ESP32

ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs either a Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core variations, Xtensa LX7 dual-core microprocessor or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor and includes built-in antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power-management modules. ESP32 is created and developed by Espressif Systems, a Chinese company based in Shanghai, and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process.[2] It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

ESP32
ESP-WROOM-32 module with ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip
ManufacturerEspressif Systems
TypeMicrocontroller
Release dateSeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)[1]
CPUTensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor @ 160 or 240 MHz
Memory320 KiB SRAM
Power3.3 V DC
PredecessorESP8266

Features
ESP32 function block diagram.
ESP32 Die shot

Features of the ESP32 include the following:[3]

  • Processors:
    • CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, operating at 160 or 240 MHz and performing at up to 600 DMIPS
    • Ultra low power (ULP) co-processor
  • Memory: 520 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
  • Wireless connectivity:
    • Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
    • Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
  • Peripheral interfaces:
  • Security:
  • Power management:
    • Internal low-dropout regulator
    • Individual power domain for RTC
    • 5 μA deep sleep current
    • Wake up from GPIO interrupt, timer, ADC measurements, capacitive touch sensor interrupt

ESP32-xx family

Since the release of the original ESP32, a number of variants have been introduced and announced. They form the ESP32 family of microcontrollers. These chips have different CPUs and capabilities, but all share the same SDK and are largely code-compatible. Additionally, the original ESP32 was revised (see ESP32 ECO V3, for example). See also https://gist.github.com/sekcompsci/2bf39e715d5fe47579fa184fa819f421

ESP32
  • Xtensa single-/dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor(s)
  • Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
  • Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
  • 34 × programmable GPIOs
  • 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
  • 2 x 8-bit DAC

ESP32-S2
  • Single-core Xtensa LX7 CPU, up to 240 MHz[6]
  • 320 KiB SRAM, 128 KiB ROM, and 16 KiB RTC SRAM
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)[7]
  • No Bluetooth
  • 43 programmable GPIOs[7]
  • 2 × 13-bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels
  • USB OTG

ESP32-C3
NodeMCU board with an ESP32-C3-32S
  • Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 160 MHz[8]
  • 400 KiB SRAM, 384 KiB ROM, and 8 KiB RTC SRAM
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)[9]
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)[9]
  • 22 programmable GPIOs
  • 2 ADC-12bit
  • Pin compatible with ESP8266

ESP32-S3
  • Dual-core Xtensa LX7 CPU, up to 240 MHz,[10] and supporting single-precision FPU
    • Added instructions to accelerate machine learning applications
  • 512 KiB SRAM, 384 KiB ROM, and 16 KiB RTC SRAM
  • Capable of connecting to external PSRAM and Flash via Quad SPI or Octal SPI, and share the same 32 MiB address space
  • Ultra-low power RISC-V (RV32IMC) coprocessor clocked at 17.5 MHz approximately
  • Ultra-low power FSM coprocessor similar to previous ESP32 and ESP32-S2
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b/g/n)[11]
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)
  • 44 programmable GPIOs
  • No integrated ethernet MAC
  • 2 × 12-bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels
  • USB OTG

ESP32-C6
  • High performance 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 160 MHz,[12] implementing RV32IMAC
  • Low power 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 20 MHz, implementing RV32IMAC
  • 512 KiB SRAM and 320 KiB ROM
  • IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) on 2.4 GHz, supporting 20 MHz bandwidth in 11ax mode, 20 or 40 MHz bandwidth in 11b/g/n mode
  • IEEE 802.15.4 (Thread + Zigbee)
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)
  • 30 (QFN40) / 22 (QFN32) programmable GPIOs

ESP32-H2

Announced

ESP32-C5
  • Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 240 MHz[14]
  • 400 KiB SRAM and 384 KiB ROM
  • IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) on 2.4 and 5 GHz, supporting 20 MHz bandwidth in 11ax mode, 20 or 40 MHz bandwidth in 11b/g/n mode
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)
  • > 20 programmable GPIOs

ESP32-P4
  • High performance dual-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 400 MHz
  • Low performance single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 40 MHz
  • 768 KB SRAM on high-performance core system.
  • Integrated hardware accelerators for various media encoding protocols, including H.264.
  • Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are not implemented.
    • If a wireless connection is required, it can be easily connected to the ESP32-C/S/H series.
  • More than 50 programmable GPIOs[15]

QFN packaged chip and module

ESP32 is housed in quad-flat no-leads (QFN) packages of varying sizes with 49 pads. Specifically, 48 connection pads along the sides and one large thermal pad (connected to ground) on the bottom.

Chips

The ESP32 system on a chip integrated circuit is packaged in both 6 mm × 6 mm and 5 mm × 5 mm sized QFN packages.

Identifier Processor
cores		 Embedded flash
memory (MiB)		 Package
size		 Description
ESP31B 2 0 6 mm×6 mm Pre-release SoC used for beta testing; no longer available.
ESP32-D0WDQ6 2 0 Initial production release chip of the ESP32 series.
ESP32-D0WD 2 0 5 mm×5 mm Smaller physical package variation similar to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
ESP32-D2WD 2 2 2 MiB (16 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
ESP32-U4WDH 1 4 Single-core processor and 4 MiB (32 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
ESP32-S0WD 1 0 Single-core processor variation.

In 2020, chips ESP32-D0WDQ6 and ESP32-D0WD also got a V3 version (ESP32 ECO V3), which fixes some of the bugs[16] and introduces improvements over the previous versions.

Module

The ESP32-PICO-D4 system in package module combines an ESP32 silicon chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory chip, filter capacitors, and RF matching links into a single 7 mm × 7 mm sized QFN package.

Identifier Processor
cores		 Embedded flash
memory (MiB)		 Package
size		 Description
ESP32-PICO-D4 2 4 7 mm×7 mm Includes ESP32 chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory, filter capacitors, and RF matching links.[17]

In 2020, a similar module ESP32-PICO-V3 was introduced which is based on the ESP32 ECO V3.[18]

Printed circuit boards

Surface-mount module boards

ESP32 based surface-mount printed circuit board modules directly contain the ESP32 SoC and are designed to be easily integrated onto other circuit boards. Meandered inverted-F antenna designs are used for the PCB trace antennas on the modules listed below. In addition to flash memory, some modules include pseudostatic RAM (pSRAM).

Vendor Name Antenna Flash memory (MiB) pSRAM (MiB) Description
Espressif ESP-WROOM-03 PCB trace 4 0 Discontinued. Limited distribution, pre-production module created by Espressif for beta testing purposes; this module used the ESP31B, the beta testing chip for the ESP32 series.[19][20][21][22][23] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESP32).[24]
ESP32-WROOM-32 PCB trace 4 0 First publicly available ESP32 module board created by Espressif.[25] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESPWROOM32).[26] Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32".
ESP32-WROOM-32E PCB trace 4,8,16 0 Same as ESP32-WROOM-32 but with the Eco V3 processor revisions[27]
ESP32-WROOM-32D PCB trace 4 0 Revision of the ESP-WROOM-32 module which uses an ESP32-D0WD chip instead of an ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip.[28] Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32D".
ESP32-SOLO-1 PCB trace 4 0 Similar to the ESP32-WROOM-32D module, but uses the single-core ESP32-S0WD chip instead of the dual-core ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-WROOM-32U U.FL socket 4 0 Alternative to the ESP-WROOM-32D module which has a U.FL connector for external antenna in lieu of a PCB trace antenna.[28]
ESP32-WROVER PCB trace 4 4 ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM created by Espressif. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVER). Uses 40 MHz crystal oscillator. Does not include U.FL connector. Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Since June 2018, new modules have been upgraded to 8 MiB pSRAM.
ESP32-WROVER-I U.FL socket, PCB trace 4 4 Variation of ESP32-WROVER module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-B PCB trace 4 8 Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD (instead of ESP32-D0WDQ6). FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERB). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 8 MiB or 16 MiB also available.)
ESP32-WROVER-IB U.FL socket, PCB trace 4 8 Variation of ESP32-WROVER-B module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-E PCB trace 4,8,16 2,8 Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 2 or 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD-V3, or in 2MB pSRAM models, ESP32-D0WDR2-V3. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERE). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 2 MiB, 8 MiB, or 16 MiB also available.)[29]
ESP32-WROVER-IE U.FL socket, PCB trace 4,8,16 2,8 Variation of ESP32-WROVER-E module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-PICO-V3-ZERO PCB trace 4 0 Based on ESP32-PICO-V3 SiP. It is designed as a module for Alexa Connect Kit (ACK) and connecting with Amazon Alexa.
Ai-Thinker ESP32-S PCB trace 4 0 Ai-Thinker's equivalent to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32 module. (Same form factor and general specifications.)[30] Previously branded as "ESP-32S" with the hyphen before "32S", the initial release of the ESP-32S module replaced the previously announced, but never released, ESP3212 module.
ESP32-A1S U.FL socket, PCB trace 8 4 Contains an extra AC101 audio codec IC whose IO-pins (line, mic, etc.) are led to the board pins. Comes separately or soldered onto a corresponding audio development board ("ESP32-Audio-Kit").[31][32][33]
AnalogLamb ESP-32S-ALB PCB trace 4 0 Clone of the ESP-32S module (ESP-WROOM-32 compatible footprint). Seen with a green solder mask coating.[34]
ALB-WROOM PCB trace 16 0 Variation of ESP-32S-ALB with 16 MiB of flash memory.[34]
ALB32-WROVER PCB trace 4 4 ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM with the same footprint as the ESP-WROOM-32 module.[35]
DFRobot ESP-WROOM-32 PCB trace 4 0 Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32, but is not FCC certified, and uses 26 MHz or 32 kHz crystal oscillator.[36]
eBox & Widora ESP32-Bit Ceramic, U.FL socket 4 0 Module has a ceramic antenna and an U.FL antenna connector. This module has a different footprint than the ESP-WROOM-32/ESP-32S modules.
Goouuu Tech ESP-32F PCB trace 4 0 Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32. FCC certified (ID 2AM77-ESP-32F).
IntoRobot W32 PCB trace 4 0 Module similar in appearance to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32, but footprint pinout differs.[37]
W33 Ceramic, U.FL socket 4 0 Differs from IntoRobot W32 module in its antenna configuration.
ITEAD PSH-C32 PCB trace 1[38] 0 Module has unusually small flash memory on board. Also, footprint is unique and differs from all other ESP32 modules.[39]
Pycom[40] W01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the WiPy 2.0. Supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. FCC ID 2AJMTWIPY01R.
L01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the LoPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LoRa. FCC ID 2AJMTLOPY01R.
L04 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the LoPy4. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, and Sigfox.
S01 (Not included.) 8 4 Discontinued. OEM module version of the SiPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Sigfox (14 dBm and 22 dBm).
G01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the GPy. Supports Cellular LTE-CAT M1/NB1, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
u-blox NINA-W131 (Not included.) 2 0 Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[41]
NINA-W132 PIFA 2 0 Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[41] On board planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is shaped (cut & bent) metal, not a PCB trace.

Development and other boards
SparkFun Thing Plus - ESP32 WROOM

Development & break-out boards extend wiring and may add functionality, often building upon ESP32 module boards and making them easier to use for development purposes (especially with breadboards).

Vendor Name Surface-mount module used Description
Espressif ESP_Module_Testboard ESP-WROOM-03 Break-out board included with ESP-WROOM-03 beta modules.[19][20]
ESP32_Demo Board_V2 ESP-WROOM-32 Development & demonstration board created by Espressif.[42][43]
ESP32-DevKitC ESP32-WROOM-32, v4 comes with ESP32-WROOM-DA(Dual Antenna), ESP32-WROVER or ESP32-Solo (Single core variant) Compact development board created by Espressif.[44] Silkscreen labeling on PCB reads "Core Board".
ESP-WROVER-KIT ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP32-WROVER Large development board created by Espressif.[45] Previously named ESP32-DevKitJ.[46]
ESP32-PICO-KIT ESP32-PICO-D4 Small development board with micro usb and two header rows of 17 pins. FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32PICOKIT.
Adafruit HUZZAH32 ESP-WROOM-32 Also referred to as the "ESP32 Feather Board", the HUZZAH32 is a compact development board/module that is compatible with the Adafruit Feather family of products.
Banana pi BPI:bit ESP-32S a development for Webduino and Arduino
BPI-UNO32 ESP32-S a development board for Arduino
Ai-Thinker NodeMCU-32S ESP-32S NodeMCU-like development board.[47]
ESP32-CAM ESP32-S Compact (27 mm x 40.5 mm) board with ribbon cable Camera Serial Interface with support for 1600 x 1200 pixel OV2640 or 640 x 480 OV7670 camera. Has 9 usable IO pins and microSD card slot.[48]
AnalogLamb ESP32 Development Board ESP-32S-ALB or ALB-WROOM Development board similar to Espressif's ESP32-DevKitC with on board a CP2102 USB/serial bridge. 4 MiB variation uses ESP-32S-ALB; 16 MiB variation uses ALB-WROOM module.[49]
Maple ESP32 ESP-32S-ALB Development board with Arduino-style connections and CP2104 USB/serial interface.[50]
April Brother ESPea32 † Development board with perfboard area that may be optionally cut-off.
ArduCAM ESP32 UNO ESP-32S Arduino Uno-like development board based on ESP32 IoT UNO framework with support for SPI ArduCAM, battery pins and uSD card slot.[51]
DoIT ESPduino32 ESP-WROOM-32 Full-featured Arduino Uno-like development board compatible with Arduino Shields. It also adds additional SPI & IO pins. The board is a clone of WeMos D1 R32 with a USB Type B socket.
EzSBC ESP32-01 Breakout and Development Board ESP-WROOM-32 Full-featured development board with two tri-color LEDs and fits on a breadboard.
Gravitech & MakerAsia Nano32 † Development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
HydraBus HydraESP32 ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S HydraESP32 HydraBus v1.1 Rev1 shield/breakout board for ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S. This shield can be used with or without a HydraBus board.
Noduino Quantum † Arduino-style development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
Olimex ESP32-Gateway ESP32-WROOM32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet
ESP32-DevKit-LiPo ESP32-WROOM-32 pin compatible with ESP32-CoreBoard, but adds Lipo charger and ability to work on LiPo.
ESP32-POE-ISO ESP32-WROOM-32/UE Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet and 2W of isolated DC power
ESP32-POE ESP32-WROOM-32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet
ESP32-PRO † Wi-Fi/Bluetooth and PIC32MX270F256DT microcontroller and 32 Mb SPI flash and 32 Mb PSRAM. ESP32-PRO-C includes external crypto engine with ATECC508A
ESP32-EVB ESP32-WROOM32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with MicroSD, CAN, IR, LiPo, and two relays.
ESP32-ADF ESP32-WROVER-B audio development framework board with stereo microphones, speakers, audio output jack.
Pycom WiPy † MicroPython programmable Wi-Fi & Bluetooth IoT development platform with a 1 km Wi-Fi range. WiPy versions 2.0 and 3.0 use ESP32.
LoPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
LoPy4  ? Quadruple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SiPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
GPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
FiPy † Quintuple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SparkFun ESP32 Thing † Compact development board with FTDI FT231x USB/serial interface and LiPo charger built-in.
SunDUINO ESP32 MiniBoard ESP-WROOM-32 Breakout compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
ESP32 MiniBoard v2 ESP32-Wrover-B/IB Breakout board with Silabs CP2102, battery charger. Compatible with Espressif DEVkit.
ESP32 SunDUINO ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S Arduino-style development board. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
SwitchDoc Labs BC24 ESP-WROOM-32 ESP32 Breakout with 24 SK6812RGBW LEDs with Grove Connectors for easy prototyping. Comes with USB-UART and Feather compatible pinout.[52]
Watterott ESP-WROOM32-Breakout ESP-WROOM-32 Breakout which is compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC.
WEMOS[53] LOLIN32 [Retired][54] ESP-WROOM-32
LOLIN32 Lite [Retired][55] † ESP32-D0WDQ6
LOLIN32 Pro [Retired][56] ESP32-WROVER MicroSD card slot (supports SD and SPI mode)
LOLIN D32[57] ESP-WROOM-32
LOLIN D32 Pro[58] ESP32-WROVER I2C port, TFT port and Micro SD Card slot (support SPI mode)
Widora Air † Compact ESP32 development board.
MagicBit Magic Bit Core ESP-WROOM-32 Compact ESP32 development board with displays and several sensors onboard to make learning embedded development convenient.

† ESP32 SoC incorporated directly onto development board; no module board used.

Programming

Programming languages, frameworks, platforms, and environments used for ESP32 programming:

  • ESP-IDF[59][60] – Espressif’s official IoT Development Framework for the ESP32, ESP32-S, ESP32-C and ESP32-H series of SoCs.
  • Arduino-ESP32[61] – Arduino core for the ESP32, ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3 and ESP32-C3.
  • Espruino – JavaScript SDK and firmware closely emulating Node.js
  • MicroPython (and CircuitPython) – lean implementation of Python 3 for microcontrollers
  • Lua Network/IoT toolkit for ESP32-Wrover[62]
  • Moddable SDK[63] - modern JavaScript and TypeScript with networking, graphics, and ECMA-419 [64] APIs
  • Mongoose OS – an operating system for connected products on microcontrollers; programmable with JavaScript or C. A recommended platform by Espressif Systems,[65] AWS IoT,[66] and Google Cloud IoT.[67]
  • mruby for the ESP32
  • NodeMCU – Lua-based firmware
  • PlatformIO[68]
  • Rust[69][70]
  • Visual Studio Code with the officially supported Espressif Integrated Development Framework (ESP-IDF) Extension[71]
  • Zerynth – Python for IoT and microcontrollers, including the ESP32
  • Matlab
  • Matlab Simulink


Reception and use

Commercial and industrial use of ESP32:

Use in commercial devices
  • Alibaba Group's IoT LED wristband, used by participants at the group's 2017 annual gathering. Each wristband operated as a "pixel", receiving commands for coordinated LED light control, allowing formation of a "live and wireless" screen.[72]
  • DingTalk's M1, a biometric attendance-tracking system.[73]
  • LIFX Mini, a series of remotely controllable, LED based light bulbs.[74]
  • Pium, a home fragrance and aromatherapy device.[75]
  • HardKernel's Odroid Go, an ESP32 based handheld gaming device kit made to commemorate Odroid's 10th anniversary.[76]
  • Playdate, a handheld video game console jointly developed by Panic Inc. and Teenage Engineering.
  • Octopus Energy Mini, an ESP32-C6 based real-time energy monitor.[77]

Use in industrial devices
  • TECHBASE's Moduino X series X1 and X2 modules are ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B based computers for industrial automation and monitoring, supporting digital inputs/outputs, analog inputs, and various computer networking interfaces.[78]
  • NORVI IIOT Industrial Devices with ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B SOC for industrial automation and monitoring with digital inputs, analog inputs, relay outputs and multiple communications interfaces. Supports LoRa and Nb-IoT as expansion modules.[79]

See also

References
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