Squelch

In telecommunications, squelch is a circuit function that acts to suppress the audio (or video) output of a receiver in the absence of a strong input signal.[1] Essentially, squelch is a specialized type of noise gate designed to suppress weak signals. Squelch is used in two-way radios and VHF/UHF radio scanners to eliminate the sound of noise when the radio is not receiving a desired transmission.

Not to be confused with Attenuator (electronics).
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Carrier squelch
A squelch threshold

A carrier squelch, codan,[lower-alpha 1] or noise squelch is the most simple variant of all. It operates strictly on the signal strength, such as when a television mutes the audio or blanks the video on "empty" channels, or when a walkie-talkie mutes the audio when no signal is present. In some designs, the squelch threshold is preset. For example, television squelch settings are usually preset. Receivers in base stations, or repeaters at remote mountain top sites, are usually not adjustable remotely from the control point.

In two-way radios (also known as radiotelephones), the received signal level required to unsquelch (un-mute) the receiver may be fixed or adjustable with a knob or a sequence of button presses. Typically the operator will adjust the control until noise is heard, and then adjust in the opposite direction until the noise is squelched. At this point, a weak signal will unsquelch the receiver and be heard by the operator. Further adjustment will increase the level of signal required to unsquelch the receiver.

A typical FM two-way radio carrier squelch circuit is noise-operated. To minimize the effects of voice audio on squelch operation, the audio from the receiver's detector is passed through a high-pass filter, typically passing 4,000 Hz (4 kHz) and above, leaving only high frequency noise. The squelch control adjusts the gain of an amplifier which varies the level of the noise coming out of the filter. This noise is rectified, producing a DC voltage when noise is present. The presence of continuous noise on an idle channel creates a DC voltage which turns the receiver audio off. When a signal with little or no noise is received, the noise-derived voltage is reduced and the receiver audio is unmuted. Some applications have the receiver tied to other equipment that uses the audio muting control voltage, as a "signal present" indication; for example, in a repeater the act of the receiver unmuting will switch on the transmitter. Squelch can be opened (turned off), which allows all signals to be heard, including radio frequency noise on the receiving frequency. This can be useful when trying to hear distant or otherwise weak signals, for example in DXing.

Tone squelch and selective calling
Main article: Selective calling

Tone squelch, or another form of selective calling, is sometimes used to solve interference problems. Where more than one user is on the same channel (co-channel users), selective calling addresses a subset of all receivers. Instead of turning on the receiver audio for any signal, the audio turns on only in the presence of the correct selective calling code. This is akin to the use of a lock on a door. A carrier squelch is unlocked and will let any signal in. Selective calling locks out all signals except ones with the correct key to the lock (the correct code).

In non-critical uses, selective calling can also be used to hide the presence of interfering signals such as receiver-produced intermodulation. Receivers with poor specifications—such as inexpensive police scanners or low-cost mobile radios—cannot reject the strong signals present in urban environments. The interference will still be present, and will still degrade system performance, but by using selective calling the user will not have to hear the noises produced by receiving the interference.

Four different techniques are commonly used. Selective calling can be regarded as a form of in-band signaling.

CTCSS
Main article: Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System

CTCSS (Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System) continuously superimposes any one of about 50 low-pitch audio tones on the transmitted signal, ranging from 67 to 254 Hz. The original tone set was 10, then 32 tones, and has been expanded even further over the years. CTCSS is often called PL tone (for Private Line, a trademark of Motorola), or simply tone squelch. General Electric's implementation of CTCSS is called Channel Guard (or CG). RCA Corporation used the name Quiet Channel, or QC. There are many other company-specific names used by radio vendors to describe compatible options. Any CTCSS system that has compatible tones is interchangeable. Old and new radios with CTCSS and radios across manufacturers are compatible. For those PMR446 radios with 38 codes, the codes 0 to 38 are CTCSS Tones:

PMR446 CTCSS Privacy Codes
Code Tone Hz Code Tone Hz Code Tone Hz
0 Off 13   103.5 26    162.2
1     67.0 14    107.2 27    167.9
2     71.9 15    110.9 28    173.8
3     74.4 16    114.8 29    179.9
4     77.0 17    118.8 30    186.2
5     79.7 18    123.0 31    192.8
6     82.5 19    127.3 32    203.5
7     85.4 20    131.8 33    210.7
8     88.5 21    136.5 34    218.1
9     91.5 22    141.3 35    225.7
10     94.8 23    146.2 36    233.6
11     97.4 24    151.4 37    241.8
12   100.0 25    156.7 38    250.3

SelCall
Main article: Selcall

Selcall (Selective Calling) transmits a burst of up to five in-band audio tones at the beginning of each transmission. This feature (sometimes called "tone burst") is common in European systems. Early systems used one tone (commonly called "Tone Burst"). Several tones were used, the most common being 1,750 Hz, which is still used in European amateur radio repeater systems. The addressing scheme provided by one tone was not enough, so a two-tone system was devised—one tone followed by a second tone (sometimes called a "1+1" system). Motorola later marketed a system called "Quik-Call" that used two simultaneous tones followed by two more simultaneous tones (sometimes called a "2+2" system) that was heavily used by fire department dispatch systems in the US. Later selective call systems used paging system technology that made use of a burst of five sequential tones.

DCS
Standard DCS Codes
0nn1nn2nn3nn4nn5nn6nn7nn
023114205306411503606703
025115223311412506612712
026116226315413516624723
031125243331423532627731
032131244343431546631732
043132245346432565632734
047134251351445654743
051143261364464662754
054152263365465664
065155265371466
071156271
072162
073165
074172
174

DCS (Digital-Coded Squelch), generically known as CDCSS (Continuous Digital-Coded Squelch System), was designed as the digital replacement for CTCSS. In the same way that a single CTCSS tone would be used on an entire group of radios, the same DCS code is used in a group of radios. DCS is also referred to as Digital Private Line (or DPL), another trademark of Motorola, and likewise, General Electric's implementation of DCS is referred to as Digital Channel Guard (or DCG). Despite the fact that it is not a tone, DCS is also called DTCS (Digital Tone Code Squelch) by Icom, and other names by other manufacturers. Radios with DCS options are generally compatible, provided the radio's encoder-decoder will use the same code as radios in the existing system.

DCS adds a 134.4 bps (sub-audible) bitstream to the transmitted audio. The code word is a 23-bit Golay (23,12) code which has the ability to detect and correct errors of 3 or fewer bits. The word consists of 12 data bits followed by 11 check bits. The last 3 data bits are a fixed '001', this leaves 9 code bits (512 possibilities) which are conventionally represented as a 3-digit octal number. Note that the first bit transmitted is the LSB, so the code is "backwards" from the transmitted bit order. Only 83 of the 512 possible codes are available, to prevent falsing due to alignment collisions.

DCS codes are standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Association with the following 83 codes being found in their most recent standard, however, some systems use non-standard codes.[3] For those PMR446 radios with 121 codes, the codes 39 to 121 are DCS codes:[4]

DCS
Code Tone Hz Code Tone Hz Code Tone Hz
39 023 67 174 95 445
40 025 68 205 96 464
41 026 69 223 97 465
42 031 70 226 98 466
43 032 71 243 99 503
44 043 72 244 100 506
45 047 73 245 101 516
46 051 74 251 102 532
47 054 75 261 103 546
48 065 76 263 104 565
49 071 77 265 105 606
50 072 78 271 106 612
51 073 79 306 107 624
52 074 80 311 108 627
53 114 81 315 109 631
54 115 82 331 110 632
55 116 83 343 111 654
56 125 84 346 112 662
57 131 85 351 113 664
58 132 86 364 114 703
59 134 87 365 115 712
60 143 88 371 116 723
61 152 89 411 117 731
62 155 90 412 118 732
63 156 91 413 119 734
64 162 92 423 120 743
65 165 93 431 121 754
66 172 94 432

XTCSS

XTCSS is the newest signalling technique, and provides 99 codes with the added advantage of "silent operation". XTCSS-fitted radios are purposed to enjoy more privacy and flexibility of operation. XTCSS is implemented as a combination of CTCSS and in-band signalling.

Uses

Squelch was invented first and is still in wide use in two-way radio. Squelch of any kind is used to indicate loss of signal, which is used to keep commercial and amateur radio repeaters from continually transmitting. Since a carrier squelch receiver cannot tell a valid carrier from a spurious signal (noise, etc.), CTCSS is often used as well, as it avoids false keyups. Use of CTCSS is especially helpful on congested frequencies or on frequency bands prone to skip and during band openings.

Professional wireless microphones use squelch to avoid reproducing noise when the receiver does not receive enough signal from the microphone. Most professional models have adjustable squelch, usually set with a screwdriver adjustment or front-panel control on the receiver.

See also

Notes
  1. For "Carrier Operated Discriminator (or Device) Anti-Noise"[2]

References
  1. The ARRL Ham Radio License Manual (3rd ed.). American Radio Relay League. p. 123. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  2. Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology. W&R Chambers Ltd. 1974. ISBN 0550132023.
  3. Land Mobile FM or PM – Communications Equipment – Measurement and Performance Standards, TIA-603-E (Technical report). Telecommunications Industry Association. March 2, 2016. p. 10.
  4. "TLKR T8 Owner's Manual" (PDF). Motorola Solutions. p. 19. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
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