Ectenosaurus

Partial skeleton (A) and soft tissues (B) of Ectenosaurus clidastoides.

Reconstruction of Ectenosaurus clidastoides.

With the preserved skull about 64.5 cm (2.12 ft) long and the dorsal vertebrae about 1.6 m (5.2 ft), Ectenosaurus is estimated to have reached 5–6 m (16–20 ft) in length and 600 kg (1,300 lb) in body mass.[1][2][3] It was a rare genus of mosasaur with several unique characteristics that clearly separate it from other mosasaur genera. The most prominent of these features is its elongated jaws, elongated in a similar vein to other mosasaurs with elongated jaws, such as Plotosaurus and Pluridens.

Russell (1967) considered the form of the teeth, the shape of the frontal and the large suprastapedial process of the quadrate as evidence of a close relation between Ectenosaurus and Platecarpus. He separated Ectenosaurus from Platecarpus based on the elongated snout, the exclusion of the prefrontals from the narial borders and the fusion of the supra- and infrastepedial processes.[1]

Ectenosaurus was originally described as a species of Platecarpus, P. clidastoides, in 1894. The type specimen was collected by C.H. Sternberg or G. Bauer from Logan County in Kansas and was housed in the Bayerische Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie in Munich, where it was likely destroyed during the Second World War. A second specimen (which was also much better preserved) was discovered by George Sternberg in 1953, which he initially identified as a Clidastes velox. The specimen, formerly catalogued as GFS 109-53, was about 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length and largely articulated, though the tail and rear limbs were missing due to erosion.[5]

This specimen was then exhibited at the Sternberg Memorial Museum on the campus of Fort Hays State University from its discovery until 1999 when the museum was closed and moved. Since the museum moved, the specimen remains in storage, where it is catalogued as FHSM VP-401.[5] It was examined in 1963 by Dale A. Russell who determined that it represented a Platecarpus clidastoides and not a Clidastes velox. In his Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs (1967) he re-described the species as part of a new genus, Ectenosaurus. Russell also assigned several additional specimens to Ectenosaurus clidastoides, namely YPM 4671, 4672, 4673, and 4674 in the Yale Peabody Museum.[1]

In 2021, Alexander Willman, Takuya Konishi, and Michael Caldwell designated FHSM VP-401 as the neotype of E. clidastoides, as a replacement for the type specimen. They also named another mosasaur specimen discovered in Logan County during the 1970s, catalogued as FHSM VP-5515, as a new species of Ectenosaurus, Ectenosaurus everhartorum. This species was named after marine reptile researchers Mike Everhart and Pamela Everhart. Since they could not be differentiated, the YPM specimens were removed by Willman and colleagues from E. clidastoides and considered as Ectenosaurus sp.[6] In 2023, Caitlín R. Kiernan and Jun A. Ebersole named two new species of the genus: E. tlemonectes from the Niobrara of Kansas and and E. shannoni from the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama. [7]

Ectenosaurus has been seen as a plioplatecarpine for most of the time since its discovery, partly due to long having been classified as a species of Platecarpus. Some analyses recover it as a mosasaurine however, sharing close relations with Prognathodon.[8] The cladogram below follows Simões et al. (2017),[9] collapsed to only display the Plioplatecarpinae, and shows Ectenosaurus in relation to other plioplatecarpines.