Electronic waste in Japan

Japan has quickly become one of the most wasteful nations in the world according to Basel Action Network's executive director Jim Puckett.[2] As the country continues to progressively manufacture and consume more electronic goods, the e-waste generated from these goods grows as well. Japan ranks as the third most wasteful country in the world by volume behind the United States and China.[1] Wastes are broadly divided into three different categories that consist of industrials, non-industrials, and hazardous. E-waste falls into the category of non-industrial wastes and is recognized as "electrical and electronic wastes," or "bulky trash".[4] Some e-waste sources include refrigerators, televisions, air conditioning units, and washing machines.

The Association for Electric Home Appliances developed the home appliance recycling ticket system which is the foundation of e-waste recycling and treatment. This ticketing system was installed to ensure that relevant parties would forward smoother home appliance recycling activities under the Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (LRHA).[5] Although it is one system, it comes in two types. The first type requires consumers to pay recycling and transportation fees to the retailer and the second type requires them to pay recycling fees through postal transfer. The cost of transportation as well as the recycling of the e-waste when discarding home appliances is the responsibility of the consumer with recycling fees typically ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 yen. Manufactures are responsible for establishing their own recycling facilities.[6]

Although manufacturers are responsible for establishing recycling infrastructure for home appliances, the specific method is not regulated. Therefore, the responses can be divided into two vague groups: Group A and Group B. The two different methods help to enable competition and create new recycling processes by providing about 200 national collection sites with dissimilar viewpoints on reducing costs. In the broadest terms, Group A aims to keep cost down through maximum utilization of existing waste management companies, while Group B attempts to cut costs by adopting efficient logistics systems.[6]

LPUR was instituted in 2000 as a means to promote the reduction of waste generation, reuse of parts, and recycling.[9] More specifically, it aims to establish a recycling-based economic system by reusing parts of collected products, strengthening collection methods, and introducing new measures to reduce wastes and extending product life span.[10] These basic policies are formulated and publicized by relevant ministers, such as the minister of the businesses and the Minister of the Environment and are followed by parties involved with e-waste. These four parties concerned are businesses, consumers, the national government, and the local government.[9]

Businesses must rationalize the use of raw materials as well as use reusable parts and recyclable resources. Consumers are responsible for facilitating the use of these recyclables and using products for the entirety of their lifespan. The national government holds the most responsibility as they shall take care of proper funding for recycling and treatment, take necessary action to promote research and development, and encourage the public to do their research and recycle and reuse. The local government holds similar responsibilities as the national government, but on a smaller scale.[9]

The Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (LRHA) became effective in 2009 as a way to enforce rules on the production of products such as CRT television receivers, household air conditioners, washing machines, and refrigerators.[10] More specifically, LRHA was created to create a recycling scheme in which the main principle is to newly impose obligations on home appliance manufactures and retailers. These manufacturers and retailers are pressured by this law to ensure proper waste treatment and efficient use of resources.[11] LRHA outlines which kinds of home appliances are regulated, the responsibilities of the parties involved, whom include waste generators, retailers, manufacturers, the Association for Electric Home Appliances, and city governments, as well as the standards for recycling and regulating the coupon system.

Waste generators, which include business operators and consumers, must transfer necessary appliances to retailers and pay necessary recycling and collection fee demanded by the retailers. Retailers must take back sold appliances, deliver home appliances, and issue recycling coupons. Manufactures and importers are responsible for to take back manufactured appliances from retailers, recycle appliances, and make recycling fees public. The Association for Electric Home Appliances must recycle appliances in which the manufacturer is unknown as well as appliances entrusted by specific manufactures whose production volume is less than 900,000 units for television sets and air conditioners and 450,000 units for washing machines and refrigerators.[11] Governments are responsible for promoting the collection, transportation, and recycling of used home appliances.

LRHA is also responsible for setting recycling standards. All home appliances that are taken back must meet minimum recycling rate requirements. In regards to the LRHA law, recycling rate refers to the weight of materials recycled divided by the weight of units processed for recycling. The minimum required recycling rates are 70% for air conditioners, 55% for televisions, 60% for refrigerators and freezers, and 65% for washing machines.[11]

The home appliance recycling coupon system ensures that the listed home appliances are transferred from retailers to manufactures in an appropriate manner. This allows for consumers and businesses to check whether recycling is performed properly or not.