Elcanidae

Elcanidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic orthopterans. Members of the family are distinguished by the presence of spurs on the distal part of the metatibia, unique among orthopterans, these have been suggested to have been used for controlling gliding,[1] swimming aids,[2] or for jumping on water.[3] The group combines characteristics from both major groups of orthopterans, with long antennae and nymphal morphology similar to Ensifera, but with wing venation and adult morphology more similar to Caelifera.[4] Elcanidae is part of Elcanoidea, which is thought to have diverged from living orthopterans by the beginning of the Permian, around 300 million years ago.[5] The family also includes Permelcanidae, known from the Early-Late Permian. The relationship of Elcanoidea to Ensifera and Caelifera is currently unresolved.[4] Elcanids are known from the Late Triassic to Paleocene of Eurasia, North and South America. Some members of the group exhibited aposematic coloration.[6]

Sinoelcana minuta
Jurassic, China
Elcanonympha diana nymph
Wings of Parelcana pulchmacula

Elcanidae
Temporal range:
Unidentified female elcanid included in Burmese amber, showing metatibial spurs
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Superfamily: †Elcanoidea
Family: †Elcanidae
Handlirsch, 1906
Type genus
Elcana
Giebel, 1856 [synonym of Panorpidium]
Subfamilies and genera

See text

Taxonomy
  • subfamily Archelcaninae Gorochov, 2011[7]
    • Archelcana Sharov, 1968[8]
      • Archelcana durnovaria Whalley, 1985[9] – Charmouth Mudstone Formation, England, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
      • Archelcana ornata Zherikhin, 1985[10] – Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Russia, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
      • Archelcana shurabica Sharov, 1968 – Sagul Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Toarcian
      • Indeterminate remains attributed to the genus are also known from the latest Triassic of Germany[11]
    • Jeholelcana Fang et al. 2018b[12]
    • Parelcana Handlirsch, 1906[13]
      • Parelcana anglicana Handlirsch, 1939[14] – Blue Lias, United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Hettangian)
      • Parelcana dubia Handlirsch, 1939 – United Kingdom, Late Triassic (Rhaetian)
      • Parelcana pulchmacula Tian et al., 2019[15] – Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
      • Parelcana tenuis Handlirsch, 1906 – Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
    • Sibelcana Gorochov, 1990[16]
      • Sibelcana rossica Gorochov, 1990 – Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
      • Sibelcana transbaicalica Gorochov, 1990 – Ukurei Formation, Russia, Tithonian
    • Synelcana Zessin, 1988[17]
      • Synelcana muelleri Zessin, 1988 – Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
  • subfamily Elcaninae Handlirsch, 1906
    • Cratoelcana Martins-Neto, 1991[18] – Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
      • Cratoelcana damianii Martins-Neto, 1991
      • Cratoelcana zessini Martins-Neto, 1991
    • Ellca Kočárek, 2020[1]
    • Eubaisselcana Gorochov, 1986[19] – Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
      • Eubaisselcana mongolica Gorochov, 1986
      • Eubaisselcana sharovi Gorochov, 1986
    • Minelcana Gorochov et al., 2006[20]
    • Panorpidium Westwood, 1854[22]
      • Panorpidium bimaculatum Gorochov et al., 2006[20] – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
      • Panorpidium maculosum Zhou et al. 2022[23] Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
      • Panorpidium proximum Gorochov et al., 2006 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
      • Panorpidium parvum Gorochov et al., 2006 – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)
      • Panorpidium sibirica Sharov, 1968[8] – Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
      • Panorpidium spica Kim et al., 2021[3] – Jinju Formation, South Korea, Early Cretaceous (Albian)
      • Panorpidium tessellatum Westwood, 1854 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
      • Panorpidium yixianensis Fang et al., 2015[24] – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
    • Probaisselcana Gorochov, 1989[25]
      • Probaisselcana cretacea Gorochov et al., 2006[20] – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Hauterivian
      • Probaisselcana euryptera Tian et al., 2019[2] – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
      • Probaisselcana karatavica Sharov, 1968[8] – Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
      • Probaisselcana oculata Hu & He, 2023[26] - Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Incertae sedis
    • Burmelcana Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010[27]
      • Burmelcana longirostris Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Cascadelcana Fang et al., 2018a[4]
    • Cenoelcanus Schubnel et al., 2020[28]
    • Elcanonympha Heads et al., 2018[29]
      • Elcanonympha diana Heads et al., 2018 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Hispanelcana Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Álava amber, Escucha Formation, Spain, Albian
      • Hispanelcana alavensis Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
      • Hispanelcana arilloi Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
      • Hispanelcana lopezvallei Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
    • Longioculus Poinar et al., 2007[30]
      • Longioculus burmensis Poinar et al., 2007 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Hukawnelca Uchida, 2021[31]
      • Hukawnelca gracile Uchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Caelielca Uchida, 2021[31]
      • Caelielca spinocrus Uchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Monitelcana Xu et al., 2022[6]
      • Monitelcana penalveri Xu et al., 2022 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

References
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  2. Tian H, Gu JJ, Huang F, Zhang H, Ren D (July 2019). "A new species of Elcaninae (Orthoptera, Elcanidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Liutiaogou, Inner Mongolia, NE China, and its morphological implications". Cretaceous Research. 99: 275–280. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.03.010. S2CID 134966211.
  3. Kim, Do-Yoon; Lee, Mirinae; Nam, Gi-Soo; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (April 2021). "The first orthopteran fossils from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation of Korea: ethological implications for elcanids". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104843. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104843. ISSN 0195-6671.
  4. Fang Y, Muscente AD, Heads SW, Wang B, Xiao S (2018-05-25). "The earliest Elcanidae (Insecta, Orthoptera) from the Upper Triassic of North America". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (6): 1028–1034. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.20. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 133821611.
  5. Poschmann, Markus J.; Nel, André; Raisch, Manfred (2023-05-31). "A new archaeorthopteran insect from the Early Permian of the Saar-Nahe Basin, SW Germany, and the earliest record of Elcanoidea (Orthoptera)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 308 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1136. ISSN 0077-7749.
  6. Xu, Chunpeng; Luo, Cihang; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Fang, Yan; Wang, Bo (2022-03-28). "Aposematic coloration from Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 377 (1847): 20210039. doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0039. PMC 8819367. PMID 35124999. S2CID 246608514.
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