Elizabeth McCoy (microbiologist)

Elizabeth McCoy (February 1, 1903 – March 24, 1978) was an American microbiologist and a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Early life

Elizabeth McCoy was born in Madison, Wisconsin, February 1, 1903.[1] McCoy’s fascination with microbiology began early on the family farm where she lived with her family. Her parents, Esther Williamson and Cassius James McCoy, both attended college.[2] Her mother was a professor and then an active practicing nurse for six years.[2] McCoy's mother taught her about household hygiene and techniques to best preserve food. Her father was a professor but for health reasons had to retire.[3]

Education

McCoy was able to further her interest by studying agricultural bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin as an undergraduate.[3] Upon graduation in 1925, McCoy was given the opportunity to work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture or continue her education and pursue her Ph.D. by working in Dr. Edwin Broun Fred's lab, future university president at UW Madison. She chose to pursue her Ph.D. and studied the applications of bacteriology.[3] Her graduate work focused on a bacteria that could make acetone and butanol which proved to be useful for producing rubber. McCoy received her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1929.[4]

Development of a new and highly productive strain of penicillin

During World War II, researchers around the world were looking for ways to increase the production of penicillin. Professor Ken Raper, a bacteriologist at the USDA’s Northern Research Regional laboratory, was researching techniques to extract natural compounds from microbes that were necessary for increasing penicillin production.[5] He was in search of a more productive strain of penicillin when the best strain was found growing on a moldy cantaloupe in a grocery store in Peoria, Illinois called NRRL- 1951.[5]

McCoy was sent NRRL-1951 along with other collaborators around the country.[5] She identified a promising new mutant called X-1612 which was grown and tested by other biochemists.[5] They found that exposing X-1612 to ultraviolet light led to more mutations in the mold which led to an even more productive penicillium strain called Q- 176.[5] This isolated sample doubled the production of penicillin within a month and was very cost-effective.

McCoy's new strain of penicillin produced 900 times as much as Alexander Fleming's strain;[6] this discovery enabled to the drug's widespread commercial production.[7][8] This led to improved growing methods of the world’s first antibiotic which was used to treat life-threatening infections suffered by allied troops.

Career

In 1930, McCoy joined the University of Wisconsin-Madison faculty after earning her degrees there, and was one of the first women to become a full professor there.[3] McCoy was one of the first prominent women within the field.[3]

During World War I, McCoy was studying chemicals useful to the production of rubber and characterized acetone/butyl-producing Clostridium bacteria.[5] Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Through more research of acetone/butanol microbial fermentations, McCoy's research led to the development of a phage-resistant Clostridium madisonni.[5]

In addition to her impactful research to develop a new, highly productive strain of penicillin during World War II, McCoy was part of the team that first discovered Moorella thermoacetica,[9] a model organism important to developing our understanding of the Acetyl Co-A metabolic pathway.[10]

McCoy continued research in antibiotics and was able to isolate the antibiotic oligomycin.[11] Olygomycin is an inhibitor of ATP synthase and blocks protons from entering the membrane. Further research on oligomycin has led to compounds that are being studied in relation to cancer treatments.[3] McCoy's other research included work in soil microbiology, the microbiology of water bodies, and botulism.[7][12]

McCoy retired in 1973.[4]

Personal life

The McCoy Farmhouse in Fitchburg, where she lived from 1949 until her death,[1] is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Selected publications

References
  1. "UW Prof. McCoy Dies Friday at 75". Wisconsin State Journal. March 26, 1978. p. 4. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  2. "American Society for Microbiology". www.asm.org. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  3. Hamilton, Eric (July 15, 2020). "UW's Elizabeth McCoy was a pioneer of 20th century microbiology". news.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  4. MS'11, Caroline Schneider (2020-02-25). "'The Sweeping Landscape of Her Work'". Grow. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  5. Conley, Bridget (July 6, 2020). "Elizabeth McCoy: A Hidden Figure of Industrial Bacteriology". ASM.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  6. Stanley, Autumn (1995). Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology. Rutgers University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0813521978.
  7. Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 672. ISBN 9781598841589.
  8. Shoptaugh, Terry L., and Whitney Gould. National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: McCoy Farmhouse. National Park Service. December 3, 1979. Accompanied by photos.
  9. Fontaine, F.E.; Peterson, W.H.; McCoy, Elizabeth; Johnson, Marvin J.; Ritter, George J. (1941). "A new type of glucose fermentation by clostridium thermoaceticum n.sp". Journal of Bacteriology. 43 (6): 701–715. doi:10.1128/JB.43.6.701-715.1942. PMC 373636. PMID 16560531.
  10. Drake, Harold L.; Daniel, Steven L. (2004). "Physiology of the thermophilic acetogenMoorella thermoacetica". Research in Microbiology. 155 (6): 869–883. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.03.003. PMC 373636. PMID 16560531.
  11. Fisher, Madeline (November 3, 2003). "Discovery provides reminder of bacteriology prof". University of Wisconsin News. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  12. Batt, James R. (June 1978). "Elizabeth, remembered". Wisconsin Academy Review. 24 (3): 3–6. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
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