothers of at least one child and additional 14% were pregnant and 43% of all men, who were about to graduate from college, were fathers of at least one child. There was a sharp decline in the birth rate and especially in the birth rate of the educated after the fall of the Berlin wall. Nowadays, 5% of those about to graduate from college are parents.

The more educated a Western German mother aged 40 to 75 was in 2008, the less likely she was to have a big family.

The same was true for a mother living in Eastern Germany in 2008.

In 2011, this trend was reversed in Eastern Germany, where more highly educated women now had a somewhat higher fertility rate than the rest of the population.[52]

Persons who said they had no religion tend to have fewer children than those who identify as Christians, and studies also found that conservative-leaning Christians had more children compared to liberal-leaning Christians.[53][54]

A study done in 2005 in the western German state of Nordrhein-Westfalen by the HDZ revealed that childlessness was especially widespread among scientists. It showed that 78% of the women scientists and 71% of the male scientists working in that state were childless.[55]

Germany does not collect data on the ethnic and racial identifications of its citizens, but does collect data on the background group by birth of an individual.[59] The Federal Statistical Office defines persons with a migrant background as all persons who migrated to the present area of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1949, plus all foreign nationals born in Germany and all persons born in Germany as German nationals with at least one parent who migrated to Germany or was born in Germany as a foreign national. The figures presented here are based on this definition only.

In 2010, 2.3 million families with children under 18 years were living in Germany, in which at least one parent had foreign roots. They represented 29% of the total of 8.1 million families with minor children. Compared with 2005 – the year when the microcensus started to collect detailed information on the population with a migrant background – the proportion of migrant families has risen by 2 percentage points.[60] In 2019, 40% children under 5 years old had migrant background.[61]

Most of the families with a migrant background live in the western part of Germany. In 2010, the proportion of migrant families in all families was 32% in the former territory of the Federal Republic. This figure was more than double that in the new Länder (incl. Berlin) where it stood at 15%.[60] Eastern Germany has a much lower proportion of immigrants than the West, as the GDR did not let in that many guest workers and Eastern Germany's economy is not doing as well as West Germany's and had a higher percentage of jobless persons until recently. However in recent years the number of people with an immigrant background in East Germany has been growing as refugees (as well as German Repatriates) are distributed with the Königssteiner Schlüssel, so every German state has to take the same number of them compared to its population and economy. In 2019 19.036 million people or 89,6% of people with an immigrant background live in Western Germany (excluding Berlin), being 28,7% of its population, while 1.016 million people with immigrant background 4,8% live in Eastern States, being 8,2% of population, and 1.194 million people with an immigrant background 5,6% live in Berlin, being 33,1% of its population.[61]

In 2019, 26% of Germans of any age group (up from 18,4% in 2008) and 39% of German children (up from 30% in 2008) had at least one parent born abroad. Average age for Germans with at least one parent born abroad was 35.6 years (up from 33.8 years in 2008), while that for Germans, who had two parents born in Germany was 47.3 years (up from 44.6 in 2008).[61][62]

The largest groups of people with an immigrant background in Germany are people that have Turkey, Poland and Russia as their ancestral homelands.

As of 2022, the population by background was as follows:

Major groups which reside in Germany by ancestry as of 2019

Background group	Year
	2005[64][65]		2011[66][65]		2016[67][65]		2022[65]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
European (excluding people with European background from Africa, America, Oceania and Asia)					72,625,000	89.2%	71,112,000	85.6%
EU-27 States					69,315,000	85.1%	66,849,000	80.4%
Without migrant background	66,413,000	81.3%	64,551,000	81.4%	62,989,000	77.4%	59,278,000	71.3%
Polish	1,046,000		1,424,000		1,868,000		2,201,000	2.6%
Romanian	406,000		472,000		788,000		1,096,000	1.3%
Italian	794,000		701,000		861,000		905,000	1.1%
Greek	386,000		349,000		443,000		434,000	0.5%
Croat	410,000		325,000		441,000		419,000	0.5%
Austrian	309,000		254,000		280,000		353,000	0.4%
Bulgarian	49,000		77,000		238,000		340,000	0.4%
Spanish	173,000		142,000		209,000		233,000	0.3%
Dutch	190,000		203,000		206,000		233,000	0.3%
French	157,000		153,000		168,000		228,000	0.3%
Other EU member states (primarily Hungarian, Czech, and Portuguese)					824,000		1,129,000	1.4%
European Other					6,107,000		7,097,000	8.1%
Turkish	2,766,000		2,643,000		2,797,000		2,835,000	3.4%
Russian	1,290,000		1,189,000		1,223,000		1,354,000	1.6%
Ukrainian	–		246,000		272,000		583,000	0.7%
Kosovar Albanian	–		270,000		356,000		542,000	0.6%
Bosnian	329,000		202,000		248,000		538,000	0.6%
Serb	441,000		252,000		288,000		382,000	0.5%
Others (primarily Macedonian, Swiss and British)					923,000		863,000	0.7%
Asians					3,421,000		5,660,000	6.9%
Kazakh	–		917,000		969,000		1,325,000	1.6%
Syrian	–		53,000		521,000		1,225,000	1.5%
Afghan	88,000		131,000		231,000		435,000	0.5%
Iraqi	113,000		106,000		206,000		393,000	0.5%
Iranian	150,000		130,000		164,000		304,000	0.4%
Chinese	80,000		93,000		157,000		217,000	0.3%
Vietnamese	150,000		146,000		167,000		207,000	0.2%
Others (primarily Indian, ethnic German repatriates from other post-Soviet Asian states and Arabs from other countries)					1,006,000		1,554,000	1.9%
African	477,000		508,000		744,000		1,159,000	1.4%
Sub-Saharan African	222,000		246,000		395,000		660,000	0.8%
Moroccan	147,000		141,000		191,000		257,000	0.3%
Other Maghreb countries:	108,000		121,000		158,000		242,000	0.3%
Americas	331,000		324,000		421,000		682,000	0.8%
American	140,000		123,000		154,000		216,000	0.3%
Other peoples from the American continent	191,000		201,000		267,000		466,000	0.5%
Australia/Oceania	–				40,000		26,000	0.03%
Other/unspecified/mixed	2,536,000		1,310,000		1,381,000		1,628,000	1.9%
Total: Foreign background	15,227,000		14,796,000		18,443,000		23,825,000	28.7%
Total	81,640,000		79,347,000		81,432,000		83,103,000	100%

• Migration background age structure in Germany in 2021
• 
  Age structure by migration background in Germany in 2021
• 
  Without migration background age structure
• 
  With migration background
• 
  One parent with migration background

• 
  Simone Hauswald has a migration background due to one side of her parents being foreign-born.
• 
  Mesut Özil is classified as having a migrant background because both of his parents were born in Turkey.
• 
  Helene Fischer has a migrant background despite being ethnically German because she was born in the Soviet Union to parents of the German minority in Russia.

Four other sizable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" (nationale Minderheiten) because they have lived in their respective regions for centuries: Danes, Frisians, Roma and Sinti, and Sorbs. There is a Danish minority (about 50,000, according to government sources) in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein. Eastern and Northern Frisians live at Schleswig-Holstein's western coast, and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony. They are part of a wider community (Frisia) stretching from Germany to the northern Netherlands. The Sorbs, a Slavic people with about 60,000 members (according to government sources), are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg. They are the last remnants of the Slavs that lived in central and eastern Germany since the 7th century to have kept their traditions and not been completely integrated into the wider German nation.

Until World War II the Poles were recognized as one of the national minorities. In 1924 the Union of Poles in Germany had initiated cooperation between all national minorities in Germany under the umbrella organization Association of National Minorities in Germany. Some of the union members wanted the Polish communities in easternmost Germany (now Poland) to join the newly established Polish nation after World War I.[68] Even before the German invasion of Poland, leading anti-Nazi members of the Polish minority were deported to concentration camps; some were executed at the Piaśnica murder site. Minority rights for Poles in Germany were revoked by Hermann Göring's World War II decree of 27 February 1940, and their property was confiscated.

After the war ended, the German government did not re-implement national minority rights for ethnic Poles. The reason for this is that the areas of Germany which formerly had a native Polish minority were annexed to Poland and the Soviet Union, while almost all of the native German populations (formerly the ethnic majority) in these areas subsequently fled or were expelled by force. With the mixed German-Polish territories now lost, the German government subsequently regarded ethnic Poles residing in what remained of Germany as immigrants, just like any other ethnic population with a recent history of arrival. In contrast, Germans living in Poland are recognized as national minority and have granted seats in Polish Parliament. It must be said, however, that an overwhelming number of Germans in Poland have centuries-old historical ties to the lands they now inhabit, whether from living in territory that once belonged to the German state, or from centuries-old communities. In contrast, most Poles in present-day Germany are recent immigrants, though there are some communities which have been present since the 19th and perhaps even the 18th centuries. Despite protests by some in the older Polish-German communities, and despite Germany being now a signatory to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Germany has so far refused to re-implement minority rights for ethnic Poles, based on the fact that almost all areas of historically mixed German-Polish heritage (where the minority rights formerly existed) are no longer part of Germany and because the vast majority of ethnic Poles now residing in Germany are recent immigrants.

Roma people have been in Germany since the Middle Ages. They were persecuted by the Nazis, and thousands of Roma living in Germany were killed by the Nazi regime. Nowadays, they are spread all over Germany, mostly living in major cities. It is difficult to estimate their exact number, as the German government counts them as "persons without migrant background" in their statistics. There are also many assimilated Sinti and Roma. A vague figure given by the German Department of the Interior is about 70,000. In contrast to the old-established Roma population, the majority of them do not have German citizenship, and are classified as immigrants or refugees.

A family of so-called "Spätaussiedler" (repatriates of ethnic German origin), because the parents were born abroad they will be counted as "persons with immigrant background"

After World War II, 14 million ethnic Germans were expelled from the eastern territories of Germany and homelands outside the former German Empire. The accommodation and integration of these Heimatvertriebene in the remaining part of Germany, in which many cities and millions of apartments had been destroyed, was a major effort in the post-war occupation zones and later states of Germany.

Since the 1960s, ethnic Germans from the People's Republic of Poland and Soviet Union (especially from Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine), have come to Germany. During the time of Perestroika, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the number of immigrants increased heavily. Some of these immigrants are of mixed ancestry. During the 10-year period between 1987 and 2001, a total of 1,981,732 ethnic Germans from the FSU immigrated to Germany, along with more than a million of their non-German relatives. After 1997, however ethnic Slavs or those belonging to Slavic-Germanic mixed origins outnumbered those with only Germanic descent amongst the immigrants. The total number of people currently living in Germany having FSU connection is around 4 to 4.5 million (Including Germans, Slavs, Jews, and those of mixed origins), out of that more than 50% are of German descent.[69][70]

Germany now has Europe's third-largest Jewish population. In 2004, twice as many Jews from former Soviet republics settled in Germany as in Israel, bringing the total inflow to more than 100,000 since 1991.[71] Jews have a voice in German public life through the Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland). Some Jews from the former Soviet Union are of mixed heritage. Today, less than 0.1% of the total population of Germany is Jewish.

In 2019 there were also a growing number of at least 529,000 black Afro-Germans defined as people with an African migrant background.[61] Out of them more than 400 thousand have a citizenship of a Subsahara-African country,[72] with others being German citizens. Most of them live in Berlin and Hamburg. Numerous persons from northern African Tunisia and Morocco live in Germany. While they are considered members of a minority group, for the most part, they do not considers themselves "Afro-Germans," nor are most of them perceived as such by the German people. However, Germany does not keep any statistics regarding ethnicity or race. Hence, the exact number of Germans of African descent is unknown.

Germany's biggest East Asian minorities are the Chinese people in Germany, numbering 189,000[61] and Vietnamese people in Germany, numbering 188,000,[61] many of whom living in Berlin and eastern Germany. Also there are about 35,000 Japanese citizens residing in Germany.[73] There are also groups of South Asian and Southeast Asian immigrants. Around 163,000 Indians and 124,000 Pakistanis live in Germany.[61] Additionally some 30,000 Filipino citizens and more than 20,000 Indonesian citizens reside in Germany.[73]

Numerous descendants of the so-called Gastarbeiter live in Germany. The Gastarbeiter mostly came from Turkey, Italy, Greece, Spain, Morocco, Portugal, the former Yugoslavia, Tunisia and Chile. Also included were Vietnam, Mongolia, North Korea, Angola, Mozambique and Cuba when the former East Germany existed until reunification in 1990.[74] The (socialist) German Democratic Republic (East Germany) however had their guest-workers stay in single-sex dormitories.[75] Female guest workers had to sign contracts saying that they were not allowed to fall pregnant during their stay. If they fell pregnant nevertheless they faced forced abortion or deportation.[76] This is one of the reasons why the vast majority of ethnic minorities today lives in western Germany and also one of the reasons why minorities such as the Vietnamese have the most unusual population pyramid, with nearly all second-generation Vietnamese Germans born after 1989.

Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)

Germany is home to the second-largest number of international migrants worldwide.[77][78] In 2016, around 23% of Germany's population do not hold a German passport or are descendants of immigrants.[79]

German and foreign national population pyramid of Germany in 2021

As the end of 2022, the most common groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany were as follows:[80]

This list does not include non-ethnic Germans with German nationality and foreign nationals without resident status.

Rank	Nationality	Population (31.12.2022)
	Total	13,383,910
1	Turkey	1,487,110
2	Ukraine	1,164,200
3	Syria	923,805
4	Romania	883,670
5	Poland	880,780
6	Italy	644,970
7	Croatia	436,325
8	Bulgaria	429,665
9	Afghanistan	377,240
10	Greece	361,270
11	Russia	290,615
12	Iraq	284,595
13	Kosovo	280,850
14	Serbia	251,365
15	Bosnia and Herzegovina	233,775
16	Hungary	214,695
17	India	210,385
18	Spain	193,460
19	Austria	185,755
20	Netherlands	150,295
21	China	149,550
22	North Macedonia	146,380
23	Iran	143,555
24	France	140,320
25	Portugal	139,435
26	United States	121,420
27	Vietnam	120,535
28	Albania	108,555
29	Morocco	95,095
30	United Kingdom	84,605

Population density by municipality

With an estimated 83.2 million inhabitants in December 2020,[81] Germany is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and ranks as the 19th largest country in the world in terms of population. Its population density stands at 233 inhabitants per square kilometer.

States

Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder.[82] Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between city-states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories (Flächenländer). For regional administrative purposes four states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, consist of a total of 19 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2019 Germany is divided into 400 districts (Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 294 rural districts and 106 urban districts.

 Lower Saxony

 Bremen

 Hamburg

 Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern

 Saxony-
Anhalt

 Saxony

 Brandenburg

 Berlin

 Thuringia

 Hesse

 North Rhine-
Westphalia

 Rhineland-Palatinate

 Bavaria

 Baden-
Württemberg

 Saarland

 Schleswig-Holstein

Germany states by foreigners as percentage of population as of November 2020

State Capital Area (km2) Population[83] (31 December 2022) Foreigners Population density (per km2) North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,112 18,139,116 2,828,367 532 Bavaria Munich 70,541 13,369,116 2,073,494 190 Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,748 11,280,257 2,012,237 316 Lower Saxony Hanover 47,709 8,140,242 959,786 171 Hesse Wiesbaden 21,116 6,391,360 1,199,775 303 Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,858 4,159,150 566,026 209 Saxony Dresden 18,450 4,086,152 300,164 221 Berlin Berlin 891 3,755,251 834,349 4,215 Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,804 2,953,270 299,787 187 Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654 2,573,135 179,872 87 Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,454 2,186,643 160,990 107 Thuringia Erfurt 16,202 2,126,846 161,291 131 Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,892,122 363,283 2,506 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,295 1,628,378 105,437 70 Saarland Saarbrücken 2,571 992,666 139,189 386 Bremen Bremen 419 684,864 144,148 1,634 Germany Berlin 357,582 84,358,845 12,324,195 236

Urbanization

Main articles: List of cities in Germany; List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants; and Metropolitan regions in Germany

Germany officially has eleven metropolitan regions. In 2005, Germany had 82 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.

Metropolitan region	Location	Description	Population	Notes
Rhine-Ruhr		The metropolitan area is part of the pan-European Blue Banana mega region and is a significant industrial and commercial hub, home to many of Germany's biggest corporations and contributing as much as 15% to the German GDP. Included in the rather polycentric conurbation are the cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf, Bonn, Dortmund and Essen served by two of the country's largest airports Düsseldorf Airport and the Cologne Bonn Airport. Particularly among young Germans, Cologne and Düsseldorf are known for their nightlife and open-minded atmosphere.	approx. 10 million	Turks, Poles, Italians, Romanians, Africans, Arabs, Greeks, Dutch, Russians, Serbs, Bulgarians and Spaniards
Berlin/Brandenburg		Berlin is the capital and largest city. It lies in the eastern part of the country, completely surrounded by the rather sparsely populated state of Brandenburg. Berlin is regarded as one of Europe's most open, vibrant and ever changing capitals. The city is arguably the most diverse city in Germany regarding culture and ethnicity. Regarded as an economically weak region of Germany for a long time, it is now transforming itself into the entrepreneurial center of Europe. Dubbed the "Silicon Allee" by insiders of the tech industry, Berlin is home to countless startup companies and one of Germany's densest knowledge hubs with 4 public universities and countless research centers.	approx. 6 million	Turks, Russians, Poles, Africans, Italians, Americans, Vietnamese, Serbs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Romanians, French and Spaniards
Munich		The metropolitan area in and around Munich has one of Germany's highest standard of living. Housing some of the countries largest car and machine companies, it is known for its economic strength mixed with the uniqueness of Bavarian culture, taking up almost the entirety of southern Bavaria. It is the closest metropolitan area to the Alps.	approx. 5.7 million	Turks, Albanians, Croats, Italians, Poles, Greeks, Austrians, Romanians, Arabs, Africans and Serbs
Rhine-Main		Frankfurt is the financial and commercial center both for Germany and continental Europe. Almost all of Germany's big banks and the ECB have their HQ located inside the city of Frankfurt. Despite not having a population of over a million, it is Germany's only city with a large, visible cluster of skyscrapers. The city is one of Europe's biggest transit hubs with Europe's 6th busiest airport (Frankfurt airport), Germany's second busiest railway stations and one of the EU's most heavily used interchanges.	approx. 5.5 million	Turks, Poles, Italians, African, Croats, Romanians, Greeks, Serbs, Spaniards, Americans, Chinese, Arabs and Indians
Hamburg		Hamburg is the country's second largest city and the biggest Hanseatic city in Europe. It is Europe's 3rd busiest container port with just under 9 million TEUs annually. The city is proud of its diverse nightlife and music scene centered in and around the famous St. Pauli district.	approx. 5.3 million	Turks, Albanians, Poles, African, Portuguese, Romanians, Russians, Italians and Spaniards
Stuttgart		Stuttgart has a reputation for research, inventions and industry. The German headquarters of many international enterprises are in Stuttgart. This contrasts with the strong rural, down-to-earth attitude of the Stuttgarters throughout the classes. A popular slogan is "We are good at everything. Except speaking High (standard) German."	approx. 5.2 million	Turks, Albanians, Greeks, Dutch, Italians, Croats, Serbs, French, Chinese, Romanians, Americans and Spaniards.
Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg		The relatively urban south of Lower Saxony, located on route between the Ruhr area and Berlin, and the route form Hamburg to the south, has been important for logistics, industry, but also developed a strong standing in the service industries.	approx. 3.7 million	Turks, Kurds (especially around Celle), Serbs, Ukrainians, Greeks, Russians, Italians (especially in Wolfsburg) and Spanish (Especially in Hanover).
Bremen/Oldenburg		Located in the northwestern part of Germany, the main axis contains the cities of Bremen, Delmenhorst and Oldenburg, with the cities of Wilhelmshaven and Bremerhaven being the northern corners at the north sea. Major rural areas are covered in between these cities. There is a smooth transition to the Hamburg metropolitan area to the east.	approx. 2.7 million	Turks, Russians, Albanians, Serbs, Portuguese, Iranians, Dutch, Americans and Britons.
Central German Metropolitan Region		The economic region stretches across three federal states. The major city is Leipzig in Saxony, other important cities are Halle/Saale, Gera and Jena. The region is known for its universities and research, for its trade fairs and conventions, as a central distribution hub (Leipzig-Halle-Airport), as center for chemical and industrial production, for the well preserved inner cities and the developed classical and alternative cultural scene. Leipzig is one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany, with a rising economy.	approx. 2.4 mil	Russians, Poles, Vietnamese, Italians, Romanians, Ukrainians, Chinese, Turks, Portuguese, people from Syria, from Kazakhstan and from Afghanistan.[84]

The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide, behind the United States and Saudi Arabia.[78] The largest ethnic group of non-German origin are the Turkish. Since the 1960s, West and later reunified Germany has attracted immigrants primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Turkey, many of whom (or their children) have acquired German citizenship over time. While most of these immigrants initially arrived as guest workers, changes to guest worker legislation allowed many to stay and to build lives in Germany.

Germany had signed special visa agreements with several countries in times of severe labour shortages or when particular skills were deficient within the country. During the 1960s and 1970s, agreements were signed with the governments of Turkey, Yugoslavia, Italy and Spain to help Germany overcome its severe labour shortage.

As of 2012, after Germany fully legalized visa-free immigrants from the eastern states of the EU, the largest sources of net immigration to Germany were other European countries, most importantly Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Greece; notably, in the case of Turkey, German Turks moving to Turkey slightly outnumbered new immigrants in 2012,[85] however, in recent years there are more Turkish immigrants in Germany than emigrants again, including illegal Turkish migrants.

In 2015, there was a large increase in asylum applications following the 2015 refugee crisis, mainly due to the violent conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan: 476,649 asylum applications were counted that year.[86] This number went up to even 745,545 in 2016 and began to decline after it.[12]

In 2022, some 23.8 million people in Germany, or 28.7% of the population have migrant background.[87]

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.[88]

Cadets of the German Navy exercising in front of one of the gyms of Germany's naval officers school, the Marineschule Mürwik

Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the individual federated states. Since the 1960s, a reform movement has attempted to unify secondary education into a Gesamtschule (comprehensive school); several West German states later simplified their school systems to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung ("dual education") allows pupils in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.[89]

Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years, depending on the state. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage.[89] In contrast, secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different levels of academic ability: the Gymnasium enrols the most academically promising children and prepares students for university studies; the Realschule for intermediate students lasts six years; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education.[90]

In addition Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school. The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule,[91] while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

The general entrance requirement for university is Abitur, a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200.[92] Nearly all German universities are public institutions, tuition fees in the range of €500 were introduced in some states after 2006, but quickly abolished again until 2014.

Percentage of jobholders holding Hauptschulabschluss, Realschulabschluss or Abitur in Germany[93]

The life expectancy in Germany is 81.1 years (78.7 years males, 83.6 years females, 2020 est.).[95] As of 2009, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 42%, followed by malignant tumours, at 25%.[96] As of 2008, about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).[97] According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.[97] A 2009 study shows Germany is near the median in terms of overweight and obese people in Europe.[98]

2020 map of Christian denominations in the states of Germany

  Roman Catholic majority

  Christian majority, Catholic plurality

  Christian majority, EKD plurality

  Christians less than 50% of population, majority of Christians belong to EKD

The national constitutions of 1919 and 1949 guarantee freedom of faith and religion; earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. The modern constitution of 1949 also states that no one may be discriminated against due to their faith or religious opinions. A state church does not exist in Germany (see Freedom of religion in Germany).[99]

According to a 1990s poll by Der Spiegel, 45% of Germans believe in God, and a quarter in Jesus Christ.[100] According to the Eurobarometer Poll 2010, 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no response.[101]

Christianity is the largest religion in Germany, comprising an estimated 53.9% of the country's population.[102][103]

Smaller religious groups (less than 1%) include Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[104][102]

The two largest churches, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD), have lost significant number of adherents. In 2020 the Catholic Church accounted for 26.7%[102][103][105] and the Evangelical Church for 24.3%[102][103][106] of the population. Orthodox Church has 1.9% and other Christian churches and groups summed up to 1.1% of the population.[102][104] Since the reunification of Germany, the number of non-religious people has grown and an estimated 40.7% of the country's population are not affiliated with any church or religion.[102][103][104]

The other religions make up to less than 1% of the population.[104] Buddhism has around 200,000 adherents (0.2%), Judaism has around 200,000 adherents (0.2%), Hinduism 90,000 (0.1%), Sikhism 75,000 (0.1%) and Yazidis religion (45,000–60,000).[107] All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 (<0.1%) adherents.

Protestantism is concentrated in the north and east and Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west. According to the last nationwide census, Protestantism is more widespread among the population with German citizenship; there are slightly more Catholics total because of the Catholic immigrant population (including such groups as Poles and Italians).[108] The former Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Bavaria. Non-religious people, including atheists and agnostics, might make up as many as 55% of the total population, and are especially numerous in the former East Germany and major metropolitan areas.[109]

Of the roughly 4 million Muslims, most are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites and other denominations.[110][111] 1.9% of the country's overall population declare themselves Orthodox Christians,[102] with Serbs, Greeks, Romanians, Ukrainians and Russians being the most numerous.[112] Germany has Europe's third-largest Jewish population (after France and the United Kingdom).[113] In 2004, twice as many Jews from former Soviet republics settled in Germany as in Israel, bringing the total Jewish population to more than 200,000, compared to 30,000 prior to German reunification. Large cities with significant Jewish populations include Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich.[114] Around 250,000 active Buddhists live in Germany; 50% of them are Asian immigrants.[115]

German is the only official and most widely spoken language. Standard German is understood throughout the country.

In 2021, the Federal Statistical Office of Germany included a new question regarding the language spoken at home in the micro-census, a large sample survey that yearly covers approximately 1% of the German population living in private households, and the results were as follows:[117]

Minority languages

Bilingual German-Sorbian city limit signs

Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, the Sorbian languages (Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian), and the two Frisian languages, Saterfrisian and North Frisian, are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in their respective regions. With speakers of Romany living in all parts of Germany, the federal government has promised to take action to protect the language. Until now, only Hesse has followed Berlin's announcement, and agreed on implementing concrete measures to support Romany speakers.

Implementation of the Charter is poor. The monitoring reports on charter implementation in Germany show many provisions unfulfilled.

Protected Minority Languages in Germany

Language	States
Danish	Schleswig-Holstein
North Frisian	Schleswig-Holstein
Saterland Frisian	Lower Saxony
Low German	Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, North Rhine-Westphalia
Low Rhenish	North Rhine-Westphalia
Upper Sorbian	Saxony
Lower Sorbian	Brandenburg
Romany	Hesse de facto, de jure in all states (see text)

High German dialects

City limits sign; this city is called Emlichheim in High German and Emmelkamp in Low German.

German dialects – some quite distinct from the standard language – are used in everyday speech, especially in rural regions. Many dialects, for example the Upper German varieties, are to some degree cultivated as symbols of regional identity and have their own literature, theaters and some TV programming. While speaking a dialect outside its native region might be frowned upon, in their native regions some dialects can be spoken by all social classes. Nevertheless, partly due to the prevalence of Standard German in media, the use of dialects has declined over the past century, especially in the younger population.

The social status of different German dialects can vary greatly. The Alemannic and Bavarian dialects of the south are positively valued by their speakers and can be used in almost all social circumstances. The Saxonian and Thuringian dialects have less prestige and are subject to derision. While Bavarian and Alemannic have kept much of their distinctiveness, the Middle German dialects, which are closer to Standard German, have lost some of their distinctive lexical and grammatical features and tend to be only pronunciation variants of Standard German.

• Germans
• Census in Germany

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographie Deutschlands.

• Homepage of the Federal Statistical Office Germany (in English)
• German demographics in Online-Databank HISTAT (in German, Registration needed)
• Dossier "The Aging Society" of the Goethe-Institut
• Demographic Profile Germany: United in Decline Allianz Knowledge