Egernia

Egernia
	Stokes's skink, (Egernia stokesii), a small species of Egernia sensu stricto
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Scincidae
Subfamily:	Egerniinae
Genus:	Egernia; Gray, 1832
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Contundo Wells & Wellington, 1984; Silubosaurus Gray, 1845; Sivascincus Wells & Wellington, 1985; Storrisaurus Wells & Wellington, 1985; Tropidolopisma A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1839; and see text

Egernia is a genus of skinks (family Scincidae) that occurs in Australia. These skinks are ecologically diverse omnivores that inhabit a wide range of habitats. However, in the loose delimitation (which incorporates about 30 species) the genus is not monophyletic but an evolutionary grade, as has long been suspected due to its lack of characteristic apomorphies.[1]

Some of the skinks traditionally placed in Egernia appear to be among the most intelligent squamates. They have been shown to be able to distinguish between relatives and unrelated conspecifics, and can recognize relatives individually. Several species form monogamous pair-bonds. For instance, the Black Rock Skink is a species who can perform kin discrimination based on scent and form monogamous pair-bonds and a nuclear family structure.[2] Most of these species belong to Egernia sensu stricto, and similar behaviour is also known in the related Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata). The latter means that the high intelligence and social skills are probably plesiomorphic for the Egernia genus-group as a whole, and that the solitary species appear to have evolved towards being less intelligent and social again. It may still be, however, that the intelligent behaviour is a homoplasy that evolved several times in the Egernia genus-group; the fact that Corucia is a monotypic and rather distinct genus makes it impossible to decide at present.[1][3]

Systematics, taxonomy and evolution

It is the namesake genus of the Egernia genus-group, which also includes the Solomon Islands skink (Corucia), Cyclodomorphus and the blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua). In some older works, it is considered closely related to Mabuya, but even among the subfamily Lygosominae this genus does not seem to be particularly closely related and would—were the genus-groups treated at the rarely used rank of infrafamily—certainly constitute an infrafamily of its own. On the other hand, the enigmatic crocodile skinks (Tribolonotus) might be a very basal member of the Egernia genus-group.[3]

The genus Egernia proper, as well as the other lineages, appear to be of Miocene—probably Early Miocene—origin, meaning they radiated at least 15, maybe 20 million years ago (mya). There are fossils of Egernia-like Lygosominae from around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary 23 mya, but these cannot be assigned to the present genus with certainty. Rather, they appear to be basal members of the Egernia genus-group, still very plesiomorphic Lygosominae with a habitus similar to Mabuya.[1]

Species

Stokes's skink (E. stokesii) is a large species of the "typical" clade

Mid-sized to large skinks (adult snout-vent length 100–240 mm) with a bulky, usually somewhat flattened body and small eyes. 24–46 rows of midbody scales; dorsal scales smooth, ridged, keeled or spiny (the tail is often notably spiny). The nasal scale has a postnarial groove; the subocular scale row is incomplete. Eyelids similar in colour to the adjacent scales.[1]

Scientific Name	Common Name	Distribution
Egernia cunninghami (Gray, 1832)	Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink	southeastern Australia.
Egernia cygnitos Doughty, Kealley & Donnellan, 2011	Western Pilbara spiny-tailed skink	northwestern Australia
Egernia depressa (Günther, 1875)	pygmy spiny-tailed skink	Western Australia, the Northern Territory and South Australia.
Egernia douglasi Glauert, 1956	Kimberley crevice-skink	Western Australia.
Egernia eos Doughty, Kealley & Donnellan, 2011	central pygmy spiny-tailed skink	western Australia
Egernia epsisolus Doughty, Kealley & Donnellan, 2011	Eastern Pilbara spiny-tailed skink	northwestern Australia
Egernia formosa Fry, 1914	Goldfield's crevice-skink	northwestern Australia
Egernia hosmeri Kinghorn, 1955	Hosmer's spiny-tailed skink	Queensland and the Northern Territory.
Egernia kingii (Gray, 1838)	King's skink	northwestern Australia
Egernia mcpheei Wells & Wellington, 1984	eastern crevice-skink, McPhee's egernia	Australia.
Egernia napoleonis (Gray, 1838)	southwestern crevice-skink	western Australia.
Egernia pilbarensis Storr, 1978	Pilbara crevice-skink	western Australia.
Egernia richardi (W. Peters, 1869)	bright crevice-skink, dark spiny-tailed skink	South Australia and Western Australia.
Egernia roomi (Wells and Wellington, 1985)		New South Wales.
Egernia rugosa De Vis, 1888	Yakka skink[4]	Queensland in eastern Australia
Egernia saxatilis Cogger, 1960	Black rock skink, black crevice-skink	Eastern and Southern Australia from central New South Wales to Grampians National Park in Victoria
Egernia stokesii (Gray, 1845)	gidgee spiny-tailed skink, gidgee skink, Stokes's skink	Australia
Egernia striolata (W. Peters, 1870)	tree crevice-skink, "tree skink"	Victoria, the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia.

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Egernia.

Fossils

† Egernia gillespieae K. Thorn et al., 2019[5]

Splitting Egernia in four

Cladistic analysis of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, 12S rRNA, c-mos and β-fibrinogen intron 7 DNA sequence data delimits 3 clades, Bellatorias, Liopholis, and Lissolepis in Egernia sensu lato, which are best regarded as separate genera — as had already been often proposed in former times, as early as the 19th century.[1]

References

Gardner, Michael G.; Hugall, Andrew F.; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Foster, Ralph (2008). "Molecular systematics of social skinks: phylogeny and taxonomy of the Egernia group (Reptilia: Scincidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 781–794. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00422.x.
O'Connor, D.; Shine, R. (2003). "Lizards in 'nuclear families': a novel reptilian social system in Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae)". Molecular Ecology. 12 (3): 743–752. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01777.x.
Austin, J. J.; Arnold, E. N. (2006). "Using ancient and recent DNA to explore relationships of extinct and endangered Leiolopisma skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) in the Mascarene islands". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011.
Curtis, Lee K. (February 2012). Queensland's Threatened Animals. ISBN 9780643104570.
Thorn, Kailah M.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Archer, Michael; Lee, Michael S. Y. (2019). "A new scincid lizard from the Miocene of northern Australia, and the evolutionary history of social skinks (Scincidae: Egerniinae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): Article e1577873. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577873.

External links

Egernia at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[gardneretal2008-1] Gardner, Michael G.; Hugall, Andrew F.; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Foster, Ralph (2008). "Molecular systematics of social skinks: phylogeny and taxonomy of the Egernia group (Reptilia: Scincidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 781–794. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00422.x.

[2] O'Connor, D.; Shine, R. (2003). "Lizards in 'nuclear families': a novel reptilian social system in Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae)". Molecular Ecology. 12 (3): 743–752. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01777.x.

[aag0608-3] Austin, J. J.; Arnold, E. N. (2006). "Using ancient and recent DNA to explore relationships of extinct and endangered Leiolopisma skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) in the Mascarene islands". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011.

[4] Curtis, Lee K. (February 2012). Queensland's Threatened Animals. ISBN 9780643104570.

[5] Thorn, Kailah M.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Archer, Michael; Lee, Michael S. Y. (2019). "A new scincid lizard from the Miocene of northern Australia, and the evolutionary history of social skinks (Scincidae: Egerniinae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): Article e1577873. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577873.