Wisconsin

Wisconsin (/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ) is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by land area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north.

Wisconsin
Nicknames: 
Badger State, America's Dairyland[1][2][3][4][5]
Motto: 
Forward
Anthem: "On, Wisconsin!"
Map of the United States with Wisconsin highlighted
Map of the United States with Wisconsin highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodWisconsin Territory
Admitted to the UnionMay 29, 1848 (30th)
CapitalMadison
Largest cityMilwaukee
Largest county or equivalentMilwaukee County
Largest metro and urban areasMilwaukee
Government
  GovernorTony Evers (D)
  Lieutenant GovernorSara Rodriguez (D)
LegislatureWisconsin Legislature
  Upper houseSenate
  Lower houseAssembly
JudiciaryWisconsin Supreme Court
U.S. senators
U.S. House delegation
  • 6 Republicans
  • 2 Democrats
(list)
Area
  Total65,498.37 sq mi (169,640.0 km2)
  Land54,153.1 sq mi (140,256 km2)
  Rank23rd[6]
Dimensions
  Length311 mi (507 km)
  Width260 mi (427 km)
Elevation
1,050 ft (320 m)
Highest elevation1,951 ft (595 m)
Lowest elevation579 ft (176 m)
Population
 (2020)
  Total5,893,718[9]
  Rank20th
  Density108.8/sq mi (42.0/km2)
   Rank27th[10]
  Median household income
$64,168[11]
  Income rank
21st
DemonymsWisconsinite, Cheesehead (colloquial)
Language
  Official languageNone
  Spoken language
Time zoneUTC– 06:00 (Central)
  Summer (DST)UTC– 05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation
WI
ISO 3166 codeUS-WI
Traditional abbreviationWis., Wisc.
Latitude42° 30' N to 47° 05′ N
Longitude86° 46′ W to 92° 54′ W
Websitewww.wisconsin.gov
Symbols of Wisconsin
BirdAmerican robin
Turdus migratorius
FishMuskellunge
Esox masquinongy
FlowerWood violet
Viola sororia
InsectWestern honey bee
Apis mellifera
TreeSugar maple
Acer saccharum
BeverageMilk
DancePolka
FoodCorn
Zea mays
FossilTrilobite
Calymene celebra
MineralGalena
RockRed granite
TartanWisconsin tartan

The bulk of Wisconsin's population live in areas situated along the shores of Lake Michigan. The largest city, Milwaukee, anchors its largest metropolitan area, followed by Green Bay and Kenosha, the third- and fourth-most-populated Wisconsin cities, respectively. The state capital, Madison, is currently the second-most-populated and fastest-growing city in the state.[13] Wisconsin is divided into 72 counties and as of the 2020 census had a population of nearly 5.9 million.[14]

Wisconsin's geography is diverse, having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area. The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupy the western part of the state, with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is third to Ontario and Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline. The northern portion of the state is home to the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. At the time of European contact, the area was inhabited by Algonquian and Siouan nations, and today it is home to eleven federally recognized tribes.[15] During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many European settlers entered the state, most of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia.[16][17] Wisconsin remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture,[18] particularly in respect to its cuisine, with foods such as bratwurst and kringle. Wisconsin is home to one UNESCO World Heritage Site, comprising two of the most significant buildings designed by Wisconsin-born architect Frank Lloyd Wright: his studio at Taliesin near Spring Green and his Jacobs I House in Madison.[19]

The Republican Party was founded in Wisconsin in 1854. In more recent years, Wisconsin has been a battleground state in presidential elections, notably in 2016 and 2020.

Wisconsin is one of the nation's leading dairy producers and is known as "America's Dairyland"; it is particularly famous for its cheese.[20][21] The state is also famous for its beer, particularly and historically in Milwaukee, most notably as the headquarters of the Miller Brewing Company. Wisconsin has some of the most permissive alcohol laws in the country and is well known for its drinking culture.[22][23] Its economy is dominated by manufacturing, healthcare, information technology, and agriculture—specifically dairy, cranberries, and ginseng.[24] Tourism is also a major contributor to the state's economy.[25] The gross domestic product in 2020 was $348 billion.[26]

Etymology

The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European colonization.[27] The French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing (likely ᒣᔅᑯᐤᓯᣙ meskowsin) in his journal.[28] Subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in large numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845.[29]

The Algonquian word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. While interpretations vary, most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning 'it lies red', a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells.[30] Other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning 'red stone place', 'where the waters gather', or 'great rock'.[31]

History

Early history

Wisconsin in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, with the approximate state area highlighted

Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 14,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin.[32] After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of this period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy Mound culture", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across the landscape.[33] Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.[34] The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk nations who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact.[35] Other Native American groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700.[36]

European settlements

Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was probably the first European to explore Wisconsin. The mural is located in the Brown County Courthouse in Green Bay.

The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.[37] Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans.[38] In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien.[39] Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in 1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, settled in Wisconsin permanently, rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[40]

French-Canadian voyageur Joseph Roi built the Tank Cottage in Green Bay in 1776. Located in Heritage Hill State Historical Park, it is the oldest standing building from Wisconsin's early years and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[41]

The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764.[40] Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as "La Baye". However, British fur traders referred to it as "Green Bay", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Green Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and to French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.[42]

U.S. territory

Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War. In 1787, it became part of the Northwest Territory. As territorial boundaries subsequently developed, it was then part of Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1809, Illinois Territory from 1809 to 1818, and Michigan Territory from 1818 to 1836. However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally established an American presence in the area.[43] Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Dodgeville, and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug, and earned the nickname "badgers", leading to Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State".[44] The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 culminated in the forced removal of Native Americans from most parts of the state.[45]

Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the New England states.[46]

Statehood

The Erie Canal facilitated the travel of both Yankee settlers and European immigrants to Wisconsin Territory. Yankees from New England and upstate New York seized a dominant position in law and politics, enacting policies that marginalized the region's earlier Native American and French-Canadian residents.[47] Yankees also speculated in real estate, platted towns such as Racine, Beloit, Burlington, and Janesville, and established schools, civic institutions, and Congregationalist churches.[48][49][50] At the same time, many Germans, Irish, Norwegians, and other immigrants also settled in towns and farms across the territory, establishing Catholic and Lutheran institutions.

The growing population allowed Wisconsin to gain statehood on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state. Between 1840 and 1850, Wisconsin's non-Indian population had swollen from 31,000 to 305,000. More than a third of residents (110,500) were foreign born, including 38,000 Germans, 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales, and 21,000 Irish. Another third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. Only about 63,000 residents in 1850 had been born in Wisconsin.[51]

Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government.[52] He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers.[52] During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.[52] Dewey, an abolitionist, was the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories.[52]

Civil War

The Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, held the nation's first meeting of the Republican Party.

Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri, was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional.[53] The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by anti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events.[54] During the Civil War, around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.[55]

Economic progress

Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882

Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s.[56] Meanwhile, the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.[57] These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.

The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in Chase was built in 1903, as dairy farming spread across the state.

Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as "America's Dairyland".[58] Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped re-establish the state's forests during the early 20th century,[59] paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and tool-making, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910.[60]

20th century

Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette addresses an assembly, 1905

The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. La Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[61] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[62] and the first state income tax,[63] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW-Extension system at this time.[64] Later, UW economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[65]

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, citizens of Wisconsin were divided over issues such as creation of the United Nations, support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet Union's power. However, when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in 1949, public opinion began to move towards support for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion.[66]

Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state undertook welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[67] The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.

Two U.S. Navy battleships, BB-9 and BB-64, were named for the state.

Wisconsin, from an altitude of 206 nautical miles (237 statute miles; 382 km) at 7:43:39 AM CDT on March 11, 2012 during Expedition 30 of the International Space Station.

21st century

Wisconsin has been a swing state for much of the 21st century, with both Republicans and Democrats being elected statewide. The state voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election, and Joe Biden in 2020.[68]

Geography

Wisconsin is divided into five geographic regions.
The Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice Age glaciers.
Timms Hill is the highest natural point in Wisconsin at 1,951.5 ft (594.8 m); it is located in the Town of Hill, Price County.

Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.

With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the Niagara Escarpment that stretches from New York, the Black River Escarpment and the Magnesian Escarpment.[69][70][71]

In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation. Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo silt loam.[72]

Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.[73]

Climate

Köppen climate types of Wisconsin

Most of Wisconsin is classified as warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), while southern and southwestern portions are classified as hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches (100 cm) in the southern portions with up to 160 inches (410 cm) annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each year.[74]

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities [°F (°C)]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Green Bay 25/10
(−4/−12)
29/13
(−2/−11)
40/23
(5/−5)
55/35
(13/1)
67/45
(19/7)
76/55
(25/13)
81/59
(27/15)
79/58
(26/14)
71/49
(22/10)
58/38
(14/4)
43/28
(6/−2)
30/15
(−1/−9)
Hurley 19/0
(−7/−18)
26/4
(−4/−16)
36/16
(2/−9)
49/29
(9/−2)
65/41
(18/5)
73/50
(23/10)
76/56
(25/13)
75/54
(24/12)
65/46
(18/8)
53/35
(12/2)
36/22
(2/−6)
24/8
(−5/−14)
La Crosse 26/6
(−3/−14)
32/13
(0/−11)
45/24
(7/−4)
60/37
(16/3)
72/49
(22/9)
81/58
(27/14)
85/63
(29/17)
82/61
(28/16)
74/52
(23/11)
61/40
(16/4)
44/27
(7/−3)
30/14
(−1/−10)
Madison 27/11
(−3/−12)
32/15
(0/−9)
44/25
(7/−4)
58/36
(14/2)
69/46
(21/8)
79/56
(26/13)
82/61
(28/16)
80/59
(27/15)
73/50
(23/10)
60/39
(15/3)
45/28
(7/−2)
31/16
(−1/−9)
Milwaukee 29/16
(−2/−9)
33/19
(0/−7)
42/28
(6/−2)
54/37
(12/3)
65/47
(18/8)
75/57
(24/14)
80/64
(27/18)
79/63
(26/17)
71/55
(22/13)
59/43
(15/6)
46/32
(8/0)
33/20
(0/−7)
Superior[75] 21/2
(−6/−17)
26/6
(−3/−14)
35/17
(2/−8)
46/29
(8/-2)
56/38
(13/3)
66/47
(19/8)
75/56
(24/13)
74/57
(23/14)
65/47
(18/8)
52/36
(11/2)
38/23
(3/−5)
25/9
(−4/−13)
Climate data for Wisconsin (normals 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 66
(19)
69
(21)
89
(32)
97
(36)
109
(43)
106
(41)
114
(46)
108
(42)
104
(40)
95
(35)
84
(29)
70
(21)
114
(46)
Average high °F (°C) 23.9
(−4.5)
29.2
(−1.6)
40.6
(4.8)
55.5
(13.1)
67.3
(19.6)
76.3
(24.6)
80.4
(26.9)
78.2
(25.7)
69.8
(21.0)
56.9
(13.8)
41.2
(5.1)
27.5
(−2.5)
52.9
(11.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 15.0
(−9.4)
19.6
(−6.9)
30.5
(−0.8)
44.0
(6.7)
55.3
(12.9)
64.7
(18.2)
69.1
(20.6)
67.1
(19.5)
58.7
(14.8)
46.5
(8.1)
33.1
(0.6)
19.4
(−7.0)
43.6
(6.4)
Average low °F (°C) 3.7
(−15.7)
6.3
(−14.3)
18.3
(−7.6)
31.6
(−0.2)
42.6
(5.9)
52.4
(11.3)
57.2
(14.0)
55.0
(12.8)
47.1
(8.4)
36.2
(2.3)
23.7
(−4.6)
10.6
(−11.9)
31.8
(−0.1)
Record low °F (°C) −54
(−48)
−55
(−48)
−48
(−44)
−20
(−29)
7
(−14)
20
(−7)
27
(−3)
22
(−6)
10
(−12)
−7
(−22)
−34
(−37)
−52
(−47)
−55
(−48)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.15
(29)
1.03
(26)
1.80
(46)
2.63
(67)
3.54
(90)
4.17
(106)
3.79
(96)
3.78
(96)
3.75
(95)
2.38
(60)
2.00
(51)
1.27
(32)
31.29
(794)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.4
(29)
9.5
(24)
8.7
(22)
3.2
(8.1)
0.4
(1.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.8
(2.0)
4.9
(12)
10.2
(26)
48.7
(124)
Source: "Wisconsin State Climatology Office".

Demographics

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18201,444
18303,635151.7%
184030,945751.3%
1850305,391886.9%
1860775,881154.1%
18701,054,67035.9%
18801,315,45724.7%
18901,693,33028.7%
19002,069,04222.2%
19102,333,86012.8%
19202,632,06712.8%
19302,939,00611.7%
19403,137,5876.8%
19503,434,5759.5%
19603,951,77715.1%
19704,417,73111.8%
19804,705,7676.5%
19904,891,7694.0%
20005,363,6759.6%
20105,686,9866.0%
20205,893,7183.6%
Source: 1910–2020[76]
Wisconsin 2020 Population Density Map
Ethnic origins in Wisconsin

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5,822,434 on July 1, 2019, a 2.4% increase since the 2010 United States census.[77] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 150,659 people (i.e., 614,771 births minus 464,112 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 12,755 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 59,251 people, and migration from within the U.S. resulted in a net decrease of 72,006 people.[78]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 4,775 homeless people in Wisconsin.[79][80]

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity[81] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 78.6% 78.6
 
81.9% 81.9
 
Hispanic or Latino[lower-alpha 1] 7.6% 7.6
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 6.2% 6.2
 
7.3% 7.3
 
Asian 3.0% 3
 
3.6% 3.6
 
Native American 0.8% 0.8
 
2.0% 2
 
Pacific Islander 0.03% 0.03
 
0.1% 0.1
 
Other 0.3% 0.3
 
1.1% 1.1
 
Wisconsin historical population by race
Racial composition1990[82]2000[83]2010[84]2020[85]
White92.2%88.9%86.2%80.4%
Black5.0%5.7%6.3%6.4%
Asian1.1%1.7%2.3%3.0%
Native0.8%0.9%1.0%1.0%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
Other race0.9%1.6%2.4%3.1%
Two or more races1.3%1.8%6.1%

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 6.5% of Wisconsin's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (4.7%), Puerto Rican (0.9%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0.7%).[86] The five largest ancestry groups were: German (40.5%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (8.8%), Norwegian (7.7%), and English (5.7%).[87] German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau, and Vernon.[88] Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.[89]

Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next wave was dominated by "Yankees", migrants of English descent from New England and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics, and education. Between 1850 and 1900, the immigrants were mostly Germans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), Irish, and Poles. In the 20th century, a number of African Americans and Mexicans settled in Milwaukee; and after the end of the Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs.

The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state. Although German immigrants settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegian immigrants settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settled primarily in urban areas.[90] Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with a Native American majority.

African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. 86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents.[91]

33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[92]

Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.[93]

Birth data
Map of counties in Wisconsin by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Legend

Note: Births in table add to over 100%, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race or ethnicity of mother
Race 2013[94] 2014[95] 2015[96] 2016[97] 2017[98] 2018[99] 2019[100] 2020[101] 2021[102]
White: 55,485 (83.2%) 55,520 (82.7%) 55,350 (82.6%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-Hispanic White 49,357 (74.0%) 49,440 (73.6%) 49,024 (73.1%) 47,994 (72.0%) 46,309 (71.3%) 45,654 (71.2%) 44,784 (70.8%) 42,715 (70.5%) 43,991 (71.2%)
Black 6,956 (10.4%) 7,328 (10.9%) 7,386 (11.0%) 6,569 (9.9%) 6,864 (10.6%) 6,622 (10.3%) 6,859 (10.8%) 6,429 (10.6%) 5,964 (9.6%)
Asian 3,197 (4.8%) 3,333 (5.0%) 3,276 (4.9%) 3,220 (4.8%) 3,017 (4.6%) 3,155 (4.9%) 2,942 (4.6%) 2,870 (4.7%) 2,692 (4.3%)
American Indian 1,011 (1.5%) 980 (1.5%) 1,029 (1.5%) 689 (1.0%) 745 (1.1%) 707 (1.1%) 664 (1.0%) 573 (0.9%) 546 (0.9%)
Hispanic (of any race) 6,398 (9.6%) 6,375 (9.5%) 6,604 (9.9%) 6,504 (9.8%) 6,368 (9.8%) 6,365 (9.9%) 6,463 (10.2%) 6,438 (10.6%) 6,923 (11.2%)
Total Wisconsin 66,649 (100%) 67,161 (100%) 67,041 (100%) 66,615 (100%) 64,975 (100%) 64,098 (100%) 63,270 (100%) 60,594 (100%) 61,781 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

Religion in Wisconsin (2014)[103]
religion percent
Protestant
44%
Catholic
25%
Unaffiliated
25%
Jewish
1%
Eastern Orthodox
1%
Jehovah's Witness
1%
Islam
1%
Other faith
1%

The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations as of 2014 were:[104] Christian 81% (Protestant 50%, Roman Catholic 29%), Mormon 0.5%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5%, and unaffiliated 15%.

Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin were Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant.[105] As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,425,523), followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 414,326 members, and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 223,279 adherents.[106] The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the namesake synod with the fourth highest numbers of adherents in Wisconsin, has their headquarters in Waukesha, Wisconsin.[107]

Crime

Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/non-negligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.[108] Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis.[109] The state reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance rate (% solved) of 50%.[110] The state reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57%.

Government

The Wisconsin State Capitol is located on the isthmus between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona, in the city of Madison.

Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government, which is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state. Re-published every two years, copies are available from state legislators.

In a 2020 study, Wisconsin was ranked as the 25th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[111]

Executive

Privy Seal of Wisconsin

The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor, Tony Evers, assumed office on January 7, 2019. In addition to the governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Four members of the Wisconsin executive branch are Democrats. The Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin is a non-partisan position.

Legislative

The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate.

The Senate Chamber of the Wisconsin State Capitol

Judicial

Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance matters. The circuit courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the Wisconsin Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin.[112]

Federal

In the United States Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin. Wisconsin is divided into eight congressional districts.

Taxes

Wisconsin Budget (2021)

Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4% to 7.65%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.[113] Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001.

The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.

Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Until January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[114]

There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).

International relations

A Mexican consulate opened in Milwaukee on July 1, 2016.[115] Wisconsin has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of Chiba since 1990.[73]

Politics

United States presidential election results for Wisconsin[116]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party
No.%No.%No.%
2020 1,610,184 48.82% 1,630,866 49.45% 56,991 1.73%
2016 1,405,284 47.22% 1,382,536 46.45% 188,330 6.33%
2012 1,407,966 45.89% 1,620,985 52.83% 39,483 1.29%
2008 1,262,393 42.31% 1,677,211 56.22% 43,813 1.47%
2004 1,478,120 49.32% 1,489,504 49.70% 29,383 0.98%
2000 1,237,279 47.61% 1,242,987 47.83% 118,341 4.55%
1996 845,029 38.48% 1,071,971 48.81% 279,169 12.71%
1992 930,855 36.78% 1,041,066 41.13% 559,193 22.09%
1988 1,047,499 47.80% 1,126,794 51.41% 17,315 0.79%
1984 1,198,800 54.19% 995,847 45.02% 17,369 0.79%
1980 1,088,845 47.90% 981,584 43.18% 202,792 8.92%
1976 1,004,987 47.83% 1,040,232 49.50% 56,117 2.67%
1972 989,430 53.40% 810,174 43.72% 53,286 2.88%
1968 809,997 47.89% 748,804 44.27% 132,737 7.85%
1964 638,495 37.74% 1,050,424 62.09% 2,896 0.17%
1960 895,175 51.77% 830,805 48.05% 3,102 0.18%
1956 954,844 61.58% 586,768 37.84% 8,946 0.58%
1952 979,744 60.95% 622,175 38.71% 5,451 0.34%
1948 590,959 46.28% 647,310 50.70% 38,531 3.02%
1944 674,532 50.37% 650,413 48.57% 14,207 1.06%
1940 679,206 48.32% 704,821 50.15% 21,495 1.53%
1936 380,828 30.26% 802,984 63.80% 74,748 5.94%
1932 347,741 31.19% 707,410 63.46% 59,657 5.35%
1928 544,205 53.52% 450,259 44.28% 22,367 2.20%
1924 311,614 37.06% 68,115 8.10% 461,097 54.84%
1920 498,576 71.10% 113,422 16.17% 89,282 12.73%
1916 220,822 49.39% 191,363 42.80% 34,949 7.82%
1912 130,596 32.65% 164,230 41.06% 105,149 26.29%
1908 247,747 54.52% 166,662 36.67% 40,032 8.81%
1904 280,315 63.21% 124,205 28.01% 38,921 8.78%
1900 265,760 60.06% 159,163 35.97% 17,578 3.97%
1896 268,135 59.93% 165,523 37.00% 13,751 3.07%
1892 171,101 46.05% 177,325 47.72% 23,155 6.23%
1888 176,553 49.79% 155,232 43.77% 22,829 6.44%
1884 161,135 50.38% 146,453 45.79% 12,247 3.83%
1880 144,398 54.04% 114,644 42.91% 8,145 3.05%
1876 130,067 50.57% 123,926 48.19% 3,184 1.24%
1872 104,994 54.60% 86,477 44.97% 834 0.43%
1868 108,900 56.25% 84,703 43.75% 0 0.00%
1864 83,458 55.88% 65,884 44.12% 0 0.00%
1860 86,113 56.59% 65,021 42.73% 1,049 0.69%
1856 66,090 55.30% 52,843 44.22% 579 0.48%
1852 22,210 34.34% 33,658 52.04% 8,814 13.63%
1848 13,747 35.10% 15,001 38.30% 10,418 26.60%

During the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican state; in fact, it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the coalition. The Bennett Law campaign of 1890 dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. Many Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the law.[117]

Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, Robert La Follette and the Progressive movement, and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy. From the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was referred to as "sewer socialism" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence faded in the late 1950s largely because of the red scare and racial tensions.[118] The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948 to 1960. Succeeding Frank Zeidler, the last of Milwaukee's Socialist mayors, Henry Maier, a former Wisconsin State Senator and member of the Democratic Party was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1960. Maier remained in office for 28 years, the longest-serving mayor in Milwaukee history. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War.

Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001, and Congressman David Obey.[119]

Some have argued the state has experienced democratic backsliding since 2011.[120][121][122] Some political scientists classify Wisconsin as a hybrid regime;[120] the state's House of Representative and legislature elections are considered to be free but not fair, with districts undergoing "extreme partisan gerrymanders" to entrench Republicans "beyond electoral rotation".[120][121][123]

Dan Kaufman writes that Wisconsin has been transformed:[124]

...into what the journalist David Daley calls a 'democracy desert'—a place where voters stand little chance of effecting political change.

and that:[124]

In its most recent biannual report, the Electoral Integrity Project, which measures the democratic attributes of electoral systems, gave Wisconsin’s district maps twenty-three points out of a hundred, the worst rating of any state in the country. The score is on par with that of the Democratic Republic of the Congo."

Ginsburg and Huq (2018) write that Wisconsin's political system compromises a mixed regime and is a:[120]

..."blurred and imperfect" [boundary] between democracy and its alternatives.

while noting that:[120]

In Wisconsin, even accepting the most extreme assertations of partisan gerrymandering, it remains the case that [it] can lead to some measure of democratic rotation of power. Among these are primary elections, which can be competitive even if a general election is [intentionally designed to be] not, as well as municipal and statewide ballots.

Federal elections

A middle-aged man in a white shirt and black and yellow striped tie speaks into a microphone on stage in front of a crowd.
Wisconsin congressman Paul Ryan was the 2012 Republican Party nominee for vice-president.

In 2020, Wisconsin leaned back in the Democratic party's direction as Joe Biden won the state by an even narrower margin of 0.7%. Biden's win was largely carried by Milwaukee and Dane counties with the rural areas of the state being carried by Trump.[125]

Wisconsin has leaned Democratic in recent presidential elections, although Donald Trump managed to win the state in 2016 by a narrow margin of 0.8%. This marked the first time Wisconsin voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1984, when every state except Minnesota and Washington D.C. went Republican. In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan, a native of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Obama nevertheless carried Wisconsin by a margin of 53% to 46%. Both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were quite close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising, in accord with its status as a "swing", or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. Barack Obama carried the state in 2008 by 381,000 votes (56%).

Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time the Republican Party had taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the powerful House Appropriations Committee.[126] However, Obey retired and the once-Democratic seat was taken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010. The 2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's office and both houses of the state legislature. Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator Russ Feingold and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 5–3 Republican majority House delegation.

State elections

The 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 led to large protests around the state capitol building in Madison.[127]

At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor Jim Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly, Republicans retained a five-vote majority. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a 52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1986 that the governor and state legislature were both Democratic.[128]

With the election of Scott Walker in 2010, Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship, the first time all three changed partisan control in the same election. His first year in office saw the introduction of the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10, which removed collective bargaining rights for state employees. On February 14, 2011, the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill that would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 billion deficit. The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day for months and garnered international attention. The Assembly passed the bill 53–42 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to the Governor for his signature.[129] In response to the bill, enough signatures were gathered to force a recall election against Governor Walker. Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won the Democratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker won the election by 53% to 46% and became the first governor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election. Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law,[130] abortion restrictions,[131] and legislation removing certain gun controls.[132][133][134]

Following the 2014 general election on November 4, 2014, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Attorney General and State Treasurer were all Republicans, while the Secretary of State was a Democrat.[135] However, Walker was defeated for a third term in 2018 by Democrat Tony Evers. Democratic U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin was also elected to a second term and Democrats won all constitutional statewide offices on the ballot including Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, and State Treasurer, the first time this happened in Wisconsin since 1982. When Walker lost re-election in 2018, he collaborated with the gerrymandered Republican legislature to strip powers from the incoming Governor and Attorney General.[136]

Economy

The U.S. Bank Center in downtown Milwaukee is home to the headquarters of Foley & Lardner, Robert W. Baird & Company, Sensient Technologies Corporation, and is the Milwaukee office for U.S. Bank, IBM, and CBRE.

In 2019 Wisconsin's gross state product was $349.416 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.[137] The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.[138] Manufacturing accounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion that is third among all states.[139] The per capita personal income was $35,239 in 2008. In March 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 3.4% (seasonally adjusted).[140]

In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were:

  1. Walmart
  2. University of Wisconsin–Madison
  3. Milwaukee Public Schools
  4. U.S. Postal Service
  5. Wisconsin Department of Corrections
  6. Menards
  7. Marshfield Clinic
  8. Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs
  9. Target Corporation, and
  10. City of Milwaukee.[141]

Agriculture

Corn planting in Wisconsin

Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.[142][143] It is second in milk production, after California,[144] and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and Vermont.[145] Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.[146] The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries,[147] ginseng,[148] and snap beans for processing. It grows more than half the national crop of cranberries.[147] and 97% of the nation's ginseng.[148] Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design.[149] The state annually selects an "Alice in Dairyland" to promote the state's agricultural products around the world.[150]

A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known brands such as Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods alone employs more than 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller Brewing Company—the nation's second-largest brewer—until it merged with Coors. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.

Badger State
State Animal: Badger
State Domesticated
Animal:
Dairy cow
State Wild Animal: White-tailed deer
State Beverage: Milk
State Dairy Product: Cheese[151]
State Fruit: Cranberry
State Bird: Robin
State Capital: Madison
State Dog: American water spaniel
State pro football team: Green Bay Packers
State pro baseball team: Milwaukee Brewers
State pro basketball team: Milwaukee Bucks
State pro hockey team: Milwaukee Admirals
State Fish: Muskellunge
State Flower: Wood violet
State Fossil: Trilobite
State Grain: Corn
State Insect: European honey bee
State Motto: Forward
State Song: "On, Wisconsin!"
State Tree: Sugar maple
State Mineral: Galena (Lead sulfide)
State Rock: Red granite
State Soil: Antigo silt loam
State Dance: Polka
State Symbol of
Peace:
Mourning dove
State microbe Lactococcus lactis
State Pastry: Kringle

Manufacturing

Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing economy, with special focus on transportation and capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company; Mercury Marine; Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; John Deere; Briggs & Stratton; Milwaukee Electric Tool Company; Miller Electric; Caterpillar Inc.; Joy Global; Oshkosh Corporation; Harley-Davidson; Case IH; S. C. Johnson & Son; Ashley Furniture; Ariens; and Evinrude Outboard Motors.

Consumer goods

Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other consumer goods. Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey, Inc. Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km) stretch.

The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy, with key players such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, and TomoTherapy.

Tourism

State welcome sign

Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin—the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green, Circus World Museum in Baraboo, and The Dells of the Wisconsin River draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention, along with hundreds of thousands of visitors.[152]

Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is very popular. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.[153]

The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door County. Door County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of natural harbors, bays, and boat launches on both the Green Bay and Lake Michigan sides of the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws more than two million visitors yearly[154] to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.[155]

Film industry

On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take advantage was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million on the film, it was reported that most of it went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's making.[156] During this period, the movie Transformers: Dark of the Moon also used Milwaukee as a filming location.[157] This incentive was eliminated in 2013.[158]

Energy

Wisconsin has no production of oil, gas, or coal.[159] Its in-state electrical generation is mostly from coal. Other important electricity sources are natural gas and nuclear.[159]

The state has a mandate that ten percent of its electrical energy come from renewable sources by the end of 2015.[160] This goal has been met, but not with in-state sources. As of 2014, a third of that ten percent comes from out of state sources, mostly wind generated electricity from Minnesota and Iowa. The state has agnostic policies for developing wind power in state.[161]

Transportation

Airports

Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of general aviation airports. Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport is the largest international commercial airport located in Wisconsin.

Intercity bus service

Wisconsin is served by multiple intercity bus operators, which provide service to 71 stops and 53 cities. The following carriers provide scheduled bus service: Amtrak Thruway, Badger Bus, Flixbus, Greyhound Lines, Indian Trails, Jefferson Lines, Lamers Bus Lines, Megabus, Van Galder Bus Company, and Wisconsin Coach Lines.[162]

Major highways

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for planning, building and maintaining the state's highways. Eight Interstate Highways are located in the state.

Rail service

Map Showing Lines of The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company c 1907

Amtrak provides daily passenger rail service between Chicago and Milwaukee through the Hiawatha Service. Also provided is cross-country service via the Empire Builder with stops in several cities across Wisconsin.[163] Commuter rail provider Metra's Union Pacific North (UP-N) line has its northern terminus in Kenosha, the only Metra line and station in the state of Wisconsin.[164] The Hop, a modern streetcar system in Milwaukee, began service in 2018. The 2.1 mile (3.4 km) initial line runs from Milwaukee Intermodal Station to Burns Commons. The system is expected to be expanded in the future.

Important municipalities

Wisconsin counties

Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the Greater Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's population.[165] With more than 590,000 residents, Milwaukee is the 30th-largest city in the country.[166] The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis.

With a population of nearly 260,000, Madison is consistently ranked as one of the most livable cities in both the state and country and is the fastest-growing city in Wisconsin.[167][168]

Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.[169]

Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self-government.

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Wisconsin
Rank Name County Pop.
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
Madison
Madison
1MilwaukeeMilwaukee577,222 Green Bay
Green Bay
Kenosha
Kenosha
2MadisonDane269,840
3Green BayBrown107,395
4KenoshaKenosha99,986
5RacineRacine77,816
6AppletonOutagamie75,644
7WaukeshaWaukesha71,158
8Eau ClaireEau Claire69,421
9OshkoshWinnebago66,816
10JanesvilleRock65,615

Education

Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.[171]

Wisconsin private universities & colleges map

Today, public post-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with the flagship university University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System. Private colleges and universities include Alverno College, Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll University, Carthage College, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University, Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St. Norbert College, Wisconsin Lutheran College, Viterbo University, and others.

Culture

Music stage at Summerfest, 1994
Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green

Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read "America's Dairyland" since 1940)[172] have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads", and to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese.

Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest, Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Polka Days, Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, Wisconsin Highland Games, and many others.[173]

Music

Wisconsin's music festivals include Eaux Claires,[174] Country Fest, Country Jam USA, the Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes,[174] and Country USA. Milwaukee hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest Music Festival", every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, as are a summer-long array of ethnic musical festivals. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists.[175]

Architecture

The Milwaukee Art Museum, with its brise soleil designed by Santiago Calatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. Monona Terrace in Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Wisconsin native Frank Lloyd Wright.[176] Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.

With the immigration of northern Europeans into Wisconsin and the upper Midwest, they brought the techniques of building Log homes with them.[177]

Alcohol culture

Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, consumption of alcohol per state, and proportion of drinkers. Consumption per-capita per-event, however, ranks low among the nation; number of events (number of times alcohol is involved) is significantly higher or highest, but consumption at each event smaller, marking Wisconsin's consumption as frequent and moderate.[178] Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the long-standing presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin.

In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions.[179] The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21) may not drive after consuming alcohol.[180]

On September 30, 2003, the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure.[181] The Wisconsin Tavern League opposes raising the alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this situation.[182]

Recreation

The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but three other states—Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.[183] The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan off Wisconsin and is the site of a large number of historically significant shipwrecks.[184][185][186]

Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer-hunting licenses are sold.[187] In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be between 1.5 and 1.7 million.

Sports

Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau, who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field.[188]

American Family Field is the home stadium of Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Brewers.

The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, play in American Family Field in Milwaukee, the successor to Milwaukee County Stadium since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998 season. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major League teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season in the newly founded American League in 1901 before moving to St. Louis and becoming the Browns, who are now the Baltimore Orioles. Milwaukee was also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved from Boston from 1953 to 1965, winning the World Series in 1957 and the National League pennant in 1958, before they moved to Atlanta.[189]

The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Fiserv Forum. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971 and 2021.[190]

The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Sky Carp of the High-A minor leagues). In addition to these affiliated minor league teams, Wisconsin has the American Association of Professional Baseball 2020 Championship team, the Milwaukee Milkmen based in Franklin,[191] and in 2022 the Lake Country Dockhounds will begin playing in Oconomowoc.[192] Wisconsin is also home to the Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Fond du Lac Dock Spiders, the Green Bay Booyah, the Kenosha Kingfish, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiate all-star summer league. In addition to the Packers, Green Bay is also the home to an indoor football team, the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL. The state is home to the seven-time MISL/MASL Champion Milwaukee Wave.[193]

Wisconsin is also home to Forward Madison FC, which is a professional soccer team that plays in the USL League One.

Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the Panthers of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The Wisconsin Badgers football former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made trips to college basketball's Final Four in 2000, 2014, and 2015. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles.

The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's other major collegiate program, is known for its men's basketball team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in 1977. The team returned to the Final Four in 2003.

Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference at the Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of March 30, 2015.[194]

The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from Eau Claire, and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior. The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August.

Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis, Wisconsin, held races there that considerably predate the Indy 500.[195]

Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927.[196]

Sheboygan is home to Whistling Straits golf club which has hosted PGA Championships in 2004, 2010 and 2015 and the Ryder Cup golf competition between USA and Europe in 2020.[197] The Greater Milwaukee Open, later named the U.S. Bank Championship in Milwaukee, was a PGA Tour tournament from 1968 to 2009 held annually in Brown Deer. In 2017, Erin Hills, a golf course in Erin, Wisconsin, approximately 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee, hosted the U.S. Open.[198]

See also

Notes

  1. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

References

  1. Dornfeld, Margaret; Hantula, Richard (2010). Wisconsin: It's my state!. Marshall Cavendish. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-60870-062-2. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  2. Urdang, Laurence (1988). Names and Nicknames of Places and Things. Penguin Group USA. p. 8. ISBN 9780452009073. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015. "America's Dairyland" A nickname of Wisconsin
  3. Kane, Joseph Nathan; Alexander, Gerard L. (1979). Nicknames and sobriquets of U.S. cities, States, and counties. Scarecrow Press. p. 412. ISBN 9780810812550. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Wisconsin—America's Dairyland, The Badger State ...The Copper State
  4. Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Wisconsin Encyclopedia, American Guide. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 10. ISBN 9781878592613. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Nicknames Wisconsin is generally known as The Badger State, or America's Dairyland, although in the past it has been nicknamed The Copper State.
  5. "Wisconsin State Symbols" Archived February 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine in Wisconsin Blue Book 2005–2006, p. 966.
  6. https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html
  7. "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  8. Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  9. Schneider, Mike. "Census: Wisconsin retains its 8 seats in Congress as South gains, Midwest loses". madison.com. Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  10. Bureau, US Census. "Historical Apportionment Data Map". Census.gov. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  11. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  12. "Wisconsin Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". wisconsinpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  13. "Census: Madison, suburbs top list of fastest-growing cities in Wisconsin". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  14. "QuickFacts Wisconsin; United States". census.gov. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  15. "American Indians in Wisconsin – Overview". Wisconsin Department of Health Services. August 12, 2014. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  16. "Germans in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Historical Society. August 3, 2012. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  17. Gordon, Scott (November 4, 2016). "How Scandinavians Transformed The Midwest, And The Midwest Transformed Them Too". WisContext. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  18. "German and Scandinavian Immigrants in the American Midwest". Washington State University. Washington State University. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  19. "The 20th-century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  20. "wisconsin.uk". Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  21. Our Fifty States.
  22. Matthews, Christopher. "The 3 Best and 3 Worst States in America for Drinking". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  23. White, Laurel (May 19, 2019). "High Tolerance: How State's Drinking Culture Developed". urbanmilwaukee.com. Wisconsin Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  24. Adams, Barry. "Ginseng continues rebound in central Wisconsin". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  25. "Evers announces $10M to promote tourism industry in Wisconsin". WDJT-TV. August 3, 2021. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  26. "Wisconsin". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  27. "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 28, 2005. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  28. Marquette, Jacques (1673). "The Mississippi Voyage of Jolliet and Marquette, 1673". In Kellogg, Louise P. (ed.). Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 235. OCLC 31431651. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
  29. Smith, Alice E. (September 1942). "Stephen H. Long and the Naming of Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 26 (1): 67–71. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  30. McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames Archived September 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Onoma 38: 39–56
  31. Vogel, Virgil J. (1965). "Wisconsin's Name: A Linguistic Puzzle". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 48 (3): 181–186. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  32. Theler, James; Boszhardt, Robert (2003). Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-87745-847-0.
  33. Birmingham, Robert; Eisenberg, Leslie (2000). Indian Mounds of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-0-299-16870-4.
  34. Birmingham 2000, pp. 152–56
  35. Birmingham 2000, pp. 165–67
  36. Boatman, John (1987). "Historical Overview of the Wisconsin Area: From Early Years to the French, British, and Americans". In Fixico, Donald (ed.). An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indian History. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. OCLC 18188646.
  37. Rodesch, Gerrold C. (1984). "Jean Nicolet". University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  38. "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: Arrival of the First Europeans". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  39. Jaenen, Cornelius (1973). "French colonial attitudes and the exploration of Jolliet and Marquette". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 56 (4): 300–310. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  40. "Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Langlade, Charles Michel". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  41. Anderson, D. N. (March 23, 1970). "Tank Cottage". NRHP Inventory-Nomination Form. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  42. Wisconsin, a Guide to the Badger State page 188
  43. Nesbit, Robert (1973). Wisconsin: A History. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 62–64. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2.
  44. "Badger Nickname". University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on March 23, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  45. Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin: a history. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2.
  46. Wisconsin, a Guide to the Badger State page 197
  47. Murphy, Lucy Eldersveld (2014). Great Lakes Creoles: a French-Indian community on the northern borderlands, Prairie du Chien, 1750–1860. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–147. ISBN 9781107052864.
  48. The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865 by Lois Kimball Mathews page 244
  49. New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 77
  50. "When is Daddy Coming Home?": An American Family During World War II By Richard Carlton Haney page 8
  51. Robert C. Nesbit. Wisconsin: A History. 2nd ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, p. 151.
  52. Toepel, M. G. (1960). "Wisconsin's Former Governors, 1848–1959". In Kuehn, Hazel L. (ed.). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1960. Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. pp. 71–74. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
  53. Legler, Henry (1898). "Rescue of Joshua Glover, a Runaway Slave". Leading Events of Wisconsin History. Milwaukee, Wis.: Sentinel. pp. 226–229. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  54. Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin: a history. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2.
  55. "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  56. Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin: a history. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2.
  57. Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin: a history. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 281, 309. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2.
  58. Buenker, John (1998). Thompson, William Fletcher (ed.). The Progressive Era, 1893–1914. History of Wisconsin. Vol. 4. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 25, 40–41, 62. ISBN 978-0-87020-303-9.
  59. "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Modern Environmental Movement". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  60. Buenker, John (1998). Thompson, William Fletcher (ed.). The Progressive Era, 1893–1914. History of Wisconsin. Vol. 4. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-87020-303-9.
  61. Ware, Alan (2002). The American direct primary: party institutionalization and transformation in the North. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-81492-8.
  62. Ranney, Joseph. "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace". Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  63. Stark, John (1987). "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 71 (1): 27–45. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  64. Stark, Jack (1995). "The Wisconsin Idea: The University's Service to the State". The State of Wisconsin Blue Book, 1995–1996. Madison: Legislative Reference Bureau. pp. 99–179. OCLC 33902087. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  65. Nelson, Daniel (1968). "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 51 (2): 109–21. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  66. A Short History of Wisconsin By Erika Janik page 149
  67. "Tommy Thompson: Human Services Reformer". ABC News. September 4, 2004. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  68. Rakich, Nathaniel (October 16, 2020). "Wisconsin Was Never A Safe Blue State". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  69. Lawrence Martin (1965). The physical geography of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-299-03475-7. Retrieved September 14, 2010. Black River Escarpment.
  70. "The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands of Wisconsin". Wisconsin Online. Archived from the original on February 9, 2001. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  71. Webcitation.org, Wisconline.com, September 14, 2010.
  72. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (April 1999). "Wisconsin State Soil: Antigo Silt Loam" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  73. "Sister-States and Cities". International Wisconsin. February 4, 2010. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  74. Benedetti, Michael. "Climate of Wisconsin". The University of Wisconsin–Extension. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  75. "Monthly Averages for Superior, WI (54880)—weather.com". Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  76. "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  77. "QuickFacts Wisconsin; UNITED STATES". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  78. "Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: July 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019". Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  79. "2007–2022 PIT Counts by State". Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  80. "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  81. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  82. Population Division, Laura K. Yax. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
  83. "Population of Wisconsin—Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts—CensusViewer". Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
  84. Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO). "2010 Census Data". Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  85. "2020 Decennial Census, Wisconsin, Table P1: Race". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  86. "2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  87. "2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  88. "Wisconsin Blue Book 2003–2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  89. ""Ancestry: 2000", U.S. Census Bureau" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2004. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  90. Miller, Frank H., "The Polanders in Wisconsin" Archived August 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Parkman Club Publications No. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.: Parkman Club, 1896; retrieved January 29, 2008.
  91. Slesinger, Doris P. "African Americans in Wisconsin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  92. "Wisconsin's Hmong Population" (PDF). University of Wisconsin–Madison Applied Population Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  93. U.S. Census website Archived December 27, 1996, at the Wayback Machine . Factfinder2.census.gov; retrieved August 2, 2013.
  94. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (January 15, 2015). "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 64 (1). CS253166. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  95. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (December 23, 2015). "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 64 (12). CS260962. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  96. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (January 5, 2017). "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 66 (1). CS272653. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  97. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (January 31, 2018). "Births: Final Data for 2016" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 67 (1). CS287854. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
  98. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (November 7, 2018). "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 67 (8). CS296610. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  99. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (November 27, 2019). "Births: Final Data for 2018" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 68 (13). CS310999. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  100. Joyce A. Martin; et al. (March 23, 2021). "Births: Final Data for 2019" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. NCHS. 70 (2). CS322077. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  101. "Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  102. "Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  103. "Religious Landscape Study". May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  104. Carroll, Brett E. (December 28, 2000). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Routledge Atlases of American History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92137-4.
  105. The Pew Forum. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, (Archived July 5, 2013), Appendix 1, p. 97. Pew Research Center, 2008.
  106. "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  107. "National Headquarters". Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  108. "Table 5—Crime in the United States 2009". .fbi.gov. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  109. Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis, formerly this was done by the Office of Justice Assistance, see Archived July 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  110. Oja.wi.gov (Archived April 26, 2012)
  111. J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. S2CID 225139517.
  112. "Wisconsin Court System—court system overview". Wicourts.gov. September 28, 2011. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  113. "County Sales Tax Distribution-2007". Wisconsin Department of Revenue. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  114. "Wisconsin Department of Revenue". Revenue.wi.gov. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  115. "Mexican Consulate to open in Milwaukee on July 1". jsonline.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  116. Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Wisconsin". US Election Atlas. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  117. Kellogg, Louise Phelps (September 1918). "The Bennett Law in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 2 (1): 3–25. JSTOR 4630124.
  118. Smith, Kevin D. (Spring 2003). "From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar Milwaukee". Michigan Historical Review. 29 (1): 71–95. doi:10.2307/20174004. JSTOR 20174004.
  119. Conant, James K. (March 1, 2006). "1". Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1548-1.
  120. Ginsburg, Tom; Huq, Aziz (2018). How to Save a Constitutional Democracy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–11, 13, 16, 22, 31. ISBN 9780226564388. Wisconsin's elections can be criticized along the third of these criteria, China's along all three. The result is a series of "blurred and imperfect" boundaries between democracy and its alternatives, in addition to myriad pathways away from democratic ordering toward one of a range of alternatives.
  121. Grumbach, Jacob M. (December 1, 2022). "Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding". American Political Science Review. 117 (3): 967–984. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000934. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 234000893.
  122. Levine, Sam (April 5, 2023). "Liberal judge's Wisconsin supreme court race win shows a shake-up in US politics". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  123. Tharoor, Ishaan (November 8, 2022). "U.S. democracy slides toward 'competitive authoritarianism'". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  124. "A High-Stakes Election in the Midwest's "Democracy Desert"". The New Yorker. March 28, 2023. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  125. "Live election results: 2020 Wisconsin results". www.politico.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  126. "David Obey, former U.S. Representative". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  127. Abby Sewell (February 27, 2011). "Protesters out in force nationwide to oppose Wisconsin's anti-union bill". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  128. Walters, S.; Marley, P. (November 9, 2008). "ELECTION 2008 Darling Wins Despite Tough Day for GOP Democrats to Control Assembly for First Time in 14 Years". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. Z3 via ProQuest.
  129. "Wisconsin Assembly passes bill to curb collective bargaining". CNN. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
  130. Governor Walker of Wisconsin signs right-to-work bill Archived February 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, nytimes.com, March 10, 2015.
  131. Stein, Jason (July 20, 2015). "Scott Walker Signs 20-Week Abortion Ban, Trooper Pay Raise". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  132. Stein, Jason (July 8, 2011). "Walker Signs Concealed-Carry Measure Into Law". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  133. Stein, Jason (December 7, 2011). "Walker Signs 'Castle Doctrine' Bill, Other Measures". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  134. Strauss, Daniel (June 24, 2015). "Scott Walker Signs Two Pro-Gun Bills". Politico. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  135. Wisconsin 2014 election results Archived January 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, wisconsinvote.org; accessed November 5, 2014.
  136. Johnson, Shawn (January 17, 2023). "Lawsuit challenging Wisconsin 'lame duck' law persists more than 4 years after it was passed". Wisconsin Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  137. "GDP by State". Fred Reserve of St. Louis. January 1997. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  138. EconPost, Manufacturing industry top 10 states by GDP (Archived June 25, 2012)
  139. EconPost, Manufacturing industry top states by percentage of state economy (Archived June 25, 2012)
  140. Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development. Wisconsin County Unemployment Rates: March 2017 Archived February 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 19, 2017
  141. "WORKnet—Major Employer". Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
  142. "Total Cheese Production Excluding Cottage Cheese—States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy Products Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, p. 13.
  143. "American Cheese Production—States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy Products Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, p. 14.
  144. "Milk Cows and Production—23 Selected States: March 2011 and 2012" in United States Department of Agriculture, Milk Production, p. 3.
  145. "Table 6: Per Capita Milk Production by State, 2003" in CITEC, The Dairy Industry in the U.S. and Northern New York Archived April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, p. 25.
  146. Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, Wisconsin's Rank in the Nations's Dairy Industry: 2007
  147. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wisconsin Ag News—Cranberries Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, June 27, 2017, p. 1.
  148. United States Department of Agriculture. 2012 Census of Agriculture: United States Summary and State Data, Vol. 1 Archived December 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: 2014, pp. 475–476.
  149. Walters, Steven. "Doyle flips decision, puts cow on quarter". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
  150. Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. Alice in Dairyland Archived May 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.
  151. Sherman, Elisabeth. "Wisconsin Finally Gets Around to Naming Cheese Their Official State Dairy Product". Food & Wine. Time Inc. Archived from the original on July 18, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  152. Birgit Leisen, "Image segmentation: the case of a tourism destination". Journal of services marketing (2001) 15#1 pp: 49–66 on Oshkosh.
  153. Aaron Shapiro, The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).
  154. Town of Sevastopol Comprehensive Plan 2028, November 2008, Chapter 4, page 11, (page 64 of the pdf) (Archived October 29, 2014)
  155. William H. Tishler, Door County's Emerald Treasure: A History of Peninsula State Park (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2006)
  156. ""Commerce study slams film incentives law" The Business Journal of Milwaukee March 31, 2009". Bizjournals.com. March 31, 2009. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  157. "'Transformers 3' takes over Milwaukee Art Museum". archive.jsonline.com. July 12, 2010. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  158. "Wisconsin state budget eliminates film credits". bizjournals.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  159. "U.S. Energy Information Administration—EIA—Independent Statistics and Analysis". Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
  160. Archived December 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Thinkprogress—Wisconsin hits renewable goal
  161. "As wind power industry grows, so does opposition—Walla Walla Union". December 20, 2014. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.
  162. "2023 Wisconsin Intercity Bus Map" (PDF). Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  163. "Empire Builder". Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  164. "Line Map | Metra". metrarail.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  165. Naylor. "Number and Percent of Total Population by Urban/Rural Categories for Wisconsin Counties: April 1, 2000". State of Wisconsin, Department of Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  166. "Milwaukee (city), Wisconsin". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014.
  167. "Census: Madison, suburbs top list of fastest-growing cities in Wisconsin". Madison.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  168. Wells, Kevin (March 7, 2019). "Three Wisconsin cities ranked in top-100 best places to live, per Livability". WTMJ-TV. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  169. Wisconsin Department of Revenue, "Wisconsin's Metropolitan Statistical Areas", Summer 2011.
  170. "Top 100 Biggest Wisconsin Cities By Population". biggestuscities.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  171. Rudolph, Frederick (1990). The American College and University: A History. The University of Georgia Press, Athens and London.
  172. Christopulos, Mike and Joslyn, Jay. "Legislators took license with ideas for slogan on plate" Milwaukee Sentinel 12-27-85; pg. 5, part 1
  173. "Wisconsin Fairs and Festivals—Travel Wisconsin". TravelWisconsin. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  174. "Wisconsin Country Music Festivals". Eaux Claires. Archived from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  175. "WAMI—Wisconsin Area Music Industry". Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  176. Pure Contemporary interview Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine with Anthony Puttnam
  177. "The History of the American Log Home". Hankering for History. April 27, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  178. Rick Romell (October 19, 2008). "Drinking deeply ingrained in Wisconsin's culture". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  179. "Alcohol Beverage Laws for Retailers, Underage Alcohol Questions". Wisconsin Department of Revenue. November 25, 2014. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014.
  180. "Wisconsin's Absolute Sobriety Law, What It Means And Its Consequences" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Platteville, WI. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  181. "Prohibited Blood Alcohol Concentration Reduced to .08" (PDF). Wisconsin Briefs from the Legislative Reference Bureau. December 2003. Brief 03–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  182. "Wasted in Wisconsin". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  183. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 2012. p. 223. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  184. "Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary Designation; Final Regulations". NOAA via Federal Register. June 23, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  185. "National Marine Sanctuaries media document: Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary Accessed 29 June 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  186. "NOAA News "NOAA designates new national marine sanctuary in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan," June 22, 2021 Accessed 29 June 2021". Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  187. "A Chronology Of Wisconsin Deer Hunting From Closed Seasons To Antlerless Permits" (Press release). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. November 12, 2005. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  188. Green Bay Packers, Inc., Fan Zone FAQ, accessed February 28, 2010. Archived March 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  189. "Story of the Braves—History". Atlanta Braves. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  190. NBA Hoops Online Bucks History Archived May 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, accessed February 17, 2015.
  191. "Milkmen Bring Home the Championship For Milwaukee". Milwaukee Magazine. September 18, 2020. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  192. Reichard, Kevin (June 10, 2021). "New for 2022: Lake Country DockHounds". Ballpark Digest. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  193. "Milwaukee Wave Professional Indoor Soccer". Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  194. "Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference". Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
  195. "Milwaukee Mile Website—History". Milwaukeemile.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  196. "Kenosha Velodrome Association". 333m.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  197. "Whistling Straits Named as Site for PGA Championships & Ryder Cup Matches". Cybergolf.com a CBS Sports partner. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  198. Greenstein, Teddy (July 5, 2014). "Erin Hills making changes in advance of 2017 U.S. Open". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.

Further reading

  • Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2005). The Almanac of American Politics, 2006. ISBN 978-0-89234-112-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Cross, John A. and Kazimierz J. Zaniewski. The Geography of Wisconsin (University of Wisconsin Press, 2022) online review
  • Current, Richard (2001). Wisconsin: A History. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07018-1.
  • Gara, Larry (1962). A Short History of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
  • Holmes, Fred L. (1946). Wisconsin. 5 vols. Chicago, IL.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Detailed popular history and many biographies.
  • Nesbit, Robert C. (1989). Wisconsin: A History (Rev. ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10800-7.
  • Pearce, Neil (1980). The Great Lakes States of America. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05619-8.
  • Quaife, Milo M. (1924). Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 1634–1924. 4 vols. Detailed popular history & biographies.
  • Raney, William Francis (1940). Wisconsin: A Story of Progress. New York: Prentice-Hall.
  • Robinson, Arthur H.; Culver, J. B., eds. (1974). The Atlas of Wisconsin.
  • Sisson, Richard, ed. (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34886-9.
  • Tuttle, Charles R (1875), An Illustrated History of the State of Wisconsin: Being a Complete Civil, Political, and Military History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875, Madison, WI: B. B. Russell.
  • Van Ells, Mark D. (2009). Wisconsin [On-The-Road Histories]. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-673-5.
  • Vogeler, I. (1986). Wisconsin: A Geography. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-492-4.
  • Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (2002). Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas.
  • Works Progress Administration (1941). Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State. Detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural history.
See additional books at History of Wisconsin

44°N 90°W / 44; -90 (State of Wisconsin)

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.