Providence (religious movement)

Providence (officially Christian Gospel Mission; Korean: 기독교복음선교회), better known as JMS (acronym of Jesus Morning Star),[1][2] is a Christian new religious movement founded by Jung Myung-seok in 1980 and headquartered in Wol Myeong-dong, South Korea. Providence has been widely referred to by international media as a cult.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

"Peace model" redirects here. For the interrogation techique, see PEACE method of interrogation.

Christian Gospel Mission
기독교복음선교회
Providence
AbbreviationCGM
ClassificationChristian new religious movement
Head PastorJung Myung-seok
HeadquartersWolmyeongdong
FounderJung Myung-seok
Origin1980
Seoul, South Korea
Separated fromUnification movement
Methodism
Other name(s)
  • Setsuri
  • Bright Moon Church
  • Morning Star Church
  • Jesus Morning Star (JMS)
Official websitecgm.or.kr
Christian Gospel Mission
Hangul
기독교복음선교회
Hanja
基督敎福音宣敎會
Revised Romanizationgidokgyobogeumseongyohoe
McCune–Reischauerkidokkyobogŭmsŏn'gyohoe

In April 2009, the leader Jung Myung-seok (also transliterated as Jeong Myeong-seok) was convicted of rape by the Supreme Court of Korea and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Jung was released on 18 February 2018.[10] Following Jung's release from prison, the Korea Post reported that the Providence faith movement had reached more than 70 countries.[11]

Providence has also been called Setsuri (Japanese: 摂理), International Christian Association (ICA; 국제크리스천연합), the Morning Star Church (MS Church), the Bright Moon Church, and Ae-chun Church (애천교회; 愛天敎會).

History

In the 1970s, Jung was a member of the Unification Church (UC), whose teaching his resembles.[12][13][14] In 1980, Jung founded the Ae-chun Church (애천교회), which was affiliated with the Methodist Church.[15][16] The group, which criticized Christian teachings and beliefs and maintained that Jung Myung Seok was the second coming of Jesus Christ, was later expelled from the Methodists.

The name was changed to the International Christian Association (국제크리스천연합) in the mid-1980s. A rift occurred in the group in 1986, when the vice president of Providence attempted to act on the sex scandals surrounding the group, but he was shut out of the organizational system and Jung consolidated all power around himself.[17]

In October 1999 the organization changed its name to Christian Gospel Mission (기독교복음선교회).[15][18]

Theology

Jung Myung Seok set up Providence in 1980 as a breakaway sect from the UC.[19] Providence's core teaching are found in a series of unpublished precepts called the 30 Lessons,[lower-alpha 1] which bear considerable resemblance to the "Divine Principle" of the Unification movement,[12][20][21][22][23] which are partly inspired by teachings of Kim Baek-moon, including his book The Fundamental Principles of Christianity (基督教根本原理 drafted March 2, 1946, published March 2, 1958).[24][25][26] According to Tahk Myeong-hwan, nine of the 30 lessons exhibit a "considerable level of resemblance" with the Divine Principle.[27][28] The lessons are based on a numerological interpretation which identifies the sect's leader as the Second Coming of Christ.[15][29][30]

One lesson implies that those who do not "meet" him will not go to Heaven; another that any who betray him are committing a grave crime.[31] During the instruction of the advanced level[lower-alpha 1] of the 30 Lessons, it is taught that Jung is the Messiah, proven through the numerological interpretation of prophesied dates and times in the book of Daniel,[32] although more recent statements from a representative seems to contradict this claim.[33]

Like the UC, Providence preaches the advent of the "Complete Testament Era" (Hanja: 成約時代). Providence furthermore allegorize the relationship between God and man to that between the groom and bride, or two lovers.[34] While both UC and Providence teach that original sin was caused by Eve's intercourse with the fallen angel, who turned into Satan. Providence teaches this can be redeemed by having sex with Jung Myung-seok.[35][34][38] Jung was found to have forced female followers to have sex with him "as a religious behaviour meant to save their souls" in the Korean Court of Law.[lower-alpha 2][39] Former members have stated or testified that young and attractive women were presented to Jung as "sexual gifts", with whom he coercively engaged in sexual acts, which was explained to them as a purification rite.[lower-alpha 3][40][41]

Although some of the teachings are a carefully guarded secret within the sect, scholars such as Yoshihide Sakurai who analyzed and summarized the sect's beliefs relied on documented testimonies as well as interviews with ex-members that included victims.[42] He obtained notes from ex-members which were used in the "bible study", as instructions in the 30 lessons were conventionally called within the sect.[42]

Recruitment

Initiates into the sect are initially approached by being invited into an "activity circle", i.e., sports or music clubs in school. The inductees learn only later when taken to "bible study" that religion constitutes part of the "circle" activity.[43] In this manner, Providence forms non-religious organisations for the purpose of attracting young people without initially revealing the religious nature of the group or their real motives,[44][45][46][lower-alpha 4] a practice ruled "fraudulent" under law by the Japanese Supreme Court.[35][47][lower-alpha 5]

Outside of Korea

Christian Gospel Mission is proselytizing under different names in different regions. Providence or Providence Church in Europe and the US, Setsuri (摂理, Japanese for "providence") in Japan, the Bright Moon Church, the Morning Star Church, and Jesus Morning Star (JMS). Each church branch that follows Jung's teaching keeps its own name (e.g. Nak-seong-dae Church, Seoul Church, etc.).[30][48][49] While leader Jung Myung Seok was on the run since 1999, due to sexual assault exposes and civil lawsuits filed in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, Providence, then known mostly as JMS, continued publishing Jung's sermons online, providing telephone counseling and holding overseas events for their followers.[50][51] During his incarceration between 2008 and 2018, Jung's sermons and directives were delivered through visitors to the prison and through his successor Kim Ji Seon.[51]

Australia

Providence began operating in Australia during 1997. Members of Providence have reported to been actively recruiting for new members at the Australian National University. In April 2014, the Australian government-funded television network Special Broadcasting Service reported on their activities in Australia, including statements by former members that they sought young attractive women. Providence refused numerous requests for a spokesperson to be interviewed for the program in Australia and Korea. The organization's Chief of External Affairs denied in writing to answer specific questions about the group's Australian activities. He stated that it had charitable status for tax purposes.[33][52][53]

In May 2016, Australian magazine Crikey revealed that an Australian Taxation Office (ATO) employee had been whitewashing the Wikipedia article on Providence. Operating from a work computer since August 2015, the lawyer had removed negative press coverage from the article and inserted glowing praise of Jung, while casting doubt on Jung's prison conviction. The woman, who denied it at first, eventually admitted that she had made the edits. The ATO's Fraud Prevention and Internal Investigations Unit declined to take any action.[54]

Seven News Australia reported in 2023 that two Australian women had been recruited and trafficked to South Korea where JMS members allegedly raped them. Maria Naselli, President of the 'The Lord’s Hope Church' of Providence in Sydney sent a video to Seven News stating "We want you to stop attacking us and to stop taking actions against us. If you do not heed this strong warning, we will hold a press conference against you".[55]

Hong Kong

Providence has been reported on in Hong Kong, where it is known as The Bright Moon Church (月明教會) or Setsuri (攝理教). In October 2006 a former member told Oriental Daily News that it has about 100 core members in Hong Kong, including many medical graduates and some assistant professors. Though it has been in Hong Kong for years, its slow development kept it fairly unknown until its media exposure. Providence temporarily created an organization to run various community activities, known as the United Culture and Arts Network (UCAN).[56][57]

Japan

Providence became active in Japan around 1985[58] or 1987.[59] In 2006 the national newspaper Asahi Shimbun reported that Providence is "causing serious social problems in Japan", labeling it as a "cult" and "sect". It also reported that the organization was pressuring members to live together, make regular donations, marry within the organization, and follow the strict guidance of its founder.[44][lower-alpha 4]

It has been reported that Providence, commonly referred to as Setsuri in Japan, hides their religious affiliation at a Japanese university and solicited students as cultural clubs,[60] specifically targeting students pursuing medical or legal professions and those who are interested in environmental issues, sustainable development goals and international contributions.[61] The movement is also known to recruit tall, fair-skinned and glamorous university students. It uses social media and student/workplace mentorship networking events to draw new members. It was estimated that the movement has increased its membership from about 2,000 to more than 6,000 followers in Japan between 2006 and 2022.[60]

The group's church usually consisted of a single apartment room, where their religious studies occurred.[59] Sometimes the church was where some of the faithful cohabited. There were some 40 such churches across Japanese cities as of 2006.[62][44] Members as students working part-time jobs were expected to contribute a minimum of ¥1,000 at weekly church service, and as full-salaried wage-earners, monthly tithes and bonus-time donations.[63] Believers were instructed to live frugally on cheap food and never indulge in alcohol.[63] They were forbidden from dating, but at a suitable time married within the group in mass ceremonies.[44][lower-alpha 4]

Although the Supreme Court of Japan in 1996 ruled Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church was invalid, more than 300 Japanese members of Providence were wed in six mass ceremonies held between 1996 and 2006 modeled on the UC. While being wanted on rape charges, Jung at a July 2003 mass wedding urged the couples via a big-screen Internet connection to have babies to increase the number of Providence members.[64][65]

In 2007, Japanese Police raided eight Providence facilities in Chiba on suspicion that a senior member illegally obtained residence status. They also searched a facility in the city's Chuo Ward.[66] The senior member, a Korean, was arrested for overstaying her visa. It was learned that Providence recruited "high class, high income" men and selected women for "style and looks".[67]

As of 2008, it has been said that over 100 women have fallen victim of Jung's sexual transgressions in Japan alone.[58]

New Zealand

The New Zealand Herald reported that Providence is recruiting young women in universities, shopping centres and churches. The University of Auckland issued a warning to student groups, and a parent support group for those whose children have been recruited or impacted was established. The Presbyterian Church of Auckland stated that its members are also being targeted. A 22-year-old University of Auckland student said that while a member she participated in photoshoots, fashion shows, and a Bible study course which introduced Jung as the new messiah. A Providence leader was approached for comment, but failed to turn up to a meeting with Herald staff.[68]

Taiwan

Providence's earliest activity in Taiwan was in 1988.[69] It is commonly known as Jesus Morning Star Church (JMS), (Chinese: 晨星會; Hanyu Pinyin: chéngxīng huì; Tongyong Pinyin: chéeng sīn hùei, 攝理教 or 攝禮教; shè lǐ jìao). Providence itself rejects these common names, officially registered as China Christian Youth Association (CCYA; 中華基督教新時代青年會), and sometimes calls itself Providence Church (攝理教會).[70]

In November 2001 the Taiwanese version of Next Magazine published the article "Korean cult leader raped over one hundred Taiwanese female college students". Allegedly involved National Taiwan University, Fu Jen Catholic University, and National Chengchi University all denied the report, stated that there were no cult activities in their campuses at the time. NCCU acknowledged that there had been such activities many years ago. There had been similar reports in 1997.[71][72] Taiwanese authorities investigated Jung for raping women, but he fled the country.[73][74] Members of EXODUS soon came to Taiwan and held a press conference with an involved woman.[75]

In October 2005 Apple Daily reported that many student clubs in National Central University and other campuses are recruiting for Providence Church. These clubs hold a wide variety of activities including the "Eagle Cup" soccer tournament in Taipei city and regular model training. The paper quoted an undisclosed former church member, that the church's "modeling department" is in fact a channel of recruiting sexual partners for Jung. The paper obtained three audio recordings of dialogs of some female members, which say that Jung have had sex with ten female members by mutual consent, most of them college students from the modeling department.[76]

Sexual abuse allegations in the media

Media exposes

The Providence sex scandal received wide public attention following Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)'s exposé, broadcast in March 1999, on its TV news magazine The Unanswered.[77][58] Over 100 alleged victims were contacted for information in the making of this series.[lower-alpha 6] JMS, as Providence was known then, countered with lawsuits to suppress the broadcast, libel litigation, and an organized two-month barrage of phone calls, as many as 60,000 calls per day.[78][79][80]

The broadcast resulted in Jung fleeing the country one day later. Jung lived freely outside of Korea for the next seven years, until apprehended by the Chinese authorities in 2006, and repatriated to Korea in 2007.[78][81]

Sexual abuse allegation continued to surface against Jung overseas, in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Japan, and other locations. The news show The Unanswered followed with additional episodes covering Jung's activities abroad.[lower-alpha 7][lower-alpha 8][79][83] In one episode, SBS reported how female members of Providence had been flown to and held against their will at Jung's hideout in Anshan in the Chinese province Liaoning on the border to Korea. One 28-year-old Korean, who in April 2005 managed to escape, confided how she was sexually violated multiple times by Jung.[lower-alpha 9][84][85]

In Japan, there were 2,000 Providence members as of 2006, almost entirely students and graduates of prestigious colleges, and 60% women. During his sojourns in Japan, Jung summoned upwards of 10 women on an almost daily basis, and under the false pretext of running a "health check" would have improper sexual encounters with them.[lower-alpha 10] Jung's aides are said to have imposed strict secrecy of these encounters with Jung, threatening the women with condemnation to hell if they told anyone what he had done.[44][86]

In Taiwan too, similar incidents have been reported, where many female members of his organization were ordered to undress for a "health check", be subjected various forms of sexual abuse, including having sex with him to wipe off their sins.[87]

The anti-Providence group EXODUS (founded in 1999[77]) held a press conference in April 2006, in which four unidentified women wearing bucket hats and surgical masks covering their faces, accused Jung of organized sex crimes against themselves and other women, who required medical treatment.[88]

Jung denied the charges, his followers said.[89] In 2008, in response to the rape allegations, Providence pastor Bae Jae-yong said that it was a "distorted rumor that was created by the people who have slandered [Jung]" and that "all fundamental truth will be clarified by [Jung] at the prosecutor's office".[90]

According to allegations by ex-Providence members, as of 2012, some 500 to over 1,000 women members were still being groomed for future sexual exploitation by Jung. Known internally as the "Evergreens" (상록수; 常緑樹; sang-rok-su), these female members are said to comprise a "reserve corps" for "sex bribes" (성상납; 性上納; seong sangnap), a term for sexual favors accorded to those exercising power.[lower-alpha 11][91][36][37] The "Evergreens" are educated and handled by 10 women in Providence's leadership.[lower-alpha 12] Jo Gyeong-suk (조경숙), former head of the group's Seoul branch and herself an alleged victim, stated salvation through sexual union with Jung was part of its canon.[92][93]

According to Jo, "not a few of those women committed suicide. They become severely depressed and receive psychiatric treatment, suffer various illnesses and social phobias as a result of the stress, and are unable to marry."[92][93] The accusers added that Providence leader Jung, even while serving sentence in prison, is supplied with photograph profiles of female members, for him to make selections on which women would be inducted as "Evergreens".[94][91]

Netflix and MBC documentary

In the Name of God: A Holy Betrayal is a 2023 Netflix and MBC docuseries that described the founding of the religious movement, indoctrination of its members, illegal heckling of dissidents committed by the group as well detailing the multiple rapes committed by sect leader Jung with testimonials from former members.[95] Providence requested for a court injunction to prevent the Netflix series from airing. The request was denied as the South Korean court ruled that Netflix and MBC "appear to have made the program based on a considerable amount of objective and subjective materials backing its claim."[96]

Civil lawsuits and criminal conviction

Providence (then commonly known as JMS) leader Jung Myung-seok fled Korea in 1999 after Korean public broadcaster SBS reported on the rampant sexual abuse allegedly committed by Jung, and several civil lawsuits were subsequently filed against him. According to the Chinese and South Korean police, Jung had been on the run in Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan, Mainland China and other countries between 1999 and 2007.[50][97]

In 2001, Jung Myung-seok was investigated by Taiwanese authorities on multiple charges of sexual assault, but he left the country without standing trial.[73] Taiwan Taipei District Prosecutor's Office then issued an arrest warrant for Jung in June 2003.[98] Jung, having been wanted by Interpol since 2002,[40] was arrested in Hong Kong in July 2003 for overstaying his visa, but was released three days later on a HK$10,000,000 (US$1.3 million as of July 2003) bail. When Hong Kong authorities approved extradition to Korea, Jung fled the extradition hearing.[84][99][100][101]

An Interpol Red Notice was issued on Jung in 2004.[102] In 2006, South Korean authorities put Jung on an international wanted list on rape charges,[59] and after learning that Jung had fled to China, the South Korean government officially asked China in November 2006 to extradite him.[73] In February 2007, Interpol requested for the fingerprints of Jung from South Korea, who was then thought to be in Costa Rican territories under false documentation.[103]

According to Korean investigative magazine SisaIN, Jung was hiding in Qianshan near Anshan, Liaoning Province, China after escaping Hong Kong in 2003.[104] After about 8 years on the run,[105] Chinese Ministry of Public Security announced that Jung had been arrested in Beijing by Chinese police on May 1, 2007.[99][106][107] Liaoning Provincial Higher People's Court ruled in September 2007 to extradite Jung, a decision upheld by the Supreme People's Court.[108][109] He was extradited back to South Korea to stand charges on February 20, 2008.[90][50] Jung was also charged with fraud and embezzlement of church funds.

A South Korean woman and a Japanese woman filed a criminal suit in 2003 against Jung for raping them.[110] In January 2008, the Supreme Court of Korea awarded the two females ₩50,000,000 (US$52000 as of January 2008) and ₩10,000,000 (US$10400) in damages for rape. The court said Jung forced the followers to have sex with him, saying that it is a religious behavior meant to save their souls.[39][111] Providence followers started riots outside of newspapers that reported the court's verdict, broke into the Seoul office of the leading newspaper The Dong-a Ilbo trashing office furniture, and demanded the removal of articles critical of Jung.[112][113][97][114]

In the criminal case heard by the Seoul Central District Court, former members told the court that Jung was provided with female members of his sect as "gifts", and he would then have sex them on a religious pretext.[41] Reportedly Jung would be shown photographs of female members of his church, and once he chooses his "sexual gift", she would be conveyed to his place of stay outside Korea.[40]

In August 2008, Jung was convicted for raping female followers and sentenced by the Seoul Central District court to six years imprisonment.[115][116][117][118] On February 10, 2009, the Seoul High Court added four years to the district court's sentence of six years, overturning one of the lower court's acquittals and finding Jung guilty on a total of four counts of rape.[119][120] Jung appealed his 10 years imprisonment sentence to the Supreme Court of Korea, but the sentence was upheld in April 2009.[121][122]

One of the sexually assaulted women subsequently filed a civil lawsuit against Jung. In its verdict in November 2009 Seoul Western District Court ruled that "the plaintiff's right to bodily integrity was violated and she suffered psychological pain as a result of the sexual violence of defendant... The defendant is obligated to compensated plaintiff for her pain." and that Jung should pay ₩50,000,000 in compensation.[123][124][125]

Jung Myung-seok was subsequently released from jail on February 18, 2018.[51][126]

On October 4, 2022, Jung Myung-seok was arrested by the Daejeon District Court on charges of sexually assaulting two women of Hong Kong and Australian nationalities. The alleged rapes were said to have occurred between 2018 and 2021 at JMS’s Wolmyeongdong Sanctuary in Geumsan. He is charged and due to stand trial.[2]

See also

Explanatory notes
  1. First 12 lessons are considered introductory and elementary levels, 13–20 intermediate, and 21–30 advanced.(Sakurai 2007c, p. 5)
  2. Supreme Court of Korea civil suit ruling, January 2008
  3. Seoul Central District Court, criminal trial, 2008. And statements reported in media, 2007.
  4. Asahi Shimbun′s article on July 27, 2006 was followed up by similar coverage in this editorial, issued bilingually: 教団のワナにはまるな [Don't get caught in the religious group's trap]. Asahi Shimbun (in English and Japanese). August 18, 2006. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2015. The gimmicks the sect uses to increase its membership are nothing new. At university campuses, the sect's recruiters first approach students under the guise of a sports or cultural circle. After building close personal relationships with these students, the members reveal the religious nature of their group and start indoctrinating them. The favorite targets are serious-minded young people who feel alienated from their families and schools and wish to change their lives.
  5. Front groups for Providence/Christian Gospel Mission include: Bright Smile Movement (BSM), China Christian Youth Association (CCYA), Global Association of Culture and Peace (GACP), International Cultural Exchange (ICE), International Culture Interchange Association (ICIA), IOCA, IOCA Modeling, Korean International Cultural Society (KICS), Peace Model Korea (PMK), Peace Model USA (PMUSA), Providence Vision Project (PVP), Sky Soccer, United Culture and Arts Network (UCAN), VIA 3, World Peace Model, Youth Developer Group (YDG)[48]
  6. According to the SBS producer Nam Sang-mun, who later contributed articles in newspaper on the matter.[78]
  7. The March 20, 1999, broadcast was followed up by a May 29, 1999, broadcast that contained an airing of Providence's views. The news show then ran a sequel on July 24, 1999. It aired another report on Providence in November 2002
  8. The SBS news show broadcast on May 29, 1999, a segment where JMS (Providence) expressed its views. Providence then began to publicize it had gotten SBS to retract. The SBS news show then aired a sequel on July 24, 1999, to rebut Providence and to report on Jung living overseas.[82]
  9. This was also reported by the Sisa Journal
  10. According to former members.
  11. Reporter Song Ju-youl (송주열) in one story quotes a JMS defector A revealing there are about 500,[91] while another quotes an alleged victim who estimates over 1,000.[92]
  12. According to Kim Jin-ho (김진호), former director of the cult and now representative of the group No JMS (JMS 피해대책협의회); she is quoted as saying "JMS는 현재 여성지도자 10여 명이 상록수를 관리하고 있다 (These are women currently in JMS's leadership, than 10 of them managed the evergreens)"

References

Citations
  1. "South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape". Reuters. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  2. "South Korean religious leader accused of 'quasi-raping' Hong Kong woman". South China Morning Post. October 5, 2022. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  3. "On a mission from God: South Korea's many cults". France 24. November 22, 2018. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  4. Ser, Myo-ja (August 12, 2008). "JMS cult leader is convicted of rape". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  5. "Cult Leader Extradited to Korea". The Korea Times. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  6. "Sex, cults and the bizarre world of Providence leader Jeong Myeong-seok". ABC News. December 10, 2017. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  7. "Sect targets Kiwi brides for rapist". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  8. "韩国邪教教主郑明析在华落网" [Korean Cult Leader Zheng Mingxi Arrested in China]. China Daily. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  9. "South Korea: A cult history". TODAY. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  10. "The cult that's infiltrated NZ schools, campuses and churches". NOTED. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  11. "VISIT WOLMYEONGDONG, THE CENTER OF PROVIDENCE, GOD'S NEW HISTORY". The Korea Post (in Korean). February 14, 2020. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  12. Luca 1997, pp. 14–: "On y apprend que JMS est un ancien adepte de la 'secte Moon'".
  13. Luca, Nathalie (March 2002). "After the Moon sect: South Korea and indoctrination through the sacred game of football". CNRS. Archived from the original on October 19, 2005. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
  14. Sakurai 2007b: "1975-77年の間に統一教（統一教会）に関わった。そのために、摂理の教義は統一教会の教義とかなり似通ったものになっている. (From 1975 to 1978 he was involved with the Unification Church. For this reason, Providence's teachings resemble the Unification Church quite closely.)"
  15. Cheung Chi-fai (July 31, 2003). "Wanted cult leader may be repatriated to South Korea". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014. Mr Jung founded the so-called Ae-Chun Church in 1980 and it became affiliated with the Methodist Church. The church was later expelled from the Christian body and he changed its name to the International Christian Association. Mr Jung also wrote the '30 lessons', which criticise Christian teachings and beliefs and end with his adopting the role of Jesus Christ at the second coming.
  16. 監禁、傷害での立件視野]. "世界基督教統一神霊協会（統一教会）を脱会した韓国人の鄭明析教祖が1980年ごろに設立した宗教集団 [Foreseeable indictment on confinement and bodily harm]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). February 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 25, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  17. Hyundae Jongyo (2002).
  18. Hyundae Jongyo (2007).
  19. "On a mission from God: South Korea's many cults". November 22, 2018. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  20. "South Korean cult merges sex with prayer". Kyodo News Service, Japan. July 27, 2006. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2016. Jung honed his sagely credentials as an acolyte of South Korea's Unification Church. ... Its Bible-based teaching is similar to that of the Unification Church but departs from it. (Kyodo's story sources the July 28, 2006 issue of Friday weekly magazine).
  21. Sakurai (2007b).
  22. Hyundae Jongyo 2007: "정명석은 1975년도에 측근 신도들에게 통일교 창시자 문선명의 사명은 끝났고 1978년부터 자신의 사명이 시작됐다고 공언하기도 했다 (Jung Myung-seok in 1975 openly told close inner-circle members that the mission of Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon has ended, and from 1978, his mission has begun)".
  23. Sim, Chang-seop (심창섭) (1997). 기독교의이단들 [Christian Heresies] (in Korean). 대한예수교장로회총회. p. 274. ISBN 978-89-88327-28-9. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  24. "김백문의 기독교근본원리 연재 1 – 국역 서론". 기독교포털뉴스 (in Korean). September 10, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  25. "교회와신앙". www.amennews.com. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  26. "淫教のメシア・文鮮明伝" 萩原遼編
  27. Sakurai (2006), p. 143–144: "研究家、卓明煥『キリスト教異端研究』(1986)によれば..14,17,19,20,26,27,28,29,30 の各章に統一教会の『原理講論』と相当程度の類似がある.(According to Tahk Myeong-hwan, Study of Christian cults (1986).. chapters 14, 17, 19, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 contain considerable levels of similarity with the UC's "The Divine Principle")
  28. Tahk 1986, 기독교 이단 연구 [Study on Christian cults]
  29. Chong, Sin-dae (총신대) (July 4, 2014). 정명석에 대한 신학적 비판 [Theological critique of Jeongmyeongseok]. Cult Research Committee (in Korean). Christian Portal News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  30. Tahk 1986, p. 120
  31. Sakurai (2007c), p. 4: Lessons 20 and 22
  32. Sakurai (2007c), p. 7: :"{{{1}}}(2.4 Proof of Messiah... 688 + 1290 (Daniel 12:11, days converted to years) = Year 1978. The spirial emancipation of the Second Israelites. Jung Myung-seok initiated its evangelism. Therefore, Jung Myung-seok can be none other than the Second Coming of the Savior, so they say."
  33. Tozer, Joel (April 9, 2014). "Extracts of Correspondence With Providence Representative in South Korea". Scribd.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  34. Sakurai (2007c), pp. 5–6.
  35. Sakurai (2007a), p. 140.
  36. Sin, Dong-myeong (신동명) (April 6, 2012). "테러·성폭행 ... 독버섯처럼 자라고 있다" :'JMS' 탈퇴 지도자들, 실체폭로 기자회견 ['Terrorism, Rape, growing like poison mushrooms': JMS defected leader(s) hold press conference revealing actual goings-on]. The Christian Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  37. Jeong, Jae-won (April 4, 2012). '나체 동영상' 파문으로 다시 주목받는 JMS [JMS: 'Naked' video again in the spotlight] (in Korean). NewsNJoy. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. 논란이 된 동영상에 대해서는 "5년 이상 지난 과거의 영상이며, 성상납의 증거가 될 수 없다"고 반박했다 ([The JMS members-distributed pamphlet] retorted that regarding the controversial videos "were footages from at least 5 years ago, and cannot be evidence for sex bribery).
  38. Also stated by Jo Gyeong-suk, former head of the Seoul Branch of Providence, and allegedly a victim herself.[36][37]
  39. "Religious sect leader formally arrested on rape charges". Yonhap. February 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
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  41. Herskovitz, Jon (August 12, 2008). "South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013. A South Korean court yesterday sentenced Jung Myung-seok, the leader of a fringe religious sect, to six years in jail for raping female followers, a court official said. ... Former members have told the Seoul court that young and attractive women were presented to Jung as "gifts" and he forced them into sex as a part of a purification ritual.
  42. Sakurai (2007c), p. 5.
  43. Sakurai (2006), p. 145.
  44. 韓国カルト、日本で２千人 若者勧誘、教祖が性的暴行 [Korean Cult numbering 2000 in Japan solicits youths in Japan, cult leader commits sexual violence]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). July 27, 2006. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  45. "Alleged Cult Sows Seeds Via Campus Event". The Guardian, University of California, San Diego, USA. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014. Members of a controversial religious group, led by an international fugitive wanted for numerous instances of alleged rape and sexual assault of female members, recently held an event at UCSD, which included a modeling show featuring young women, singing and videotaped religious messages from the group's founder – hallmarks of the group's tactics to recruit new members. The group, known as the Global Association of Culture and Peace, was established by 61-year-old South Korean national Jung Myung Seok, who also goes by the name Joshua Jung. The group, widely regarded by international press as a cult, also goes by several other names, including JMS, Providence, Setsuri and the Bright Smile Movement.
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  58. Tamaki, Nanako (玉木 奈々子) (2008), 「摂理」事件に関するテレビ報道の内容分析 [A Content Analysis of TV's Coverage of the Case of "Setsuri"], 宗教研究 (Shūkyō Kenkyū), 81 (4): 1209–1210
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  72. "S Korean religious figure faces sexual assault accusations". Taipei Times. November 12, 2001. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014. Chung [sic] Myung-seok (鄭明析), founder of the South Korean Jesus Morning Star Church (南韓攝理教會), is suspected of sexually assaulting his female followers. A Chinese-language magazine said Chung had sexually assaulted the women, many of them students from National Taiwan and National Chengchi universities, telling them it was part of a religious ceremony. The accusation prompted the police to investigate.
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  76. Huang, Pai-hsüeh (黃白雪) (October 13, 2005). 踢爆邪教魔爪校園再現 [Blowing whistle on the cult's demonic clutches reappearing on campuses]. Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  77. Sakurai 2006, p. 142: 民放各社が報じた女性信者と乱舞する鄭明析の映像も加えて。これは1999 年3 月20 日に韓国のテレビ局SBS が視聴率34.4% を記録した特集の映像クリップであり,2 回分2 時間にわたる摂理批判は被害の実態、摂理側の問題隠蔽工作等、余すことなく伝えている。韓国における摂理批判はこの後本格化し、摂理批判と元信者の相談にのるエクソダスも同年に設立されたのである. ([My lectures] included the use of the video of Jung Myeong-suk frolicking with female members. This was a video clip from the program devoted [to the topic] aired by the South Korean TV station SBS with 34.4% rating. The two shows running 2 hours long critique of Providence reported comprehensively on the realities of victimization, and Providence's machinations to cover-up the issue. Criticism began full force after this against Providence in South Korea. The same year EXODUS was established, which criticizes Providence and provides counseling to ex-members)
  78. <韓国新興宗教＞「摂理」信者国内に２千人 教祖を告訴も [South Korean new religion Setsuri, members in Japan 2000, even lawsuits against leader]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2016. Alt URL Archived April 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
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  88. Kim, Min-hui (김민희) (April 18, 2006). 'JMS 정명석 성폭행 계속...정부 뭐하나' 울분 [JMS's Jung Myung Seok assaults continuing; outrage over government inaction] (in Korean). CNB News. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015. 피해자들은 이 날 오후 4시 안국동 느키나무까페에서 'JMS 비리 폭로 및 수사 촉구를 위한 기자회견'을 열고 최근 언론을 통해 알려진 정명석의 성폭행 당시 상황 등을 낱낱이 공개했다. (Victims held a press conference at 4 pm today in the Nukinamu Cafe in Anguk Dong demanding the exposure and investigation into the JMS corruption case and more fully clarifying events surrounding the Jung Myung Seok sexual assaults that had recently been reported in the media.)
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  104. Shin, Ho-cheol (October 9, 2007). "중국 지방 공안이 정명석 비호했다" [Chinese provincial public security guarded Jeong Myung-seok]. SisaIN (in Korean). Retrieved March 9, 2023.
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  111. JMS 정명석씨, 신도 성폭행 6천만원 위자료 확정 [Court upholds compensation for JMS's raped followers in the amount of 60 million won] (in Korean). Donganuri News. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008. JMS 정명석 총재에게 성추행ㆍ성폭행 당한 여성신도 2명이 위자료를 받게 됐다. (Two female followers received compensation for sexual assault and rape by Leader Jung Myung Soek.)
  112. "Cult Followers Break into Dong-A Ilbo Office". The Dong-a Ilbo. January 15, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014. Members of the religious cult JMS broke into the editorial office of the Dong-A Ilbo Monday morning. They smashed the glass entrance on the 13th floor to enter the daily's office, demanding the removal of articles on the cult's founder Jeong Myeong-seok. Jeong is reportedly hiding in China after being accused by former women followers of committing sexual assault and rape.
  113. 언론계에 'JMS 공포' [JMS terror in the world of media]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). January 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2014. 17일 언론계에 따르면 JMS 신도 40여명은 지난 14일 서울 광화문 동아일보 사옥 13층 편집국에 난입, "정명석 총재 관련 기사를 내리라"고 강요하며 장시간 난동을 부렸다. (The press reported on the 17th that on the 14th, 40 followers of JMS forced their way into the editorial department on the 13th floor of the Dong-a Ilbo Building in Gwanghwamun Seoul, demanded the paper recall articles about Jung Myung-seok, and created a general disturbance for several hours.)
  114. 검찰, 본사난입 JMS 신도 7명 기소 [Prosecutors raid JMS headquarter, indicting 7]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
  115. Herskovitz, Jon (May 22, 2014). "South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape". National Post. Retrieved August 31, 2015. A South Korean court on Tuesday sentenced Jung Myung-seok, the leader of a fringe religious sect, to six years in jail for raping female followers, a court official said. Jung, 63, the leader of the Jesus Morning Star sect (JMS), fled to China from South Korea in 2001 where he had been charged with selecting followers from photographs and then forcing them to have sex with him.
  116. "Cult Leader Gets 6-Year Prison Term". The Korea Times. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2014. Notorious cult leader Jung Myung-seok received Tuesday a six-year prison sentence for raping and sexually abusing his female followers.
  117. 정명석 JMS총재 징역 6년 선고 [JMS leader Jung Myung-Seok sentenced to six years in prison]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). August 13, 2008. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013. 서울중앙지법 형사26부(재판장 배기열)는 12일 여자 신도들을 성폭행한 혐의로 구속기소된 JMS(기독교복음선교회) 총재 정명석(63)씨에게 징역 6년을 선고했다. (The Seoul Central District Court No. 26 Criminal Division (Justice Bae Ki-yeol) delivered a prison sentence of six years to JMS President Jung Myung-seok, 63, who had been arrested and charged with raping 12 female followers.)
  118. 송, 경호 (Song Gyeong-ho) (February 5, 2009). 성폭행 혐의 정명석, 항소심 선고 10일로 연기 [Jung Myung-seok sexual assault allegations, asks appeal court to postpone decision 10th]. Christian Today 크리스천투데이. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  119. "Cult head jailed for sex crimes". The Straits Times. Singapore. Agence France-Presse. February 10, 2009. Archived from the original on November 15, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  120. Ser, Myo-ja (February 11, 2009). "Cult head gets harsh new sentence". Korea JoongAng Daily (JoongAng Ilbo). Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. The Seoul High Court ruled yesterday that Jung is guilty of a total four counts of rape, overturning one acquittal and handing down a heavier punishment.
  121. JMS 정명석 징역 10년 확정 [Jung Myung-Seok's 10-year prison sentence upheld] (in Korean). Yonhap. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013. 여신도들을 성폭행한 혐의(강간) 등으로 구속기소된 국제크리스천연합(JMS) 총재 정명석(64)씨에게 징역 10년을 선고한 원심을 확정했다.
  122. "Court Upholds 10-Yr Sentence on Cult Leader". The Korea Times. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2014. The Supreme Court upheld a 10-year-imprisonment sentence on Jung Myung-suk, the leader of the JMS (Jesus Morning Star) religious cult Thursday for the rape and sexual assault of five Korean female followers. Jung was indicted for sexually assaulting the victims between 2003 and 2006 in Hong Kong, Malaysia and China. A lower court convicted him on three counts sentencing him to a six-year-prison term, but a high court extended this to 10 years convicting him on all five counts.
  123. "South Korean cult leader hit by new judgment". Translated by Schwartzman, Nathan. Asian Correspondent. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.; original article: 법원, JMS 정명석 5천만원 배상 판결 [Court rules 50 million won damages against JMS's Jung Myeong-suk]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). Yonhap News. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on November 19, 2009.
  124. 법원, JMS 정명석 5천만원 배상 판결 [Court orders JMS's Jung Myung Seok to pay 50 million won restitution]. Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  125. MBN News (January 13, 2015). "[correction press] religious group resisting investigation...'fled to the foreign country' [정정보도문] 과거 종교집단 수사 저항...교주 '해외도피'". MBN News|TV. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  126. ""정명석에 성폭행 당한 전여친…통화 들킬까봐 영어로 대화"". 중앙일보 (in Korean). March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.

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