Amazon Echo

In the default mode, the device continuously listens to all speech, monitoring for the wake word to be spoken, which is primarily set up as "Alexa" (derived from Alexa Internet, the Amazon-owned Internet indexing company). Echo's microphones can be manually disabled by pressing a mute button to turn off the audio processing circuit.[3]

Echo devices require a wireless Internet connection in order to work. Echo's voice recognition capability is based on Amazon Web Services and the voice platform Amazon acquired from Yap,[10] Evi, and IVONA[11] (a Polish-based specialist in voice technologies used in the Kindle Fire).[12] Echo device requires one time setup by pairing it with your Alexa app which gives you more control over the features.[13]

The smart speakers perform well with a "good" (low-latency) Internet connection, which minimizes processing time due to minimal communication round trips, streaming responses and geo-distributed service endpoints. While the application is free, an Amazon account is required, and setup is not possible without one.

Echo devices offer weather from AccuWeather and news from a variety of sources, including local radio stations, BBC, NPR, and ESPN from TuneIn and iHeartRadio.[14] Echo can play music from the owner's Amazon Music accounts[15] and has built-in support for other streaming music services like Amazon Music, Apple Music, Spotify, Deezer, Pandora and Sirius XM among others,[16] and has support for IFTTT and Nest thermostats.[17] Echo can also play music from non-compatible music streaming services such as Google Play Music from a phone or tablet via Bluetooth. Echo maintains voice-controlled alarms, timers, shopping and to-do lists and can access Wikipedia articles. Echo will respond to questions about items in one's Google Calendar. It also integrates with Yonomi,[18] Philips Hue, Belkin Wemo, SmartThings, Insteon, and Wink.[19][20] Additionally, integration with the Echo is in the works for Countertop by Orange Chef, Sonos,[21] Scout Alarm, Garageio, Toymail, MARA, and Mojio.[22] Questions like "Who is Barack Obama?" are answered by reading the first few lines of the corresponding Wikipedia article.[23]

Echo devices also have access to "skills" built with the Alexa Skills Kit. These are third-party-developed voice applications that add to the capabilities of any Alexa-enabled device (such as the Echo). Examples of skills include the ability to play music, answer general questions, set an alarm, order a pizza or a ridesharing car (e.g., Uber, Lyft), and more. Skills are continuously being added to increase the capabilities available to the user. For example, one new skill that Alexa has learned is the ability to play "games" with users. One such game is "Escape the Garage" in which the user must correctly answer questions that Alexa asks, while figuring out a way to escape. The Alexa Skills Kit is a collection of self-service application programming interfaces (API), tools, documentation and code samples that make it fast and easy for any developer to add skills to Alexa. Developers can also use the "Smart Home Skill API",[24] a new addition to the Alexa Skills Kit, to easily teach Alexa how to control cloud-controlled lighting and thermostat devices. All of the code runs in the cloud and nothing is on any user device. A developer can follow tutorials to learn how to quickly build voice-response capability for their new and existing applications.[25]

In November 2018, a major new feature was launched that will allow users to make Skype calls. Every past and present Echo device will be able to dial a number via Skype. Echo devices that have a display will offer full video Skype capability.[26]

In May 2019, Amazon released Alexa Guard. If "Away mode" is enabled, if an Echo device detects the sound of smoke alarms, carbon monoxide alarms, or glass breaking, it will send alerts to the Alexa app on smartphones. If the user has professional monitoring, it can send alerts directly to the security provider. It can also switch smart lights on and off to make it look like someone is home. Amazon also offers Guard Plus, this paid for option enables other features such as playing the sound of a dog barking when an intruder is detected.[27]

The Alexa Voice Service (AVS) allows developers to voice-enable connected products with a microphone and speaker. The AVS enables volume control, audio playback, and speech recognition.[28] The devices have natural lifelike voices resulting from speech-unit technology.[29] High speech accuracy is achieved through sophisticated natural language processing algorithms built into the Echo's text-to-speech engine.

As with all Alexa devices, the functionality of Echo smart speakers periodically evolves as Amazon releases new software for it. Most new releases fix bugs in addition to including enhanced functionality. New releases are pushed to the devices on a gradual basis so it may take several days to a week or more for a particular device to be updated. Because much of Echo's intelligence lies in the cloud, significant functional enhancements can be made to Echo without updating the software version it is running. For example, in April 2015, the Echo added the ability to give live sports scores without updating the software version running on the device.[30]

The Amazon Echo is able to connect to many different smart home devices. Thermostats, humidifiers, lightbulbs, plugs, dog and cat feeder, door locks, cameras, thermostats, security systems, speakers, WiFi, televisions, vacuums, microwaves, printers, and other smart home devices can now all be controlled through Alexa. Alexa can be used to activate and deactivate all of these smart home appliances, as well as change their settings depending on the device. For example, Alexa can be used to change the temperature in a house through a thermostat, turn off the lights with smart lights, put out dog or cat food via a smart pet feeder, and activate the security systems via a smart security system. The user is able to organize these smart home devices by putting them into groups. For example, a user can make a "Music Group" on the Amazon Echo.[31] The Amazon Echo will be able to play music and other media in multiple rooms in a house through other Echos and speakers that are in the "Music Group". Along with multiple groups, an Amazon Echo can hold multiple profiles. Switching between the profiles can allow users to play their music, access their calendars, and use their accounts for shopping, instead of just using one person's.[32]

In December 2021, an outage of Amazon's cloud service caused smart home devices to stop working.[33]

Amazon Echos are able to make calls and send messages. Users can make calls to another Amazon Echo or speaker that is in the house by calling the device name. Users can also make calls and send messages to other people that have an Amazon Echo. This is done by connecting the user's contacts to the Amazon Echo. The user's Amazon Echo will call their contact's Amazon Echo. They will be able to have a conversation using the Amazon Echos. Messages will go to the contact's phone, in the Alexa App. The message can also be played on the Echo.[32]

Amazon Echo (first generation)

Amazon Echo unpacked, January 2015
Release date	November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06) (Amazon Prime and invited members) June 23, 2015 (2015-06-23) (released in the U.S.) September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28) (released in the U.K.) October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26) (released in Germany)
Introductory price	US$179.99 £149.99 EUR€179.99
Connectivity	Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Website	Amazon Echo (US) Amazon Echo (UK) Amazon Echo (Germany)

Amazon Echo (second generation)

Release date	October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) (released in the U.S.)
Introductory price	US$99.99
Connectivity	Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Website	Amazon Echo (US) Amazon Echo (UK) Amazon Echo (Germany) Amazon Echo (India) Amazon Echo (Canada)

The first-generation Amazon Echo consists of a 9.25 inch (23.5 cm) tall cylinder speaker with a seven-piece microphone array.[3] The Echo hardware complement includes a Texas Instruments DM3725 ARM Cortex-A8 processor, 256MB of LPDDR1 RAM and 4GB of storage space.[34] As of July 2017, the first-generation Echo maintained an 83% score on GearCaliber, a review aggregator.[35]

Although the Echo is intended to be voice-controlled at the unit, a microphone-enabled remote control similar to the one bundled with the Amazon Fire TV is available for purchase. The remote was also bundled with early units. An action button on top of the unit is provided for user setup in a new location, and the mute button allows the microphones to be turned off.[36] The top half-inch of the unit rotates to increase or decrease the speaker volume. The Echo must be plugged in to operate since it has no internal battery.[37]

Echo provides dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n and Bluetooth Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) support for audio streaming and Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) for voice control of connected mobile devices.[38]

The mainline Linux kernel is able to boot the Amazon Echo since version 5.6.[39]

In September 2020, the 4th gen Echo was announced replacing the Echo and Echo Plus devices in a new spherical form-factor. The Echo brings the Echo Plus' Zigbee smart home hub with support for Amazon Sidewalk.[40][41]

As part of a holiday promotion, Seattle Seahawks player Marshawn Lynch drove the Treasure Truck around Seattle in December 2016 selling a limited-edition beast-mode Echo with a custom skin.[42] The beast-mode version was a first-generation Echo that responded to a user's commands with Marshawn Lynch's voice, instead of the Alexa voice.[43]

In November 2017, a Product Red version of the second-generation Echo was announced as a limited edition item.[44]

Another special version of Echo is the Alexa Super Skills Collectible edition, which was given to select Amazon Alexa developers who published five skills between July 22 and October 30, 2017. This special variant comes with a white mask, a blue cape, and a blue belt.

Amazon initially limited the first-generation Echo to Amazon Prime members or just by invitation, but it became widely available in the United States in mid 2015.[45] In 2016, the Echo became available in the United Kingdom and Germany.[46]

As of December 2017, the Echo was available in more than 80 countries: Albania, Austria, Anguilla, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Ghana, Gibraltar Germany, Greece, Grenada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Namibia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela and Zambia.[47][48]

In 2018, Amazon and Microsoft jointly announced a solution to integrate their digital assistants so that Cortana, Microsoft's voice assistant, could be called from an Amazon Echo device and Alexa could be called from Windows devices, including PCs. In January 2019, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella announced that Cortana would no longer be a platform competitor to Alexa or Google Assistant, but rather a voice skill to access Microsoft 365 via other voice assistants. As of April 2019, Alexa was the only Cortana-integrated voice assistant, which gave it exclusive access to Microsoft's suite of business applications.

In March 2016, Amazon unveiled the original Amazon Echo Dot,[49] which is a hockey puck-sized version of the Echo designed to be connected to external speakers due to the smaller size of the onboard speakers, or to be used in rooms such as the bedroom as an alternative to the full-sized Echo. Despite its smaller form factor, the Amazon Echo Dot retains all the core functionalities of the original Amazon Echo, ensuring a seamless voice-controlled experience for users.[50]

Additionally, users have the option to enhance the portability of the Echo Dot with third-party external batteries, providing extended usage on the go.[51]

The second generation of the Amazon Echo Dot became available on October 20, 2016. It is priced lower, has improved voice recognition, and is available in black, grey and white. The Echo Spatial Perception (ESP) technology allows several Echo and Dot units to work together so that only one device answers the request. As of November 2017, the Echo Dot maintained a 78% score on GearCaliber, based on 23 reviews.[52]

On August 18, 2017, an Amazon promotion allowed Amazon Prime customers to receive a 100% price reduction on the Echo Dot (from $49.99 to $0.00). Amazon never commented on the promotion or gave any indication of how many Dots were given away.[53]

The updated Echo Dot (3rd gen), introduced in September 2018, featured a new design with fabric covers, departing from the previous plastic or metal cylinder design. These fabric-covered Echo Dots also incorporated upgraded speaker drivers while retaining their core functionalities, including 3.5mm audio output and a Zigbee home automation hub in the Echo Plus.[54]

In January 2019, Amazon's SVP of devices and services, Dave Limp, revealed that over 100 million Alexa-enabled devices had been sold. The company's earnings reports and press releases also reveal that the Echo Dot has been among the top-selling products on Amazon.com for 2017 and 2018.

In July 2021, Amazon ran a promotion to give a price discount on the Echo Dot, reducing the price from $39.99 to $4.99 with a coupon code.

In September 2020, the fourth generation Echo Dot was revealed with a new spherical design and 30% smaller compared to the 3rd gen Echo.[40][55]

The black Amazon Echo Dot (fifth generation) on wooden table

In September 2022, the fifth generation Echo Dot introduced several enhancements, including a new temperature sensor, an improved audio experience with clearer vocals and deeper bass, and cutting-edge ultrasonic motion detection technology. Notably, it also features eero Built-in as a Wi-Fi extender, expanding its capabilities for smart homes and offering users a broader range of options.[56][57][58]

The Amazon Tap

The Amazon Tap is a smaller portable version of the Echo.[59] The Tap can do the many things the Echo can do; however, as it is battery-powered, it is also portable.[60] Initially, the user had to press an activation button on the front of the Tap to speak commands. However, a February 2017 software update allows the option of activating the Tap with an activation word, just like the Echo and the Dot.[61] Some of the limitations of the Tap include not being able to stream music as part of a group and not being able to send announcements to the device. Additionally the Tap does not support "Drop In" feature and as a result cannot be used for two-way voice communication. Amazon has discontinued the Tap. This has encouraged 3rd party accessory manufacturers to make available battery add-on units for other Echo products.[62]

In April 2017, the Amazon Echo Look was introduced as a camera with Alexa built-in, for US$20 more than the first-generation Echo.[63] The device can provide artificial intelligence outfit recommendations, take photos, and record videos; in addition to the features available on the Echo.[64] It offers Amazon Alexa's key feature plus a camera to take full-length photos and 360-degree videos with built-in AI for fashion advice.[65][66] As a consumer product, it helps catalog users' outfits and rates their looks based on "machine learning algorithms with advice from fashion specialists.[67]

The device was initially only available for purchase by invitation-only in the U.S.[68] However, it became generally available on June 6, 2018.[69] Three years later, Echo Look owners received an email from Amazon stating that the device would soon stop working, because Amazon was discontinuing production and sales of the device. Echo Look owners had a device that they could not use.[70]

The Amazon Echo Show

In May 2017, Amazon introduced the Echo Show, which features a tactile 7-inch liquid-crystal display screen that can be used for playing media, making video calls (5 MP front camera), and other features.[71] The Echo Show was offered for purchase at a price of $229.99 on June 28, 2017, and was initially only available in the U.S.[72]

A second generation of the Echo Show was unveiled at an Alexa-themed product event by Amazon on September 20, 2018, for release the following month.[73] The new device has a 10-inch touchscreen, improved speakers, and mesh casing.[74] Amazon has released three additional sizes of the Echo Show making them available in 5-, 8-, and 15-inch displays. These devices broke the traditional naming mechanism of naming strictly on generation. They are known as the Echo show 5, Echo Show 8,[75] and Echo Show 15.[76]

The Amazon Echo Spot

On September 27, 2017, Amazon launched the Echo Spot, a hemispherical device that has the same functions as an Echo Show.[77] The device has a 2.5-inch circular screen, and looks like an alarm clock. The device sold for $129.99.[78] The Echo Spot has been discontinued in all regions.

On September 27, 2017, Amazon announced the Echo Plus, which released on October 31, 2017. It shares design similarities with the first-generation Echo, but also doubles as a smart home hub, connecting to most common wireless protocols to control connected smart devices within a home.[79] It incorporates seven second-generation far field microphones and noise cancellation, while also supporting Dolby Sound.

In September 2018, a second-generation Echo Plus was released. The new version has a fabric covering and includes an embedded temperature sensor.[80] The Echo Plus has since been discontinued in 2020.

The Amazon Echo Flex

On November 14, 2019, Amazon released the Echo Flex for $24.99. It is a small device with a speaker that can be plugged directly into a wall outlet. It has a full-sized USB Type-A port into the bottom to charge other devices or into which additional accessories, such as a motion sensor, can be plugged.[81]

Amazon Echo Studio

In November 2019, Amazon introduced Echo Studio, a Dolby Atmos-compatible surround sound Alexa speaker. Compared to other Alexa speakers, it was the biggest and the loudest.[82]

At an Alexa-themed product launch event in September 2018, Amazon announced an Echo device designed for cars.[83] The device connects with the user's smartphone over Bluetooth and offers driving direction, in addition to other Alexa functionality.[84] Echo Auto became available as an invite-only product to US customers near the end of 2018.[85]

The Echo Input is an Alexa input device with no on-board speakers.[86] It must be connected to external speakers for audio output. The Echo Link is a higher-end version of the Echo Input, with additional output ports and a volume knob.[87] The Echo Link Amp has the same controls of the Link, but with an amplifier.

Along with the second-generation Echo, Amazon announced two new accessories. The Echo Buttons can be used while playing games on Echo devices, such as Jeopardy!.[88] The Echo Connect is a small adapter that plugs into any Echo and a home phone line, allowing the Echo to make voice calls through a home phone number.[89]

In September 2018, Amazon announced the Echo Sub, a subwoofer that connects to other Echo speakers, and the Echo Wall Clock, which can display how much time is remaining on timers set with an Echo device.[90]

Amazon announced the Echo Loop in September 2019, a smart ring with a button that activates Alexa. The Echo Loop uses Bluetooth to connect to a smartphone for Internet access.[91] The Echo Frames smartglasses, which support prescription lenses, were also announced on the same day.[92] In 2020, it was announced that Echo Loop would be discontinued.[93]

During the course of the investigation into the November 22, 2015, death of Victor Collins in the home of James Andrew Bates in Bentonville, Arkansas, police sought the data stored on the Amazon Echo on the premises as evidence, but were refused by Amazon.[101][102] The conflict was resolved when Bates consented to the release of his personal information that was held by the company.[103][104]

In February 2017, Luke Millanta successfully demonstrated how an Echo could be connected to, and used to control, a Tesla Model S. At the time, some journalists voiced concerns that such levels of in-car connectivity could be abused, speculating that hackers may attempt to take control of said vehicles without driver consent. Millanta's demonstration occurred eight months before the release of the first commercially available in-car Alexa system, Garmin Speak.[105][106][107]