Elisabeth Bik

After receiving her doctorate, Bik worked for the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment and St. Antonius Hospital in Nieuwegein, where she organized the development of new molecular techniques for identifying infectious agents.[16][17]

In 2001, Bik moved to California to work at Stanford University in the laboratory of David Relman, where her work focused on human microbiomes, previously unidentified microbial species in them, and their diversity across individuals.[18][19] Her work explored other mucosal microbiomes, confirming that the human oral microbiota contains distinct genera from the gut microbiota.[20]

While at Stanford, Bik worked on an Office of Naval Research project to study the microbiome of dolphins and sea lions in San Diego. She found that their microbiome was distinct from other mammals, and influenced by the sea they lived in.[21]

In 2016, Bik left Stanford to work for uBiome, a biotech company involved in the sequencing of human microbiomes, before leaving the company in 2018 to work full-time on analyzing scientific papers for image duplication and other malpractices.[14]

Two examples of image duplications (highlighted) that were discovered by Elisabeth Bik in microbiology research publications. Different panels represent different experimental conditions. The source article states that these might have been “honest errors during assembly of the figures”, and that the relevant papers have been corrected.

Bik started to focus on science integrity in 2013, when she discovered that one of her publications had been plagiarised.[22] One evening in January 2014, she found duplicated images with manipulations in papers from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.[10] She decided to dedicate her free time to looking for questionable practices in scientific publications, and specialized in tracking down image manipulation in studies.

In 2014, she started the blog Microbiome Digest, where she provided easy-to-understand commentaries on recent scientific papers.[23] The blog soon became a success, and Bik enlisted help from her colleagues on Twitter to manage the content.[23] She is also an active contributor to Retraction Watch[4] and PubPeer,[24] highlighting scientific papers that present falsified, duplicated, and questionable data, such as in western blot images.

Together with Arturo Casadevall and Ferric Fang, Bik published an mBio paper investigating the prevalence of these questionable practices within published scientific papers, where they found nearly 400 papers with intentional figure manipulation (i.e. about 800 duplicate images).[25] She estimates half of these were created with the intention to mislead. Bik is active on the social media micro-blogging platform Twitter, where she posts potentially duplicated figures for her more than 114,000 Twitter followers (as of November, 2021) to investigate. Her investigations have exposed significant levels of scientific misconduct in several journals.[14] In 2018, Bik was featured on the pop science podcast "Everything Hertz."[26]

In 2019, Bik announced via Twitter that she was taking a year off paid work to investigate scientific misconduct,[23][27][28] the subject on which she co-authored a preregistered test suggesting that "academic culture, peer control, cash-based publication incentives and national misconduct policies", but not pressure to publish, may affect scientific integrity, with nationality being a stronger predictor than individual attributes.[29] Her analysis of 960 recent papers published in Molecular and Cellular Biology found that 59 (6.1%) contained inappropriately duplicated images, from which 5 papers were subsequently retracted and 41 papers had corrections published, and led to a pilot image screening program at the journal identifying problems with 14.5% of subsequent submissions.[30]

In February 2020, Science reported that Bik had identified over 400 research papers published in China over the previous three years, apparently all originating from the same research paper mill company providing full service production of articles describing fake research for medical students on demand.[31] Bik said, "students in China need to have a paper published to get their MD, but they do not have time to do research, so that is an unrealistic goal."[32]

In March 2020, commenting on the publication of the results of a clinical trial by Didier Raoult on the effect of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19, she identified a conflict of interest and strongly criticized the methodology of the study.[33][34] The learned society that owns the journal in which the results were published admitted that the publication was not at the level expected by the society, in particular due to a lack of justification of the criteria for patient selection and triage.[35] However, the society rebutted allegations of a conflict of interest, stating that the peer review process prior to publication was respected because Jean-Marc Rolain, being one of the co-authors of the article and editor of the journal, did not participate in the evaluation. The publisher Elsevier then announced an additional independent evaluation to determine whether the concerns about the article were well founded.[36]

On May 5, 2021, just after the announcement by Didier Raoult's lawyer that Bik was being sued by IHU Marseille, the French non profit association Citizen4Science, made up of scientists and citizens, published a press release including a link to a petition denouncing the harassment of scientists and defenders of science integrity, specifically mentioning Elisabeth Bik and calling on French authorities to intervene and journalists to look into the matter.[37] The included petition was signed by thousands of scientists, scholarly societies and citizens throughout the world.[38][39]

The Guardian newspaper published an article on May 22, 2021, reporting that Raoult had begun legal proceedings against Bik.[40] This was followed by an article in Science, updated on June 4, 2021, in print issue 6546; stating that more than 3,000 signatories supported the Citizen4Science petition.[41]

On May 8, 2021, Lonni Besançon, a French postdoctoral research fellow at Monash University, wrote an open letter signed by scientists to support Bik.[42] The letter, also mentioned in The Guardian,[40] Science,[41] and Nature,[43] gathered signatures from more than 2,200 scientists and 30 scholarly societies.[44]

In September 2021, Bik discovered repetitive elements in published images that indicated digital tampering by authors of a paper by the controversial Comet Research Group claiming the discovery of the Biblical Sodom, and evidence that it had been destroyed by a cosmic airburst.[45] The authors initially denied tampering with the photos but eventually published a correction in which they admitted to inappropriate image manipulation.[46] On February 15, 2023, the following editor’s note was posted on this paper, "Readers are alerted that concerns raised about the data presented and the conclusions of this article are being considered by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues."[47]

Bik presented information about artificial intelligence being used to fraudulently generate Western blot images during a session of the 2022 European Hematology Association Congress.[48]