Geography of Svalbard

Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean roughly centered on 78° north latitude and 20° east longitude. The archipelago is the northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway. The three main islands in the group consist of Spitsbergen (the largest island), Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. There are also a number of smaller islands, such as Barents Island (Barentsøya) (1,288 km2 (497 sq mi)), Kvitøya (682 km2 (263 sq mi)), Prins Karls Forland (English: Prince Charles Foreland) (615 km2 (237 sq mi)), Kongsøya (191 km2 (74 sq mi)), Bear Island (178 km2 (69 sq mi)), Svenskøya (137 km2 (53 sq mi)), Wilhelm Island (120 km2 (46 sq mi)) and other smaller islands or skerries (621 km2 (240 sq mi)).

Svalbard
Geography
LocationArctic Ocean
Coordinates78°00′N 20°00′E
Major islandsSpitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Edgeøya
Area64,029 km2 (24,722 sq mi)
Coastline3,587 km (2228.9 mi)
Highest elevation1,713 m (5620 ft)
Highest pointNewtontoppen
Administration
Norway
Largest settlementLongyearbyen (pop. 2060)
Demographics
Population2600 (2007)
Pop. density0.04/km2 (0.1/sq mi)
MODIS satellite photo of Svalbard, courtesy NASA

Climate
Main article: Climate of Svalbard

There is no arable land in the island group due to heavy glaciation and the northern latitude. There are no trees native to the archipelago, but there are shrubs such as crowberry and cloudberry. The west coast of Spitsbergen remains navigable most of the year, due to favorable winds which keep the area ice-free. Norway claims a 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) fishery protection zone, but this is not recognized by neighboring Russia.

The climate of the Svalbard archipelago is arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current along the west and northern coasts. This means cool summers and cold winters along the wild, rugged mountainous islands. The high land of the island interiors is generally ice covered year round, with the west coast clear of ice about one half of the year. There are many fjords along west and north coasts

Resources

Svalbard has many mineral resources, and coal was mined extensively on the west side of Spitsbergen.[1] Ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal exports) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic

Environmental issues

Although many prior adverse practises are now banned, the issues surrounding past exploitation of animal resources in the Svalbard area remain a problem. With whale, seal and walrus populations are still far below than they were even two centuries ago (the average age of a Greenland whale). The population of polar bears are locally recovering from the major culls of the 1960s and 1970s that came about due to the availability of snow scooters; however, the polar bear remains threatened at a global level, due to unsustainable levels of killing by humans and marine water pollution.[2] There are a wide variety of birds in Svalbard including puffin, Arctic skua, kittiwake and fulmar,[3] many of which populations are being monitored.

Physical geography
Svalbard (DMA; comp. 1973, rev. 1982)

Lands

The main islands of Svalbard is parted into several lands:

Fjords

There are numerous fjords among the Svalbard islands; the five longest of which (measured from the head to open sea) are listed here:[4][5]

Coastlines
Largest islands[6]
IslandArea
(km2)		Area
(sq mi)
Spitsbergen 37,673 14,546
Nordaustlandet 14,443 5,576
Edgeøya 5,074 1,959
Barentsøya 1,288 497
Kvitøya 682 263
Prins Karls Forland 615 237
Kongsøya 191 74
Bjørnøya 178 69
Svenskøya 137 53
Wilhelm Island 120 46
Others 621 240

Coastlines of the Svalbard islands (listed from largest island to smallest) show the extensive variability characteristic of glacial formation:[4]

Mountains

Although they are small when compared with the mountains of Norway, the elevation of the Svalbard island mountains accounts for much of the glacial erosion:[4]

Mountains on Spitsbergen.

Glaciers
Stappen bird cliff at Bear Island.

Rivers

Settlements
Ny-Ålesund in summer.

Inhabited

No roads link the settlements on the island; transportation includes boat, airplane, helicopter, and snowmobile. The gateway to Svalbard is Svalbard Airport, Longyearbyen.

Former
  • Harlingen kokerij (Dutch settlement established in 1636 in Houcker Bay, abandoned sometime after 1662)
  • Kobbefjorden (also Robbe Bay or Copenhagen Bay) (Danish settlement established in 1631, abandoned in 1658)
  • Engelskbukta (English settlement established around 1615, occupied until mid-century)
  • Gravneset (English settlement established in the early 17th century, abandoned between 1624 and 1632, after which time it was appropriated by the Dutch)
  • Grumant (Grumantbyen) (Грумант) (Russian settlement, abandoned in 1961, revival of mining operations announced in 2003)
  • Gåshamna (Two English settlements, established sometime around 1618 and occupied until at least 1655)
  • Lægerneset (Dutch settlement appropriated by the English in 1615, occupied by the latter until the 1650s)
  • Port Louis (French settlement established in 1633, abandoned in 1637)
  • Pyramiden (Пирамида) (Russian settlement, abandoned in 1998)
  • Smeerenburg (Danish-Dutch settlement established in 1619 on the southeastern promontory of Amsterdam Island, abandoned around 1660)
  • Ytre Norskøya (Dutch settlement possibly rivaling Smeerenburg in size; probably established by members of the Zeeland chamber in the 1620s or later, and abandoned in 1670)

Line notes
  1. "Svalbard Archaeology". www.svalbardarchaeology.org.
  2. C. Michael Hogan. 2008
  3. Walter Brian Harland, Lester M. Anderson, Daoud Manasrah, Nicholas J. Butterfield. 1997
  4. Web publication of Statistics Norway, the official body for such data in Norway. Units provided are metric only; no unit conversions provided here.
  5. The percentage of Svalbard covered by glaciation varies by year; 59.8% is reported for 2005.
  6. "Population in the settlements. Svalbard". Statistics Norway. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010.

References
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