EAR (file format)

Developers can embed various artifacts within an EAR file for deployment by application servers:

• A Web module has a .war extension. It is a deployable unit that consists of one or more web components, other resources, and a web application deployment descriptor. The web module is contained in a hierarchy of directories and files in a standard web application format.
• POJO Java classes may be deployed in .jar files.
• An Enterprise Java Bean module has a .jar extension, and contains in its own META-INF directory descriptors describing the persistent classes deployed. Deployed entity beans become visible to other components and, if remotely exported, to remote clients. Message Beans and Session Beans are available for remote access.
• A Resource Adapter module has a .rar extension.

Most application servers load classes from a deployed EAR file as an isolated tree of Java classloaders, isolating the application from other applications, but sharing classes between deployed modules. For example, a deployed WAR file would be able to create instances of classes defined in a JAR file that was also included in the containing EAR file, but not necessarily those in JAR files in other EAR files. One key reason for this behavior is to allow complete separation between applications which use static singletons (e.g. Log4J), which would otherwise confuse the configuration between separate applications. This also enables different versions of applications and libraries to be deployed side by side.

The JBoss application servers before Version 5 were notable in that it does not isolate deployed components. A web application deployed in one EAR file would have access to classes in other EAR and WAR files. This is a somewhat controversial policy. The Unified Classloader design reduces communications overhead between running applications, as class data can be shared by reference or simple copies. It also allows developers to avoid having to understand the problems that a tree of classloaders can create. However, it prevents different versions of dependent libraries from being deployed in separate applications. JBoss 4.0.2 switched to a hierarchical classloader, but in version 4.0.3 it reverted to a Unified Classloader for backwards compatibility reasons. There is now a configuration option to change this behavior. JBoss 5.x, 6.x and 7.x no longer use Unified Classloading.

The META-INF directory contains at least the application.xml deployment descriptor, known as the Java EE Deployment Descriptor. It contains the following XML entities:

• icon, which specifies the locations for the images that represent the application. A subdivision is made for small-icon and large-icon.
• display-name, which identifies the application
• description
• A module element for each module in the archive
• Zero or more security-role elements for the global security roles in the application

Each module element contains an ejb, web or java element which describes the individual modules within the application. Web modules also provide a context-root which identifies the web module by its URL.

Next to the Jakarta EE deployment descriptor there can be zero or more runtime deployment descriptors. These are used to configure implementation-specific Jakarta EE parameters.