Edward Wilkinson (bishop)

Wilkinson's father was Hooper John Wilkinson, (1800–1883),[1] a magistrate and proprietor of a 240-acre (97 ha) farm employing eight labourers and four boys in 1851.[2] His mother was Anne née Howlett (c. 1805–1884).[3][4][5][6] Hooper John, Anne and their son Octavius are buried in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, Walsham le Willows.[7]

Thomas Edward Wilkinson was the sixth son, having at least ten siblings. He was born at Walsham Hall, Walsham le Willows, Suffolk on 26 December 1837.[8][9] His eldest brother was barrister Hooper John Wilkinson (1822–1904).[10][11] His other elder brothers were George Howlett (1828–1879),[12] Charles Ellis (born 1829), Harry Evan "Henry" Wilkinson (born 1834) and Rev. Octavius (1836–1870).[13] Octavius attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and was made priest alongside his brother Thomas Edward.[5][14] The youngest brother was Joseph Henry Newman (born 1850).[15] His sisters were Anne (born 1824), Mary Ann (born 1826), Elizabeth Frances (born 1833) and Edith Margaret (born 1847).[2][16][17][18]

The 17th-century red-brick Walsham Hall was built on the site of an ancient manor house.[19] H. J. Wilkinson purchased the property in 1828, rebuilt the hall, and was living in it by 1841. T. E. Wilkinson inherited the house and sold it to the Church of England, later adding some land to the gift. The house was renamed as Walsham Farm Home and opened as a Church of England children's home in 1896. The home closed in 1921, was sold, and became a school. After serving as various private residences, the building was demolished in 1968. The classical-styled Willow Court and Willows House now stand on the site.[4]

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  Hooper John Wilkinson, Wilkinson's father
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  Ann Howlett, Wilkinson's mother
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  Walsham Hall, Wilkinson's birthplace

Wilkinson was educated at Bury St Edmunds grammar school and King's College London. He was admitted on 10 May 1856 at age 18 to Jesus College, Cambridge, where his 1902 portrait hangs.[20] He received his BA on 8 December 1859,[21][5] his MA on 16 April 1863,[22] and his DD on 19 May 1870.[5][23]

Annie Margaret, wife of T.E. Wilkinson

At St Peter and St Paul Church, Foxearth, Essex, on 18 August 1864,[24] Wilkinson married Annie Margaret Green (Bedford 1844 – St Austell 1878).[25][26][27][28] She was the daughter of coal and timber merchant Thomas Abbot Green JP (b. Great Gaddesden 13 April 1806) of Felmersham in Bedfordshire.[29] Green spent "several thousand pounds" in 1842 in transforming his house Felmersham Grange into "an Elizabethan-style mansion", and he was a benefactor to the Church of St Peter, Pavenham.[30] After Annie died, Wilkinson had steps and gates installed at the west side of the Church of St Mary, Felmersham, in her memory.[31] In her published compilation of letters to friends and relatives, and journals relating to Zululand, Annie refers to her husband as "E." This is because Wilkinson used the forename Edward, rather than Thomas.[32][33]

The couple had three sons and four daughters:[34] The eldest son was Edward H. (b. Ricklinghall 1866).[32][35] Two of the daughters were Ethel Mary (Ricklinghall 1869 – Exmoor 1941)[36][37][38] and Edith Howlett (Natal 1870 – Taunton 1960).[39][40] Edith's son was Edward John Nelson Wallis C.B.E., governor of Khartoum.[41] Then came Annie Howlett (Zululand ca.1872 – Oxford 1897),[42] Fitzgerald Hooper (Transvaal ca.1875 – Ealing 19 September 1933),[43] Irene Douglas (Newton Abbot 1876 – Sturminster Newton 1970),[44][45][46] and World War I soldier Kenneth James Hooper (Newton Abbot 1878 – Taunton 1948).[47][48][49] On 11 June 1890, Wilkinson's eldest daughter Ethel Mary Wilkinson married Rev. George Richard Mullens M.A. of East Woodhay.[36][50] On 23 October 1907 Wilkinson conducted the marriage of his youngest daughter Irene Douglas Wilkinson and Arthur Frederick Wallis at St Giles Church, Taunton, where Irene was a Sunday school teacher. On the day of the marriage, the church and churchyard were decorated with flowers, the villagers attended, and the local children presented gifts to the couple.[44]

By 1895 Wilkinson was living at 42 Norfolk Square, Paddington, and asked for his name to be added to the electoral roll. In spite of his bishopric and the Reform Act 1867 his request was refused on the grounds that the house belonged to his sister Miss Wilkinson, so as her tenant he had no right to vote.[51] His last home address was Bradford Court, Taunton.[34]

Wilkinson's last home was Bradford Court, Taunton,[52] but he died of dysentery at 3:45 am on 23 October 1914 at Khartoum, while travelling in a non-clerical capacity between Cape Town and Cairo.[53][9] Wilkinson's funeral took place on the day of his death,[54] and he is buried at Khartoum. Since he had previously requested it, a stone Celtic cross was erected in the churchyard of St Mary's, Felmersham. The memorial's inscription says that it is also in memory of "the dear ones lying around this churchyard".[31] He left £50,786, net £46,536.[52] To his daughter Edith Howlett Wallis he left "the ikon presented to him by the Metropolitan of Petrograd,[nb 1] and his episcopal pastoral staff, mitre and pectoral cross".[55]

In 1870, Wilkinson established himself at the mission station which had been built at KwaMagwaza, South Africa in 1859, when the Anglican Diocese of Zululand was created, following an agreement between Bishop John Colenso and King Mpande. By 1870, KwaMagwaza's chief missionary Archdeacon Robert Robertson was no longer cooperating with Colenso, who had been excommunicated, so on 8 May at the Whitehall Chapel Wilkinson had been inducted the inaugural Bishop of Zululand, "a bishop for the Zulus and the tribes towards the Zambezi".[62] On his arrival in South Africa, Wilkinson was challenged by Colenso who did not want to leave. However he "did good work in a difficult sphere",[54] and began his bishopric by establishing missions at Mpumalanga and Swaziland. Wilkinson resigned the post in 1876. In 1879 the Anglo-Zulu War broke out, the missions set up by Wilkinson were destroyed, and the British Army was defeated at Isandlwana. Due to the unrest, it was not until 1880 that Zululand had a second bishop, in the person of Douglas MacKenzie.[62]

His next appointment was as coadjutor bishop of London, starting in March 1886.[70] (He held this with the living of St Katherine Coleman.)[71] During Wilkinson's era, the area encompassed by this diocese comprised ten nations: Russia, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, where at that period ruled three emperors and five kings, some of whom were Anglicans. These countries between them hosted two million annual tourists and seventy thousand expatriate British subjects. International trade annually brought two hundred and thirteen thousand British sailors to the ports.[72] This position gave Wilkinson "the oversight of 90 permanent chaplaincies in [the north and central European] region",[73] plus 200 seasonal chaplaincies. To visit them all meant travelling over fourteen thousand miles.[72] He made 82 episcopal tours during this bishopric which was "lying over an area eight times the size of Great Britain, and entailing very broken and trying travel by land and sea". He oversaw the construction of twenty-one churches;[73] for example on 22 April 1910, Wilkinson consecrated St. Boniface Church, Antwerp,[31] and St Ursula's Church, Bern, on 20 September 1906.[67] So after 25 years of this, in January 1911 he saw fit to retire at the age of 64 years.[73][74] The following extract from his 1906 memoirs gives a partial insight into his concept of baptism and naming:[75]

From Freiburg I went to Berne, staying with Mr. Leveson-Gower, attached to the Legation.[nb 2] I received his little son into the Church in the cathedral of Berne, the old dean being present. Mr. Leveson-Gower wished the additional name of Clarence to be given him, being descended from the Duke of that name, - said to have met his end in a butt of malmsey wine - but as the names of Osbert Charles Gresham had been already given him at his baptism, he had to be content with them![75]

In 1906, Wilkinson wrote to the Central Somerset Gazette to advocate the rebuilding of the Glastonbury Abbey ruins as a training college for missionaries.[76] Nothing came of it, and in the event the Bath and Wells Diocesan Trust bought it in 1908; since then it has been protected as an archaeological site.[77]

On the second day of the 1907 Church Congress at Great Yarmouth Royal Aquarium,[nb 3] Wilkinson as Bishop of Northern and Central Europe read a long paper on the subject of The present condition of religious life on the continent of Europe and their lessons for the Church of England today. He declared that Germany was a religious nation, and that France was certainly not. He criticised the "uncatholic claims of Rome to universal authority". He said that Russia was a "great Christianising power" (he did not live to see the Russian Revolution). Those statements may appear judgmental, however he also made one comment which may possibly define the middle road that he had to take in Africa, when the previous bishop, Colenso, had been excommunicated for questioning the literal truth of the Bible and for saying as Bishop of Natal, "that his aim was to defeat sin rather than to punish those who sinned",[78][79] and when Wilkinson himself had to continue the mission while respecting the same African cultures. Wilkinson said, "In ministering to our own countrymen we should take heed of the lessons of the Eastern Church: never to interfere; to exercise the utmost care in no way to do what Rome is ever doing, i.e. to proselytise."[79]