Trastuzumab deruxtecan

Trastuzumab deruxtecan, sold under the brand name Enhertu, is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) covalently linked to the topoisomerase I inhibitor deruxtecan (a derivative of exatecan).[11][12] It is licensed for the treatment of breast cancer or gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.[12][13] Trastuzumab binds to and blocks signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) on cancers that rely on it for growth. Additionally, once bound to HER2 receptors, the antibody is internalized by the cell, carrying the bound deruxtecan along with it, where it interferes with the cell's ability to make DNA structural changes and replicate its DNA during cell division, leading to DNA damage when the cell attempts to replicate itself, destroying the cell.[13]

Trastuzumab deruxtecan
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHumanized
TargetHER2
Clinical data
Trade namesEnhertu
Other namesDS-8201a, fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem SID
DrugBank
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6460H9972N1724O2014S44.(C52H57F1N9O13)8

It was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2019,[12] in Japan in March 2020,[14] in the European Union in January 2021,[8][10] and in Australia in October 2021.[1]

Trastuzumab deruxtecan is the first approved therapy by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) targeted to people with the HER2-low breast cancer subtype subset of HER2-negative breast cancer.[15]

Medical uses

Trastuzumab deruxtecan is indicated for the treatment of adults with unresectable (unable to be removed with surgery) or metastatic (when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body) HER2-positive breast cancer who have received two or more prior anti-HER2-based regimens in the metastatic setting and for adults with locally advanced or metastatic HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma who have received a prior trastuzumab-based regimen.[12][13]

In May 2022, the indication was revised to include the treatment of adults with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer who have received a prior anti-HER2-based regimen either in the metastatic setting, or in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting and have developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing therapy.[16]

In August 2022, the indication was revised to include the treatment of unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer.[15]

Side effects and label warnings

The most common side effects are nausea, fatigue, vomiting, alopecia (hair loss), constipation, decreased appetite, anemia (hemoglobin in blood is below the reference range), decreased neutrophil count (white blood cells that help lead your body's immune system response to fight infection), diarrhea, leukopenia (other white blood cells that help the immune system), cough and decreased platelet count (component of blood whose function is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot).[12]

The prescribing information for trastuzumab deruxtecan includes a boxed warning about the risk of interstitial lung disease (a group of lung conditions that causes scarring of lung tissues) and embryo-fetal toxicity.[12] Interstitial lung disease and pneumonitis, including cases resulting in death, have been reported with trastuzumab deruxtecan.[12]

History

The FDA approved trastuzumab deruxtecan based on the results of one clinical trial enrolling 184 female participants with HER2-positive, unresectable and/or metastatic breast cancer who had received two or more prior anti-HER2 therapies in the metastatic setting.[12] These participants were heavily pretreated in the metastatic setting, receiving between two and 17 therapies prior to receiving trastuzumab deruxtecan.[12] Participants in the clinical trial received trastuzumab deruxtecan every three weeks and tumor imaging was obtained every six weeks.[12] The overall response rate was 60.3%, which reflects the percentage of participants who had a certain amount of tumor shrinkage with a median duration of response of 14.8 months.[12]

Efficacy was evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial (DESTINY-Gastric01, NCT03329690) in participants with HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma who had progressed on at least two prior regimens, including trastuzumab, a fluoropyrimidine- and a platinum-containing chemotherapy.[13] A total of 188 participants were randomized (2:1) to receive trastuzumab deruxtecan 6.4 mg/kg intravenously every three weeks or physician’s choice of either irinotecan or paclitaxel monotherapy.[13]

Efficacy was based on DESTINY-Breast03 (NCT03529110), a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial that enrolled 524 participants with HER2-positive, unresectable, and/or metastatic breast cancer who received prior trastuzumab and taxane therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy.[16] Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either trastuzumab deruxtecan or trastuzumab emtansine by intravenous infusion every three weeks until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression.[16] Randomization was stratified by hormone receptor status, prior treatment with pertuzumab, and history of visceral disease.[16]

The FDA approved trastuzumab deruxtecan for the treatment of HER2-low breast cancer based on DESTINY-Breast04, a randomized, multicenter, open label clinical trial that enrolled 557 adult participants with unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer.[15] The trial included two cohorts: 494 hormone receptor positive (HR+) participants and 63 hormone receptor negative (HR-) participants.[15] Of these participants, 373 randomly received trastuzumab deruxtecan by intravenous infusion every three weeks and 184 randomly received physician's choice of chemotherapy (eribulin, capecitabine, gemcitabine, nab paclitaxel, or paclitaxel).[15] The results showed improvement in both progression-free survival and overall survival in people with unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer.[15]

Society and culture

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved trastuzumab deruxtecan in December 2019.[12][17] The application for trastuzumab deruxtecan was granted accelerated approval, fast track designation, and breakthrough therapy designation.[12] The FDA granted the approval of Enhertu to Daiichi Sankyo.[12]

On 10 December 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Enhertu, intended for the treatment of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer.[18][19] Trastuzumab deruxtecan was reviewed under EMA's accelerated assessment program. The applicant for this medicinal product is Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH. Trastuzumab deruxtecan was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2021.[8][10]

In January 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to trastuzumab deruxtecan for the treatment of adults with locally advanced or metastatic HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal (GEJ) adenocarcinoma who have received a prior trastuzumab-based regimen.[13][20]

In October 2021, the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia approved trastuzumab deruxtecan for provisional registration indicated for the treatment of adults with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer who have received two or more prior anti HER2-based regimens.[1]

References
  1. "Enhertu". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  2. "Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  3. "AusPAR: Trastuzumab deruxtecan". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 27 June 2022. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  4. "Enhertu (AstraZeneca Pty Ltd)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 16 February 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  5. "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Enhertu". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  6. "Enhertu 100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  7. "Enhertu- fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  8. "Enhertu EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  9. "Enhertu Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  10. "Enhertu approved in the EU for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer" (Press release). AstraZeneca. 20 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  11. "A HER2-Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), Enhances Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Model" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  12. "FDA approves new treatment option for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who have progressed on available therapies". U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. "FDA approves fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki for HER2-positive gastric adenocarcinomas". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. "Enhertu Approved in Japan for Treatment of Patients with HER2 Positive Unresectable or Metastatic Breast Cancer" (Press release). Daiichi Sankyo. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021 – via Business Wire.
  15. "FDA Approves First Targeted Therapy for HER2-Low Breast Cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 5 August 2022. Archived from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. "FDA grants regular approval to fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki for breast cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. "Drug Trials Snapshot: Enhertu". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. "Enhertu: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  19. "Trastuzumab deruxtecan recommended for approval in the EU by CHMP for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer" (Press release). AstraZeneca. 14 December 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  20. "Enhertu approved in the US for the treatment of patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer" (Press release). AstraZeneca. 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

Further reading
  • "Trastuzumab_deruxtecan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Deruxtecan shows structure
  • Clinical trial number NCT03329690 for "DS-8201a in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Expressing Gastric Cancer [DESTINY-Gastric01]" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Clinical trial number NCT03529110 for "DS-8201a Versus T-DM1 for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive, Unresectable and/or Metastatic Breast Cancer Previously Treated With Trastuzumab and Taxane [DESTINY-Breast03]" at ClinicalTrials.gov
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