Empire Builder

The Empire Builder is a daily long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago and either Seattle or Portland via two sections west of Spokane. Introduced in 1929, it was the flagship passenger train of the Great Northern Railway and was retained by Amtrak when it took over intercity rail service in 1971.

For other uses, see Empire Builder (disambiguation).
Empire Builder
The Empire Builder at Maple Springs, Minnesota, in September 2018.
Overview
Service typeInter-city rail
LocaleMidwestern and Northwestern United States
First serviceJune 10, 1929 (1929-06-10)
Current operator(s)Amtrak
Former operator(s)Great Northern (1929–1970)
Burlington Northern (1970–1971)
Annual ridership303,568 (FY22) Increase 37.6%[lower-alpha 1][1]
Route
TerminiChicago, Illinois
Seattle, Washington or Portland, Oregon
Stops38 (Seattle–Chicago)
37 (Portland–Chicago)
Distance travelled2,206 miles (3,550 km) (Seattle–Chicago)
2,257 miles (3,632 km) (Portland–Chicago)
Average journey time
  • 45 hours, 10 minutes (Portland to Chicago)
  • 45 hours, 15 minutes (Seattle to Chicago)
  • 45 hours, 55 minutes (Chicago to Portland)
  • 46 hours, 10 minutes (Chicago to Seattle)[2]
Service frequencyDaily
Train number(s)7, 8 (Seattle–Chicago)
27, 28 (Portland–Chicago)
On-board services
Class(es)Coach Class
Sleeper Service
Disabled accessTrain lower level, all stations
Sleeping arrangements
  • Roomette (2 beds)
  • Bedroom (2 beds)
  • Bedroom Suite (4 beds)
  • Accessible Bedroom (2 beds)
  • Family Bedroom (4 beds)
Catering facilitiesDining car, Café
Observation facilitiesSightseer lounge car
Baggage facilitiesOverhead racks, checked baggage available at selected stations
Technical
Rolling stockGE Genesis
Siemens Charger
Superliner
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Operating speed50 mph (80 km/h) (avg.)
79 mph (127 km/h) (top)
Track owner(s)BNSF, CP, Metra, MNNR

The end-to-end travel time of the route is 45–46 hours for an average speed of about 50 mph (80 km/h), though the train travels as fast as 79 mph (127 km/h) over the majority of the route. It is Amtrak's busiest long-distance route.

During fiscal year 2022, the Empire Builder carried 303,568 passengers, an increase of 37.56% from FY2021[3] but 29.9% below pre-COVID-19 levels (433,372 passengers during FY2019[4]). During FY2022, the train had a total revenue of $49,600,000.

History
Empire Builder on the Stone Arch Bridge, Minneapolis, c. 1929.

The Great Northern Railway inaugurated the Empire Builder on June 10, 1929. It was named in honor of the company's founder, James J. Hill, who had reorganized several failing railroads into the only successful attempt at a privately funded transcontinental railroad. It reached the Pacific Northwest in the late 19th century, and for this feat, he was nicknamed "The Empire Builder".[5] Following World War II, Great Northern placed new streamlined and diesel-powered trains in service that cut the scheduled 2,211-mile trip between Chicago and Seattle from 58.5 hours to 45 hours.[6]

On May 27, 1931, the eastbound Empire Builder was struck by a tornado in Clay County, Minnesota. The train, carrying 117 passengers, had all of its cars, minus the locomotive and coal tender, thrown off the tracks by the tornado, with one car being thrown 80 feet (24 m) off the track. One passenger died, with 57 others injured.[7]

The schedule allowed riders views of the Cascade Mountains and Glacier National Park, a park established through the lobbying efforts of the Great Northern. Re-equipped with domes in 1955, the Empire Builder offered passengers sweeping views of the route through three dome coaches and one full-length Great Dome car for first class passengers.[8]

The train at Winona Junction, Wisconsin, in 1958

In 1970, the Great Northern merged with three other closely affiliated railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which assumed operation of the Builder. Amtrak took over the train when it began operating most intercity routes a year later. To improve its farebox recovery ratio, Amtrak shifted the Chicago–St. Paul leg to run through Milwaukee via the Milwaukee Road.[9] Before 1971, the Chicago–St. Paul leg used the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's mainline along the Mississippi River through Wisconsin. The service also used to operate west from the Twin Cities before turning northwest in Willmar, Minnesota, to reach Fargo.

Amtrak added a Portland section in 1981, with the train splitting in Spokane. This restored service to the line previously operated by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway.[10] It was not the first time that the train had operated Seattle and Portland sections; Great Northern had split the Builder in Spokane for much of the 1940s and 1950s.[11][12]

In 2005, Amtrak upgraded service to include a wine and cheese tasting in the dining car for sleeping car passengers and free newspapers in the morning.[13] Amtrak's inspector general eliminated some of these services in 2013 as part of a cost-saving measure.[14]

During summer months, on portions of the route, "Trails and Rails" volunteer tour guides in the lounge car give commentary on points of visual and historic interest that can be viewed from the train.[15]

After running daily for the better part of a century, the Empire Builder was cut back to tri-weekly operation along with most of Amtrak's other long-distance routes on October 12, 2020, as part of a round of service reductions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For most of the fall and winter of 2020–21, trains departed Chicago on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays and departed Seattle or Portland on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.[16] However, in March 2021, Amtrak announced the train would return to its pre-pandemic daily schedule on May 24, 2021.[17]

The westbound Empire Builder derailed near Joplin, Montana on September 25, 2021, with three fatalities.[18]

Ridership

The Empire Builder is Amtrak's most popular long-distance train. Over fiscal years 2007–2016, Empire Builder annual ridership averaged 500,000, with a high of 554,266 in FY 2008. Revenue peaked in FY 2013 at $67,394,779.[lower-alpha 2] About 65% of the cost of operating the train is covered by fare revenue, a rate among Amtrak's long-distance trains second only to the specialized East Coast Auto Train.[28]

Traffic by Fiscal Year (October–September)
RidershipChange over previous yearTicket RevenueChange over previous year
2007[29] 504,977-$53,177,760-
2008[29] 554,266Increase09.76%$59,461,168Increase011.81%
2009[29] 515,444Decrease07.0%$54,064,861Decrease09.07%
2010[30] 533,493Increase03.5%$58,497,143Increase08.19%
2011[30] 469,167Decrease012.05%$53,773,711Decrease08.07%
2012[31] 543,072Increase015.75%$66,655,153Increase023.95%
2013[31] 536,391Decrease01.23%$67,394,779Increase01.1%
2014[32] 450,932Decrease015.93%$54,545,844Decrease019.06%
2015[32] 438,376Decrease02.78%$50,541,140Decrease07.34%
2016[33] 454,625Increase03.7%$51,798,583Increase02.48%
2017[34] 454,000Decrease00.13%$59,000,000Increase013.9%
2018[35] 428,854Decrease05.53%$57,600,000Decrease02.37%
2019[35] 433,372Increase01.05%$57,500,000Decrease00.17%
2020[36] 253,486Decrease041.5%$32,400,000Decrease043.65%
2021[37] 220,681 Decrease012.94% $38,400,000 Increase018.52%
2022[38] 303,568 Increase037.56% $49,600,000 Increase029.17%

    Route
    The Portland section of the Empire Builder at Union Station in Portland, Oregon.

    The current Amtrak Empire Builder passes through Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. It makes service stops in Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Minot, North Dakota; and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Its other major stops include Vancouver, Washington; Whitefish, Montana; Williston, North Dakota; Fargo, North Dakota; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It uses BNSF Railway's Northern Transcon from Seattle to Minneapolis, Minnesota Commercial Railway from Minneapolis to St. Paul, the Canadian Pacific (former Milwaukee Road) from St. Paul to Rondout, Illinois, and Metra's Milwaukee District / North Line (former Milwaukee Road) from Rondout to Chicago. The St. Paul to Chicago portion currently follows the route of the former Twin Cities Hiawatha. In pre-Amtrak days it used the Twin Zephyrs routing.

    The Seattle section uses the Cascade Tunnel and Stevens Pass as it traverses the Cascade Range to reach Spokane, while the Portland section runs along the Washington side of the Columbia River Gorge. The cars from the two sections are combined at Spokane. The combined train then traverses the mountains of northeastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana, arriving in Whitefish in the morning. The schedule is timed so that the train passes through the Rocky Mountains (and Glacier National Park) during daylight – an occurrence that is more likely on the eastbound train during summer. Passengers can see sweeping views as the Builder travels along the middle fork of the Flathead River, crossing the Continental Divide at Marias Pass. After crossing Marias Pass, the Empire Builder leaves Glacier National Park and enters the Northern Plains of eastern Montana and North Dakota.

    The land changes from prairie to forest as it travels through Minnesota. From Minneapolis-St. Paul, the Builder crosses the Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota and passes through southeastern Minnesota cities on or near Lake Pepin before crossing the Mississippi again at La Crosse, Wisconsin. It passes through rural southern Wisconsin, turns south at Milwaukee, and ends at Chicago Union Station.

    The westbound Empire Builder leaves Chicago in early afternoon, arriving in Milwaukee just before the afternoon rush and in St. Paul in the evening. After traveling overnight through Minnesota, it spends most of the following day traveling through North Dakota and Montana, arriving at Glacier National Park in the early evening and splitting late at night in Spokane. The Seattle section travels through the Cascades overnight, arriving in Seattle in mid-morning. The Portland section arrives in the Tri-Cities just before breakfast and in Portland in mid-morning. The eastbound Seattle and Portland sections leave within five minutes of each other just before the afternoon rush, combining in Spokane and traveling through Montana overnight before arriving at Glacier National Park in mid-morning and Williston at dinner time. After traveling overnight through North Dakota and Minnesota, it arrives in St. Paul at breakfast time, Columbus/Madison at lunch time, Milwaukee in early afternoon and Chicago just before the afternoon rush.

    Stops at Milwaukee Airport and Sturtevant were added beginning March 21, 2020 to replace Hiawatha Service trains suspended due to the COVID-19-related drastic drop in demand.[39] Additionally, local travel was allowed between Chicago and Milwaukee. These adjustments lasted until the train resumed its normal schedule in May 2021.

    Empire Builder route map

    Flooding
    A GE Genesis in 40th-anniversary Phase I paint leads a stub Empire Builder out of St. Paul, Minnesota after floods suspended service west. (2011)

    The line has come under threat from flooding from the Missouri, Souris, Red, and Mississippi Rivers, and has occasionally had to suspend or alter service. Most service gets restored in days or weeks, but Devils Lake in North Dakota, which has no natural outlet, is a long-standing threat. The lowest top-of-rail elevation in the lake crossing is 1,455.7 ft (443.70 m).[40] In spring 2011, the lake reached 1,454.3 ft (443.27 m),[41] causing service interruptions on windy days when high waves threatened the tracks.

    BNSF, which owns the track, suspended freight operations through Devils Lake in 2009 and threatened to allow the rising waters to cover the line unless Amtrak could provide $100 million to raise the track. In that case, the Empire Builder would have been rerouted to the south, ending service to Rugby, Devils Lake, and Grand Forks.[42] In June 2011 agreement was reached that Amtrak and BNSF would each cover 1/3 of the cost with the rest to come from the federal and state governments.[43]

    In December 2011, North Dakota was awarded a $10 million TIGER grant from the US Department of Transportation to assist with the state portion of the cost.[44] Work began in June 2012, and the track is being raised in two stages: 5 feet in 2012, and another 5 feet in 2013. Two bridges and their abutments are also being raised. When the track raise is complete, the top-of-rail elevation will be 1,466 ft (446.84 m).[45] This is 10 feet above the level at which the lake will naturally overflow and will thus be a permanent solution to the Devils Lake flooding. In the spring and summer of 2011 flooding of the Souris River near Minot, North Dakota blocked the route in the latter part of June and for most of July. For some of that time the Empire Builder (with a typical consist of only four cars) ran from Chicago and terminated in Minneapolis/St Paul; to the west, the Empire Builder did not run east of Havre, Montana. (Other locations along the route also flooded, near Devils Lake, North Dakota and areas further west along the Missouri River.)

    Freight train interference

    An oil boom from the Bakken formation, combined with a robust fall 2013 harvest, led to a spike in the number of crude oil and grain trains using the Northern Transcon in Montana and North Dakota. The resulting congestion led to rampant delays for the Empire Builder, with the train running on time 44.5% in November 2013, the worst on-time performance of any Amtrak route and well below congressional standards. In some cases, the delays resulted in an imbalance of crew and equipment, forcing Amtrak to cancel runs of the Empire Builder.[46] By May 2014, only 26% of Empire Builder trains had arrived within 30 minutes of their scheduled time, with delays averaging between 3 and 5 hours.[47] In some cases, freight congestion and severe weather resulted in delays as long as 11 to 12 hours.[48] This was a marked change from past years in which the Empire Builder was one of the best on-time performers in the entire Amtrak system, ahead of even the flagship Acela Express.[49]

    Due to the increasingly severe delays, Amtrak adjusted the route's schedule west of St. Paul on April 15, 2014. Westbound trains left St. Paul later, while eastbound trains left Seattle/Portland approximately three hours earlier. Operating hours for affected stations were also officially adjusted accordingly. The Amtrak announcement also said that BNSF was working on adding track capacity, and it was anticipated that sometime in 2015 the Empire Builder could be returned to its former schedule. In January 2015, it was announced that the train would resume its normal schedule.[50][48]

    Even during the worst of the delays, the train has seen frequent patronage from workers in the Bakken fields and their families who board and detrain in Williston. Passengers travel from as far as the Pacific Northwest.[51]

    Former stops
    In the cab of the Empire Builder, 1974. Photo by Charles O'Rear.

    In 1970, the construction and filling of Lake Koocanusa necessitated the realignment of 60 miles of track between Stryker, Montana, and Libby, Montana, and the construction of Flathead Tunnel, leading the Empire Builder to drop service to Eureka, Montana. The Empire Builder also served Troy, Montana, until February 15, 1973.

    On October 1, 1979, the Empire Builder was rerouted to operate over the North Coast Hiawatha's old route between Minneapolis and Fargo, North Dakota. With this alignment change, the Empire Builder dropped Willmar, Minnesota; Morris, Minnesota; and Breckenridge, Minnesota, while adding St. Cloud, Minnesota; Staples, Minnesota; and Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.

    Another alignment change came on October 25, 1981, when the Seattle section was rerouted from the old Northern Pacific (which had also become part of the BN in 1970) to the Burlington Northern Railroad's line through the Cascade Tunnel over Stevens Pass. This change eliminated service to Yakima, Washington; Ellensburg, Washington; and Auburn, Washington.[52] This change also introduced the Portland section, which returned service to the former Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railroad line (which became part of BN in 1970) along the Washington shore of the Columbia River. The route kept Pasco, but added Wishram, Bingen-White Salmon, and Vancouver (all in Washington) to the route. From Vancouver, the Portland section of the Empire Builder uses the same route as the Coast Starlight and Cascades trains to Portland Union Station.

    It has been proposed that the Empire Builder and Hiawatha Service trains servicing Glenview, Illinois have their station stop be shifted one station north to the Metra station at North Glenview, to eliminate stops which block traffic on Glenview Road. North Glenview would have to be modified to handle additional traffic, and the move depends on commitments from Glenview, the Illinois General Assembly, and Metra.[53] In Minnesota, the Empire Builder returned to Saint Paul Union Depot on May 7, 2014, 43 years after it last served the station the day before the start of Amtrak. Renovation of the 1917 Beaux Arts terminal was undertaken in 2011, continuing through 2013, resulting in a multi-mode terminal used by Jefferson Lines, Greyhound Lines, commuter bus and the Metro Green Line, providing a light rail connection to downtown Minneapolis.[54] The station replaced Midway Station which opened in 1978 after the initial abandonment of Saint Paul Union Depot in 1971 and the demolition of Minneapolis Great Northern Depot in 1978.

    Equipment

    Current equipment
    Empire Builder crosses the Two Medicine Trestle at East Glacier Park, Montana, 2011

    Like all long-distance trains west of the Mississippi River, the Empire Builder uses bilevel Superliner passenger cars (except for the baggage car). The Empire Builder was the first train to be fully equipped with Superliners, with the first run occurring on October 28, 1979.[55]

    A typical Empire Builder consist includes:[56]

    • Two or three GE Genesis or Siemens Charger ALC-42 locomotives
    • Viewliner baggage car
    • Superliner transition sleeper car
    • Two Superliner sleeper cars
    • Superliner diner
    • Superliner coach
    • Superliner Sightseer Lounge/café
    • Superliner coach
    • Superliner coach/baggage car
    • Superliner sleeper

    In Spokane, the westbound train is split: the locomotives, baggage car, and first six passenger cars continue on to Seattle as train 7, while a single locomotive is used to take the remaining cars (including the lounge/cafe) to Portland as train 27. Eastbound the sections are combined in a reverse fashion, with the Seattle section numbered as train 8 and the Portland section as train 28. During peak travel periods, an additional coach is added to the rear of the train between Chicago and St. Paul. It is left overnight in St. Paul for the next day's return trip to pick up. This car is designated train 807 westbound and train 808 eastbound.

    Amtrak’s Siemens Charger ALC-42 locomotives were first used in revenue service on the Empire Builder on February 8, 2022.[57]

    Historical equipment
    The train along the Columbia River, c. 1947

    When first launched in 1929, the Great Northern provided new heavyweight consists. When the railway received five new streamlined trainsets in 1947, the old heavyweight sets were used to reintroduce the Oriental Limited. In 1951 the Empire Builder was re-equipped with six new streamlined trainsets; the 1947 cars were used to launch the Western Star, while the Oriental Limited was retired. When the GN acquired dome coaches in 1955, the 1951 coaches went to Western Star, while the 1947 coaches went to the pool of spare and extra-movement cars. Ownership of the cars on the Empire Builder was by-and-large split between the Great Northern and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), though a couple of cars in the original consists were owned by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (SP&S). In this consist, one of the 48-seat "chair" cars and one of the 4-section sleepers were used for the connection to Portland, while the rest of the consist connected to Seattle.

    The Great Northern coaches eventually found their way into state-subsidized commuter service for the Central Railroad of New Jersey after the Burlington Northern merger and remained until 1987 when NJ Transit retired its last E8A locomotive. Some of these cars remain in New Jersey. Some coaches were acquired from the Union Pacific; these also went to New Jersey. One of the 28 seat coach-dinette cars also remains in New Jersey and is stored near Interstate 78 wearing tattered Amtrak colors.

    Notes
    1. Amtrak's Fiscal Year (FY) runs from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the named year.
    2. Compiled from Amtrak's annual ridership and revenue reports.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

    Footnotes
    1. "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2022 Ridership" (PDF). Amtrak. November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
    2. "Amtrak Timetable Results". www.amtrak.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
    3. "Amtrak FY22 Ridership" (PDF).
    4. (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20210528210432/https://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/FY19-Year-End-Ridership.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-28. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
    5. Hidy et al. 2004, p. 180
    6. Hidy et al. 2004, p. 244
    7. Wheeler, John (27 May 2017). "Weather Talk: Anniversary of the Empire Builder tornado". Forum News Service. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
    8. Hidy et al. 2004, p. 272
    9. "Empire Builder Timeline". Great Northern Timeline. Great Northern Railway Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
    10. "Through Your Car Window - Westbound - On the Streamlined Empire Builder, Western Star and other Great Northern Trains". Great Northern Railway Page. Great Northern Railway. June 1953. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
    11. May 4, 1947 Great Northern timetable http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track7/empbuilder194706.html Archived 2019-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
    12. June 10, 1956 Great Northern timetable http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track7/empbuilder195607.html Archived 2019-11-30 at the Wayback Machine
    13. "Amtrak Empire Builder Relaunch". Amtrak Empire Builder. trainweb.com. August 1, 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
    14. "To See Why Amtrak's Losses Mount, Hop on the Empire Builder Train". msn.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
    15. "Trails & Rails". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
    16. "Long Distance Schedules Change to Tri-Weekly". Amtrak. Archived from the original on 2020-09-23.
    17. "With Increased Demand and Congressional Funding, Amtrak Restores 12 Long Distance Routes to Daily Service". March 10, 2021. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
    18. "Sheriff's office: At least 3 killed in Amtrak derailment". The Spokesman-Review. September 25, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
    19. "2016 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
    20. "2015 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    21. "2014 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    22. "2013 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    23. "2012 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    24. "2011 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    25. "2010 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    26. "2006–2009 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    27. "2007–2008 Revenue" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
    28. "North Coast Hiawatha Passenger Rail Study" (PDF). Amtrak. October 16, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
    29. "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2009, Oct. 2008-Sept. 2009" (PDF). Trains Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
    30. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    31. "AMTRAK SETS RIDERSHIP RECORD AND MOVES THE NATION'S ECONOMY FORWARD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-24.
    32. "Amtrak FY15 Ridership & Revenue" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    33. "Amtrak FY16 Ridership & Revenue" (PDF). Amtrak. April 17, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
    34. "Amtrak FY17 Ridership" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
    35. "Amtrak FY19 Ridership" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-06. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
    36. Luczak, Marybeth (November 23, 2020). "Amtrak Releases FY 2020 Data". Railway Age. New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
    37. "Monthly Performance Report" (PDF).
    38. "Amtrak FY22 Ridership" (PDF).
    39. "Amtrak sets more cuts in Midwest, announces first changes on West Coast | Trains Magazine". TrainsMag.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
    40. "Railroad Grade Raise Planning and Feasibility Study" (PDF). April 8, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    41. "Devils Lake Gauge at Creel Bay". Archived from the original on 2022-01-16. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    42. "Devils Lake threatens Empire Builder". KFGO. April 23, 2010. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
    43. "Amtrak Service To Continue". WDAZ. June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    44. "ND Leaders Review Strategy to Raise DL Rail Line". February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    45. Bonham, Kevin. "Railroad raising underway in Devils Lake area". Grand Forks Herald. Bakken Today. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
    46. Tate, Curtis (December 23, 2013). "Freight trains force repeated delays on popular Amtrak route". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
    47. McCartney, Scott (June 18, 2014). "Amtrak Sees Delays Increase". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
    48. Justin Franz (January 13, 2015). "The Empire Builder is Back". Flathead Beacon. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
    49. Justin Franz (August 13, 2014). "Amtrak's Broken Builder". Flathead Beacon. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
    50. "Amtrak's Empire Builder back on schedule". Great Falls Tribune. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
    51. "Commuting by rail: Amtrak's Empire Builder gives Bakken oil field workers affordable option to travel home". Great Falls Tribune. February 14, 2014. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
    52. Sanders 2006, pp. 163–172
    53. "Amtrak eyes moving Ill. station". Railway Track & Structures. November 11, 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
    54. Black, Sam (December 10, 2009). "Mortenson team picked for $150M St. Paul Union Depot transit hub". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
    55. "Superliners Go Into Service On Empire Builder Route". Amtrak NEWS. 6 (12): 1. November 1979. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
    56. "Derailment of Amtrak Passenger Train 7 on BNSF Railway Track" (PDF). Railroad Investigation Report RIR-23-08. National Transportation Safety Board. July 5, 2023. p. 2.
    57. Franz, Justin (February 8, 2022). "Amtrak's New ALC-42s to Enter Service Today". Railfan and Railroad Magazine. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.

    References

    Further reading
    • Morgan, David P. (2016). "The Clean-Window Train". In McGonigal, Robert S. (ed.). Great Trains West. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 96–107. ISBN 978-1-62700-435-0.
    • Welsh, Joe (December 2000). "The Empire Builder: Seven decades of service". Trains. 60 (12): 72–80. ISSN 0041-0934.
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