Emily Warren Roebling

Emily Warren Roebling (September 23, 1843 – February 28, 1903) was an engineer known for her contributions over a period of more than 10 years to the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge after her husband Washington Roebling developed caisson disease (a.k.a. decompression disease) and became bedridden. She served as a liaison and supervisor of construction through communicating between her husband and on-site personnel. Her husband was the chief engineer during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been designed by his late father, John A. Roebling.

For other people named Emily Warren, see Emily Warren (disambiguation).
Emily Warren Roebling
Brown-haired woman in 19th-century period long yellow dress with purple train in front of a brown backdrop
Portrait of Emily Warren Roebling by Carolus-Duran, Brooklyn Museum
Born(1843-09-23)23 September 1843
Cold Spring, New York, U.S.
Died28 February 1903(1903-02-28) (aged 59)
Known forcontribution to completion of the Brooklyn Bridge
SpouseWashington Roebling

Early life

Emily was born on September 23, 1843, to Sylvanus and Phebe Warren at Cold Spring, New York. She was the second-youngest of twelve children.[1] Emily's interest in pursuing education was supported by her older brother Major General Gouverneur K. Warren. The two siblings always had a close relationship.[2] She attended school at the Georgetown Visitation Academy in Washington, DC, now known as Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School.

In 1864, during the American Civil War, Emily visited her brother Gouverneur at his headquarters; Warren was commanding the Fifth Army Corps. At a soldiers' ball she attended during the visit, she became acquainted with Washington Roebling, a son of Brooklyn Bridge designer John A. Roebling. The younger man was also a civil engineer and was serving on her brother Gouverneur Warren's staff.[3]

On January 18, 1865, Emily and Washington married in Cold Spring, in a dual wedding ceremony with another of her Warren siblings and spouse.[4]

While John Roebling was starting his preliminary work on the Brooklyn Bridge, the newlyweds went to Europe to study the use of caissons for constructing the bridge.[3] In November 1867, Emily gave birth in Germany to the couple's only child, John A. Roebling II.[4]

Brooklyn Bridge

On their return from their European studies, Washington's father died in 1869 of tetanus, following an accident at the bridge site. Washington Roebling was assigned as chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge's construction.[5] As he immersed himself in the project, Washington developed decompression sickness, which was known at the time as "caisson disease", by going to underwater depths to study the placement of caissons and not rising at the proper speed.[6][7][8] It affected him so severely that he became bed-ridden.

As the only person to visit her husband during his sickness, Emily Roebling relayed information from Washington to his assistants and reported to him the progress of work on the bridge. She developed an extensive knowledge of strength of materials, stress analysis, cable construction, and calculating catenary curves through Washington's teachings.[9] She complemented her knowledge by her prior interest in and study of the bridge's construction when her husband had been appointed as chief engineer.

For the decade after Washington was confined to his sick bed, Roebling was dedicated to the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge. She took over much of the chief engineer duties, including day-to-day supervision and project management. Emily and her husband jointly planned the bridge's continued construction. She dealt with politicians, competing engineers, and all those associated with work on the bridge, to the point where people believed she was behind the bridge's design.[4][10]

In 1882, Washington's title of chief engineer was in jeopardy because of his extended illness. To allow him to retain his position, Roebling lobbied for him in meetings with engineers and politicians to defend her husband's work. To the Roeblings' relief, the politicians responded well and permitted Washington to remain chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge.

The Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1883. In advance of the official opening, carrying a rooster as a sign of victory, Emily Roebling was the first to cross the bridge by carriage.[11] At the opening ceremony, Roebling was honored in a speech by Abram Stevens Hewitt, who said that the bridge was

...an everlasting monument to the sacrificing devotion of a woman and of her capacity for that higher education from which she has been too long disbarred.[12]

Later life

Upon completion of her work on the Brooklyn Bridge, Roebling shifted to supporting several women's causes, including the Committee on Statistics of New Jersey's Board of Lady Managers for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Committee of Sorosis; Daughters of the American Revolution, George Washington Memorial Association, both of which worked on historical issues for the US; and Evelyn College.[13] This followed after the Roebling family moved to Trenton, New Jersey, the capital of the state and a center of activities.

Roebling also participated in social organizations such as the Relief Society during the Spanish–American War. She traveled widely—in 1896 she was presented to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and she was in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire, for the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II.[12] She also continued her education and received a law certificate from New York University.[14]

Roebling is known for her influential essay, "A Wife's Disabilities" (1899), published in the Albany Law Journal, which won wide acclaim and awards. In it, she argued for greater women's rights and railed against discriminatory practices targeted at women. She signed the essay with her husband's initials, W.A.R.[13][15] Until her death on February 28, 1903, Roebling spent her remaining time with her family and kept socially and mentally active.[14]

Tributes

Today the Brooklyn Bridge is marked with a plaque dedicated to the memory of Emily Warren Roebling, her husband Washington Roebling, and her father-in-law John A. Roebling.[16][17]

In 2018 The New York Times published a belated obituary for Roebling, part of a series of obituaries for women and minorities whose achievements had been overlooked at their deaths.[18]

References
  1. Roebling, Emily Warren: "Notes on the Warren Family" in the Appendix, Page 446, The Journal of the Reverend Silas Comfort, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1903
  2. Weingardt, Richard: Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers, page 56. ASCE Publications, 2005.
  3. Petrash, Antonia: More than Petticoats: Remarkable New York Women, page 80. Globe Pequot, 2001.
  4. Logan, Mary: The Part Taken by Women in American History, page 297. The Perry-Nalle Publishing Co., 1912.
  5. Petrash (2001), More than Petticoats, p. 82.
  6. Petrash, page 83
  7. Butler WP (2004). "Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 31 (4): 445–59. PMID 15686275. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2009-03-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. "Emily Warren Roebling | ASCE". www.asce.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  9. Weingardt, Richard: Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers, page 58. ASCE Publications, 2005.
  10. "Britannica Academic". academic.eb.com. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  11. David McCullough (November 1992). Brave Companions: Portraits in History. Simon & Schuster, 1992. p. 116. ISBN 0-671-79276-8.
  12. "ASCE Historic Civil Engineers: Emily Warren Roebling". asce.org.
  13. "American National Biography Online: Roebling, Emily Warren". www.anb.org. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  14. Petrash, page 88
  15. Roebling, Emily Warren (1899). "Albany Law Journal". LIX (April 15, 1899). Weed, Parsons & Company: 342–3. Retrieved February 23, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. Historical Marker Database, Photo of Emily Warren Roebling plaque
  17. Petrash, page 89
  18. Bennett, Jessica (8 March 2018). "Emily Warren Roebling, the Woman Behind the Man Who Built the Brooklyn Bridge". The New York Times.

Works
  • "Notes on the Warren Family", in The Journal of the Reverend Silas Constant. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1903; Appendix, Page 466

Further reading
  • Bennett, Jessica. "Emily Warren Roebling, 1843-1903", New York Times, March 8, 2018.
  • McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge. Simon and Schuster, 1972.
  • Wagner, Erica. Chief Engineer: Washington Roebling, The Man Who Built the Brooklyn Bridge. Bloomsbury, 2017.
  • Weigold, Marilyn. (1984). Silent Builder: Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge. Associated Faculty Press.
  • Stuart, John A. (April 1998). "Gender reconfigured: Emily Roebling and the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge". Architectural Theory Review: Journal of the Department of Architecture, the University of Sydney. 3 (1): 23–34.
  • Lewis, Anna M. (2014). Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers (1st ed.). Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. pp. 103–110. ISBN 9781613745083.
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