Elliptio crassidens

Elliptio crassidens, the elephant-ear, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in Unionidae, the river-mussel family.

Elliptio crassidens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Unionida
Family: Unionidae
Genus: Elliptio
Species:
E. crassidens
Binomial name
Elliptio crassidens
(Lamarck, 1819)
Synonyms[2]
  • Elliptio crassidens subsp. crassidens (Lamarck, 1819)
  • Elliptio crassidens subsp. danielsii (B.H.Wright, 1899)
  • Elliptio crassidens subsp. incrassatus (I.Lea, 1840)
  • Elliptio niger (Rafinesque, 1820)
  • Elliptio niger subsp. danielsi (B.H.Wright, 1899)
  • Obliquaria (Aximedia) venus Rafinesque, 1831
  • Unio crassidens Lamarck, 1819
  • Unio (Elliptio) crassidens subsp. incrassatus (I.Lea, 1840)
  • Unio cuneatus Barnes, 1823
  • Unio incrassatus I.Lea, 1840
  • Unio (Elliptio) danielsii B.H.Wright, 1899
  • Unio (Elliptio) nigra Rafinesque, 1820
  • Unio (Elliptio) nigra subsp. fusca Rafinesque, 1820
  • Unio (Elliptio) nigra subsp. maculata Rafinesque, 1820

The elephant-ear possesses a thick triangular shell which may be up to six inches long. The outside of the shells is brown or black while the inside is typically light purple. It usually is found in the mud, sand, or fine gravel of large rivers.[3] This mussel is found in the midwestern, eastern, and some southern states of the United States as well as the provinces of Quebec and Ontario in Canada.[4]

Elephant-ears typically breed once a year. Breeding seasons are short, lasting from either April through May or June to July. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at four to six years. Larvae stay in their mother's gills anywhere from a few weeks to a few months. Eventually, the offspring will attach to a host fish's fins or gills. After living parasitically on the host fish for several weeks, juvenile clams break free and fall to bottom of the river where they burrow and develop into adult mussels. The mussels will not likely move more than a few meters from this site throughout their lives. Elephant-ears are filter feeders, consuming primarily bacteria, protozoans, algae, and plankton. Common predators include otters, raccoons, muskrats, herons, egrets, and a variety of fish.[4] Like other mussels, elephant-ears are thought to be long-lived, with lifespans from 20 to as long as 100 years.

Although widespread, elephant-ears are relatively rare in the Midwest, but are locally abundant in some parts of the Ohio and White rivers of Illinois and Indiana.[5] Elephant-ear mussels are listed as endangered in Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin,[4] Ohio[6][7] and Virginia,[8]: 3  and are considered threatened in Illinois.[4]

References
  1. Cummings, K. (2011). "Elliptio crassidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T188905A8660568. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T188905A8660568.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. "Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck, 1819)". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  3. "Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck, 1819)". Rare Species Guide. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  4. McCormick, Keely (2012). Sorensen, Robert; Mulcrone, Renee; Kent, Catherine (eds.). "Elliptio crassidens". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  5. "Illinois Natural History Survey 66". Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  6. "Mussels of the Big Darby Creek watershed". Darby Creek Association, Inc. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  7. "Ohio Standardized Freshwater Mussel ID Test". Museum of Biological Diversity. The Ohio State University. October 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  8. "Special Status Faunal Species in Virginia" (PDF). Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
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