Cathepsin C

Cathepsin C (CTSC) also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP-I) is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1 protein family, a subgroup of the cysteine cathepsins. In humans, it is encoded by the CTSC gene.[5][6]

CTSC
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCTSC, CPPI, DPP-I, DPP1, DPPI, HMS, JP, JPD, PALS, PDON1, PLS, cathepsin C
External IDsOMIM: 602365 MGI: 109553 HomoloGene: 1373 GeneCards: CTSC
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1075

13032

Ensembl

ENSG00000109861

ENSMUSG00000030560

UniProt

P53634

P97821

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_148170
NM_001114173
NM_001814

NM_009982
NM_001311790

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001107645
NP_001805
NP_680475

NP_001298719
NP_034112

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 88.27 – 88.36 MbChr 7: 87.93 – 87.96 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Cathepsin C exclusion domain
re-determination of the native structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase i (cathepsin c)
Identifiers
SymbolCathepsinC_exc
PfamPF08773
InterProIPR014882
SCOP21k3b / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

Function

Cathepsin C appears to be a central coordinator for activation of many serine proteases in immune/inflammatory cells.

Cathepsin C catalyses excision of dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein and peptide substrates, except if (i) the amino group of the N-terminus is blocked, (ii) the site of cleavage is on either side of a proline residue, (iii) the N-terminal residue is lysine or arginine, or (iv) the structure of the peptide or protein prevents further digestion from the N-terminus.

Structure

The cDNAs encoding rat, human, murine, bovine, dog and two Schistosome cathepsin Cs have been cloned and sequenced and show that the enzyme is highly conserved.[7] The human and rat cathepsin C cDNAs encode precursors (prepro-cathepsin C) comprising signal peptides of 24 residues, pro-regions of 205 (rat cathepsin C) or 206 (human cathepsin C) residues and catalytic domains of 233 residues which contain the catalytic residues and are 30-40% identical to the mature amino acid sequences of papain and a number of other cathepsins including cathepsins, B, H, K, L, and S.[8]

The translated prepro-cathepsin C is processed into the mature form by at least four cleavages of the polypeptide chain. The signal peptide is removed during translocation or secretion of the pro-enzyme (pro-cathepsin C) and a large N-terminal proregion fragment (also known as the exclusion domain),[9] which is retained in the mature enzyme, is separated from the catalytic domain by excision of a minor C-terminal part of the pro-region, called the activation peptide. A heavy chain of about 164 residues and a light chain of about 69 residues are generated by cleavage of the catalytic domain.

Unlike the other members of the papain family, mature cathepsin C consists of four subunits, each composed of the N-terminal proregion fragment, the heavy chain and the light chain. Both the pro-region fragment and the heavy chain are glycosylated.

Clinical significance

Defects in the encoded protein have been shown to be a cause of Papillon-Lefevre disease,[10][11] an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratosis and periodontitis.

Cathepsin C functions as a key enzyme in the activation of granule serine peptidases in inflammatory cells, such as elastase and cathepsin G in neutrophils cells and chymase and tryptase in mast cells. In many inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, sepsis, and cystic fibrosis, a significant portion of the pathogenesis is caused by increased activity of some of these inflammatory proteases. Once activated by cathepsin C, the proteases are capable of degrading various extracellular matrix components, which can lead to tissue damage and chronic inflammation.

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000109861 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030560 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: CTSC cathepsin C".
  6. Paris A, Strukelj B, Pungercar J, Renko M, Dolenc I, Turk V (Aug 1995). "Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human preprocathepsin C". FEBS Letters. 369 (2–3): 326–30. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00777-7. PMID 7649281. S2CID 45737414.
  7. Hola-Jamriska L, Tort JF, Dalton JP, Day SR, Fan J, Aaskov J, Brindley PJ (Aug 1998). "Cathepsin C from Schistosoma japonicum--cDNA encoding the preproenzyme and its phylogenetic relationships". European Journal of Biochemistry. 255 (3): 527–34. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2550527.x. PMID 9738890.
  8. Kominami E, Ishido K, Muno D, Sato N (Jul 1992). "The primary structure and tissue distribution of cathepsin C". Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler. 373 (7): 367–73. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1992.373.2.367. PMID 1515062.
  9. Turk D, Janjić V, Stern I, Podobnik M, Lamba D, Dahl SW, Lauritzen C, Pedersen J, Turk V, Turk B (Dec 2001). "Structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase I (cathepsin C): exclusion domain added to an endopeptidase framework creates the machine for activation of granular serine proteases". The EMBO Journal. 20 (23): 6570–82. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.23.6570. PMC 125750. PMID 11726493.
  10. Wani AA, Devkar N, Patole MS, Shouche YS (Feb 2006). "Description of two new cathepsin C gene mutations in patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome". Journal of Periodontology. 77 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.050124. PMID 16460249.
  11. Meade JL, de Wynter EA, Brett P, Sharif SM, Woods CG, Markham AF, Cook GP (May 2006). "A family with Papillon-Lefevre syndrome reveals a requirement for cathepsin C in granzyme B activation and NK cell cytolytic activity". Blood. 107 (9): 3665–8. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1140. PMID 16410452.

Further reading

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