Geography of Honduras

The interior highlands are the most prominent feature of Honduran topography.[1] This mountain area makes up about 80% of the country's area, and is home to the majority of the population.[1] Because the rugged terrain has made the land difficult to traverse and equally difficult to cultivate, this area has not been highly developed.[1] The soil here is poor: Honduras lacks the rich volcanic ash found in other Central American countries.[1] Until the early 20th century, the highland economy consisted primarily of mining and livestock.[1]

In the west, Honduras' mountains blend into the mountain ranges of Guatemala.[1] The western mountains have the highest peaks, with the Pico Congolón at an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,202 ft) and the Cerro Las Minas at 2,850 m (9,350 ft).[1] The Honduran border with El Salvador crosses the peak of Cerro El Pital, the highest point in El Salvador at over 2,730 m (8,957 ft).[2] These mountains are woodland covered with mainly pine forests.[1]

In the east, the mountains merge with those in Nicaragua.[1] Although generally not as high as the mountains near the Guatemalan border, the eastern ranges possess some high peaks, such as the Montaña de la Flor at 2,300 m (7,546 ft), El Boquerón (Monte El Boquerón) at 2,485 m (8,153 ft), and Pepe Bonito at 2,435 m (7,989 ft).[1]

One of the most prominent features of the interior highlands is a depression that runs from the Caribbean Sea to the Gulf of Fonseca.[1] This depression splits the country's cordilleras into eastern and western parts and provides a relatively easy transportation route across the isthmus.[1] Widest at its northern end near San Pedro Sula, the depression narrows as it follows the upper course of the Río Humuya.[1] Passing first through Comayagua and then through narrow passes south of the city, the depression widens again as it runs along the border of El Salvador into the Gulf of Fonseca.[1]

A economic activity map of Honduras, 1983.

A land use map of Honduras, 1983.

Scattered throughout the interior highlands are numerous flat-floored valleys, at 300 to 900 meters (980 to 2,950 ft) in elevation, which vary in size.[1] The floors of the large valleys provide sufficient grass, shrubs, and dry woodland to support livestock and, in some cases, commercial agriculture.[1] Subsistence agriculture has been relegated to the slopes of the valleys, with the limitations of small-sized holdings, primitive technology, and low productivity that traditionally accompany hillside cultivation.[1] Villages and towns, including the capital, Tegucigalpa, are tucked in the larger valleys.[1]

Vegetation in the interior highlands is varied.[1] Much of the western, southern, and central mountains are open woodland; supporting pine forest interspersed with some oak, scrub, and grassy clearings.[1] The ranges toward the east are primarily continuous areas of dense, broad-leaf evergreen forest.[1] Around the highest peaks, remnants of dense rainforest that formerly covered much of the area are still found.[1]

This area of river valleys and coastal plains, which most Honduras call "the north coast," or simply "the coast," has traditionally been Honduras's most exploited region.[1] The central part of the Caribbean lowlands, east of La Ceiba, is a narrow coastal plain only a few kilometers wide.[1]

To the east and west of this section the Caribbean lowlands widen and in places extend inland a considerable distance along broad river valleys.[1] The broadest river valley, along the Río Ulúa near the Guatemalan border, is Honduras's most developed area.[1] Both Puerto Cortés, the country's largest port, and San Pedro Sula, Honduras's industrial capital, are located here, as is La Ceiba, the third largest city in the country.[1]

To the east, near the Nicaraguan border, the Caribbean lowlands broaden to an extensive area known as La Mosquitia.[1] Unlike the western part of the Caribbean lowlands, the Mosquitia is Honduras's least-developed area.[1] Underpopulated and culturally distinct from the rest of the country, the area consists of inland savannah with swamps and mangrove near the coast.[1] During times of heavy rainfall, much of the savannah area is covered by shallow water, making transportation by means other than a shallow-draft boat almost impossible.[1]

More than 46 campesinos from the Aguán Valley, in the far north-east of Honduras, have either been killed or have disappeared since the 2009 coup.[3] In the 1970s, government policy encouraged agricultural cooperatives and collectives to establish themselves in the lightly populated area, but after 1992 government policy favored privatization.[3] One of the biggest beneficiaries of the new policy and one of the richest men in Honduras,[4] Miguel Facussé, owned some 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) in the lower Aguán, which he planted in African palms for his palm oil venture.

The smallest geographic region of Honduras, the Pacific lowlands, is a strip of land averaging twenty-five km wide (16 mi) on the north shore of the Gulf of Fonseca.[1] The land is flat, becoming swampy near the shores of the gulf, and is composed mostly of alluvial soils washed down from the mountains.[1] The gulf is shallow and the water rich in fish and mollusks.[1] Mangroves along the shore make shrimp and shellfish particularly abundant by providing safe and abundant breeding areas amid their extensive networks of underwater roots.[1]

Several islands in the gulf fall under Honduras's jurisdiction.[1] The two largest, Zacate Grande and El Tigre, are eroded volcanoes, part of the chain of volcanoes that extends along the Pacific coast of Central America.[1] Both islands have volcanic cones more than 700 m (2,300 ft) in elevation that serve as landmarks for vessels entering Honduras's Pacific.[1]

Honduras controls a number of islands as part of its offshore territories.[1] In the Caribbean Sea, the islands of Roatán (Isla de Roatán), Utila, and Guanaja together form the Islas de la Bahía (Bay Islands), one of the eighteen departments into which Honduras is divided.[1] Roatán, the largest of the three islands, is 50 by 5 km (31.1 by 3.1 mi).[1] The Islas de la Bahía archipelago also has a number of smaller islands, among them the islets of Barbareta (Isla Barbareta), Santa Elena (Isla Santa Elena), and Morat (Isla Morat).[1]

Farther out in the Caribbean are the Islas Santanillas, formerly known as Swan Islands. A number of small islands and keys can be found nearby, among them Cayos Zapotillos and Cayos Cochinos.[1] In the Gulf of Fonseca, the main islands under Honduran control are El Tigre, Zacate Grande (Isla Zacate Grande), and Exposición (Isla Exposición).[1]

• 
  Beach at the village of Juan López
• 
  The Merendón range seen from the vantage point located above the "Olimpo merendónico" in San Pedro Sula
• 
  A river in Honduras
• 
  The Rio Guayape near Esquilinchuche, facing El Boqueron in the Sierra de Agalta

Honduras lies within the hurricane belt, and the Caribbean coast is particularly vulnerable to hurricanes or tropical storms that travel inland from the Caribbean.[1] Hurricane Francelia in 1969 and Tropical Storm Alleta in 1982 affected thousands of people and caused extensive damage to crops.[1] Hurricane Fifi in 1974 killed more than 8,000 and destroyed nearly the entire banana crop.[1]

In 1998 Hurricane Mitch became the most deadly hurricane to strike the Western Hemisphere in the last two centuries.[6] This massive hurricane not only battered the Honduran coastline, but engulfed nearly the entire country with its powerful winds and torrential downpours.[7] Approximately 100,000 Hondurans were evacuated from the Caribbean coast.[7] Most of the Bay Islands had damage to their water facilities.[8]

Damage in Tegucigalpa from Hurricane Mitch

The high rainfall caused many rivers in the country to overflow "to an unprecedented extent this century", as described by the United Nations.[9] Two earthflows caused significant damage near Tegucigalpa.[10] Hurricane Mitch wrought significant damage to Honduras, affecting nearly the entire population and causing damage in all 18 departments.[9] The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean estimated that Mitch caused the worst floods of the 20th century in the country.[11] Throughout Central America, Mitch claimed in excess of 11,000 lives, with thousands of others missing.

Hurricanes occasionally form over the Pacific and move north to affect southern Honduras, but Pacific storms are generally less severe and their landfall rarer.[1]

On September 4, 2007, Hurricane Felix made landfall at Honduras and Nicaragua, as a Category 5 hurricane. In November 2008, Hurricane Paloma, along with the October 2008 Central America floods, left at least 60 people dead and more than 300,000 in need of assistance.[12]

Drought in Honduras has become a driver of emigration, causing poor crop yields for poor subsistence farmers, and has been a factor in the formation of migrant caravans to the United States.[13][14][15][16]

According to the FAO, migrants leaving central and western Honduras between 2014 and 2016 most frequently cited "no food" as their reason for leaving.[14]

• Northernmost point: Great Swan Island, Swan Islands, Bay Islands Department
• Northernmost point (mainland): Puerto Castilla, Colón Department
• Southernmost point: Pacific coast border with Nicaragua, Choluteca Department
• Westernmost point: border with El Salvador and Guatemala, Ocotepeque Department
• Easternmost point: border with Nicaragua on Atlantic coast, Gracias a Dios Department