Donald Nichols (spy)

Donald Nichols (18 February 1923 – 2 June 1992) was a United States Air Force intelligence officer who played a hidden but pivotal role in the Korean War. He and his spies found most of the North Korean targets destroyed by U.S. bombing during the war.[1] Nichols also warned his superiors far in advance that North Korea was planning the surprise invasion that started the war, although his many warnings were ignored.[2] In the first months of the war, Nichols and his men broke North Korean battle codes, which helped U.S. forces survive the invasion, halt the enemy's momentum, and destroy most of the North's army.[3] Nichols created the Air Force's first covert intelligence unit, Detachment 2 of the 6004th Air Intelligence Service Squadron, which he commanded during most of the Korean War.[4] His intelligence outfit, sometimes known as "Nick," saved American lives by going behind enemy lines to find vulnerabilities in Soviet tanks and MiG fighter jets.[5] His intelligence achievements won him the Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Cross.

For persons of a similar name, see Donald Nichols (disambiguation).

Donald Nichols
Born(1923-02-18)18 February 1923
Hackensack, New Jersey, U.S.
Died2 June 1992(1992-06-02) (aged 69)
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Air Force
RankMajor
Commands held6004th Air Intelligence Service Squadron
Battles/warsWorld War II
Korean War
AwardsDistinguished Service Cross
Silver Star

An extraordinary element of Nichols's 11-year tenure as a spy in South Korea (from 1946 to 1957), was his close personal relationship with South Korean President Syngman Rhee. Nichols was just 23 when he met the 71-year-old Rhee, but the inexperienced American spy (a 7th grade dropout) and the worldly Korean politician (a master's degree from Harvard, a doctorate from Princeton) found each other useful. Rhee used Nichols to transmit intelligence leaks to senior U.S. commanders, which helped speed Rhee's rise to power in South Korea, and Nichols boasted to his superiors that in Rhee he had cultivated a uniquely powerful and well-informed source in Seoul.[6]

There was a dark side, though, to Nichols's long run as a spy commander in Korea, as well as to his postwar life in Florida, where he repeatedly committed sexual crimes involving young boys.[7] His friendship with Rhee and his collaboration with the South Korean security apparatus immersed Nichols in a brutal world of anticommunist purges, where he witnessed torture, beheadings, and the mass shootings of thousands of South Korean who were perceived as enemies of Rhee's government.[8] Nichols did not report these atrocities to his superiors, and his senior intelligence clerk, Sergeant Serbando Torres, later said that "slaughtering all these people...didn't seem to bother him that much."[9]

As the creator and commander of his own spy unit, Nichols had near-complete autonomy from the Air Force command structure. For many years, he reported only to Air Force General Earle E. Partridge, who was in charge of the air war in Korea.[10] The lack of supervision gave Nichols freedom to indulge his sexual interest in young Korean airmen, who were periodically brought to him in the evenings at his spy base outside of Seoul.[11] His spy command also gave Nichols unsupervised access to large amounts of cash, which he used to pay off agents and some of which he later brought back to the United States, where he kept tens of thousands of dollars in cash in his brother's freezer in Florida.[12]

The intelligence career of Nichols came to a secretive and tragic end in 1957, when the Air Force suddenly relieved him of his command, removed him from Korea, and sent him to psychiatric wards at U.S. military hospitals, first in Tachikawa, Japan, and then at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida.[13] His military service record indicated no history of mental illness, and Air Force colleagues said he showed no such symptoms, but Air Force doctors quickly diagnosed Nichols as a "deteriorating schizophrenic."[14] He was given large doses of Thorazine and then forced to undergo at least 14 rounds of electroshock.[15] Nichols later told relatives "that the government wanted to erase his brain—because he knew too much."[16]

Nichols was forced to retire from the military on a medical disability in 1962.[17] He was later charged in Florida with repeated sexual assaults on young boys and pleaded nolo contendere in 1987 to two felony counts of lewd behavior in the presence of a child.[18] He died in the psychiatric ward of a veteran's hospital in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, where he had gone in lieu of imprisonment in Florida as a sexual predator.[19] He was inducted into the Air Commando Hall of Fame in 1995. Nichols wrote an autobiography, How Many Times Can I Die?, that is notable for exaggerating his achievements and omitting key elements in his life. A biography entitled King of Spies was published in 2017 by Blaine Harden, author of two earlier books about North Korea.

Early life and service

Nichols was born on 18 February 1923[20] to Walter Isaac and Myra Stewart Nichols at 105 Main Street, Hackensack, New Jersey. He was the youngest of four sons.[20] Nichols only completed elementary school before joining the military. He grew up poor in a welfare family, and occasionally had to resort to theft of neighbors' farm equipment to survive.[21]

Nichols served in Pakistan early in his military career.[22] He was a sergeant assigned to the motor pool before being detailed to Sub-detachment K, 607th Counter Intelligence Corps in South Korea in 1946. As a master sergeant, he rose to command the unit. He spoke Korean somewhat fluently. Nichols was burly in build, casual in dress, often out of uniform, and seldom displayed his rank. He was noted for his gruffness. He formed an extensive net of approximately 600 civilian spies throughout Korea. There was an assassination attempt on him by communists in 1948. Nichols survived; the would-be assassins did not.[2][23][24]

In 1948, Nichols moved beyond the passivity of counter-intelligence and began intelligence/spy operations that could later be defined as positive intelligence. He began active collection of military intelligence; for the next two years, he briefed General Earle Partridge on possible North Korean communist actions.[25]

In May 1950, Nichols enticed a communist pilot into defecting to the south, along with his IL-10 strike aircraft. As this was the first airplane of its kind to fall into American hands, Nichols disassembled it for removal to the U.S. In the meantime, he was warned of an impending attack by the North Koreans. Sergeant Nichols claimed that he predicted the beginning date of the Korean War to an accuracy within 3 days of its actual occurrence (June 25, 1950) in his last report on the subject, but his forecast was ignored.[26][27]

Korean War service

As the war began

After the North Koreans invaded at 0400 hours on 25 June 1950, Nichols telephoned the news to General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters at 0945. Then newly promoted chief warrant officer Nichols destroyed the IL-10 and other airplanes and equipment before fleeing Seoul, clinging to the side of a small boat.[26][28]

When Nichols rejoined the battered United Nations formations, he bore a map with annotated targets of the invaders.[29] He was asked by Ambassador John J. Muccio to temporarily serve as liaison to the Republic of Korea's military heads. In July 1950, Nichols was assigned to the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations; this assignment was designed to grant him autonomy. General Partridge wanted one of the "new" Russian T-34 tanks the North Koreans were using. Air strikes against them had been unsuccessful, and the general was seeking information to plot counter-measures against the communist armor. Nichols scrounged up a tank transporter and retrieved a stranded T-34 while under fire. For this action, Partridge recommended, and the U.S. military awarded, Nichols a Silver Star.[30]

Partridge mentioned communist guerrillas harassing Taegu Air Force Base and interrupting UN flight operations. Nichols led a band of 20 South Korean soldiers in a night-time raid into the hills, and returned with grenade fragments in his leg. The harassment ended.[30]

Nichols established a makeshift jump school that would turn out spy teams that parachuted behind communist lines. When a planeload of trainees in his ad hoc training failed to jump, Nichols headed them back into the drop aircraft. Although he had never had parachute training, he led the queue of trainees out the aircraft door once they were over the drop zone; all his trainees followed.[31]

Although air drops served to introduce espionage teams into the interior of North Korea, their only means of exit was on foot. Nichols also turned to amphibious insertions and retrievals, using the 22nd Crash Rescue Boat Squadron, and later, scrounged Korean fishing boats. The numerous islands offshore of North Korea served as sanctuaries for guerrillas who would host his teams.[32][33]

6004th Air Intelligence Service Squadron
The MiG-15 salvaged by UN forces in July 1951

By March 1951, the Air Force decided to gather Nichols' ad hoc activities into "Special Activities Unit Number One". The new unit was officially given a wide brief that charged them with gathering military intelligence. They were directed to coordinate their activities with other intelligence agencies. The unit evolved into Detachment 2 of the 6004th Air Intelligence Service Squadron either later that month or the next. The unorthodox new unit contained commandos, scholars, linguists, and saboteurs along with its more usual intelligence specialists.[34][35]

Nichols' next intelligence coup came on 17 April 1951. The Chinese communists had introduced Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s into the war. The United States desperately wanted one of the MiG-15s, so they could devise counter-measures against the most technologically advanced plane in communist possession. However, the MiG-15 had yet to fall into UN hands. Nichols and five technical intelligence experts flew to Baengnyeongdo. From there, they penetrated 80 miles (130 km) into communist territory in an unarmed helicopter through enemy ground fire. The intruders landed at a MiG-15 crash site some 100 miles (160 km) behind the lines and near an enemy supply depot. The intelligence team rapidly photographed the MiG-15 wreckage, and transcribed all instructions and markings. After scalping as many smaller parts as it could from the fighter, the team departed despite the chopper's battle damage to its rotor blade. They managed to struggle back to Baengnyeongdo. Nichols was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his valor and enterprise. The award citation stated that he had retrieved "information of inestimable value".[36][37]

Nichols founded Detachment 2, with an American strength of seven officers and 26 enlisted. Its brief was to infiltrate behind communist lines and personally reconnoiter for air strike targets. Given the impossibility of Caucasians remaining undetected in the Asian populace of communist rear areas, there was a minimal need for Americans in this U.S. Air Force detachment.[38][39]

Between 14 and 21 July 1951, Nichols and his men managed to retrieve a crashed MiG-15 from behind enemy lines. The MiG-15 in question had crash-landed onto mud flats south-west of Hanch'on. The intelligence coup was considered so important that it was supported by a small multi-national fleet of South Korean, U.S., and British vessels under the command of British Rear Admiral A. K. Scott-Moncrieff. Despite his relatively junior rank, Nichols was credited with organizing the operation.[36][40]

In 1953, Major Nichols was once again targeted by enemy agents, but again escaped fatality, unlike the unsuccessful killers.[41] Nichols is credited by some anonymous sources in the intelligence community with originating Operation Moolah; this operation offered $50,000US to any defecting pilot for his fighter.[42] Certainly, Nichols was the first to debrief the defecting pilot, No Kum-sok, and the first to submit an intelligence report based on interrogating the defector.[2]

Postwar career

In September 1953, after the fighting ceased, Nichols' 6004th Air Intelligence Service Squadron was dubbed the "primary military intelligence collection agency of the Far East Air Force (FEAF)". Despite the fact that the Air Force effort was as large as the CIA and Naval intelligence units in Korea, the relatively junior Nichols remained entrusted with command. However, throughout the war, agent casualties had steadily climbed as the communists increased their security measures. From the end of 1952 onwards, insertions into the north had become virtual suicide missions. Nichols was haunted by the situation: "I hate to call myself a man. I had to be the one to give the orders when I knew someone was going to be killed."[43][44]

See also

Notes
  1. Futrell, p. 502.
  2. Harden (2017), pp. 48-56.
  3. Harden (2017), pp. 81-92.
  4. Harden (2017), p. 99.
  5. Harden (2017), pp. 65-76, 99-102.
  6. Harden (2017), pp. 31-47.
  7. Harden (2017), pp. 174-191.
  8. Harden (2017), pp. 39-41, 77-80.
  9. Harden (2017), p. 80.
  10. Harden (2017), pp. 107-108.
  11. Harden (2017), pp. 104,152.
  12. Harden (2017), pp. 150-151, 180.
  13. Harden (2017), pp. 146-169.
  14. Harden (2017), p162.
  15. Harden (2017), pp. 162-165.
  16. Harden (2017), p. 165.
  17. Harden (2017), pp. 167-168.
  18. Harden (2017), p. 189.
  19. Harden (2017), p. 188-191.
  20. Nichols, p. 9.
  21. Harden (2017), p. 3.
  22. Haas (2000), p. 91.
  23. Haas (2002), pp. 54–55, 64.
  24. Haas (2000), pp. 78–79.
  25. Haas (2000), pp. 78–80.
  26. Haas (2002), pp. 54–55.
  27. Haas (2000), p. 80.
  28. Futrell, pp. 4–5.
  29. Futrell, p. 29.
  30. Haas (2002), p 55.
  31. Haas (2002), p. 56.
  32. Haas (2000), pp. 87–88.
  33. Haas (2002), pp. 62–64.
  34. Haas (2002), pp. 55–56.
  35. Haas (2000), p. 84.
  36. Haas (2000), pp. 82–83.
  37. Werrell, pp. 95–96.
  38. Haas (2000), pp. 85–86.
  39. Haas (2002), pp. 58–59.
  40. Edwards, p. 224.
  41. Haas (2000), pp. 55, 64–65.
  42. Futrell, pp. 652–653.
  43. Haas (2000), pp. 86, 90, 100–101.
  44. Haas (2002), p. 62.

References
  • Edwards, Paul M. (2006). Korean War Almanac. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816074679.
  • Futrell, Robert F. (2000). The United States Air Force in Korea 1950–1953 (Reprint ed.). Washington, DC.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0912799-71-4.
  • Haas, Michael E. (2000). In the Devil's Shadow: UN Special Operations during the Korean War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-344-3.
  • Haas, Michael E. (2002). Apollo's Warriors: United States Air Force Special Operations during the Cold War. Honolulu, HI: University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1-4102-0009-4.
  • Harden, Blaine (2015). The Great Leader and the Fighter Pilot: The True Story of the Tyrant Who Created North Korea and the Young Lieutenant Who Stole His Way to Freedom. Penguin. ISBN 9780698140486.
  • Harden, Blaine (2017). King of Spies: The Dark Reign of America's Spymaster in Korea. Viking. ISBN 9780525429937.
  • Nichols, Donald (1981). How Many Times Can I Die?. Donald Nichols. Library of Congress Control Number 81-90004.
  • Werrell, Kenneth (2005). Sabres over MiG Alley: the F-86 and the battle for air superiority in Korea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591149330.
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