Erato of Armenia

Erato was the second child and the known daughter born to Tigranes III.[3] She had an older paternal half-brother Tigranes IV.[4] Erato was born and raised either in Rome, where her father lived in political exile for 10 years[5] from 30 BC until 20 BC, or during her father's kingship of Armenia from 20 BC until 10 BC.[6]

Erato's father, Tigranes III, died before 6 BC.[7] In 8 BC,[8] the Armenians installed Tigranes IV as successor of Tigranes III.[9] In accordance with Oriental [10] or Hellenistic custom, Tigranes IV married Erato in order to preserve the purity of the Artaxiad bloodline. Erato became queen through marriage to her half-brother.[11][12] Erato and Tigranes IV had a daughter who married King Pharasmanes I of Iberia (1 AD-58), with whom she had three sons, Mithridates I of Iberia, Rhadamistus, and Amazasp (known from a Greek inscription found in Rome).

Although they were clients of the Roman Empire, Tigranes IV and Erato were both anti-Roman and not the choices of Roman emperor Augustus.[13] Their dual rule lacked Roman approval and they leaned towards Parthia for support.[14] Rome and Parthia competed with one another for influence over Armenia.[15] Anti-Roman sentiment was building in Armenia during the reign of Tigranes IV and Erato, according to Festus, who emphasizes that the kingdom of Armenia was very strong during this period.

The discontent of the ruling Artaxiad monarchs and their subjects towards Rome had instigated war with the help of King Phraates V of Parthia. To avoid a full-scale war with Rome, Phraates V soon ceased his support to the Armenian monarchs. This led Tigranes IV and Erato to acknowledge Roman suzerainty[16] and send their good wishes and submission to Rome.[17] Augustus then allowed them to remain in power.[18]

In 1 C.E., Tigranes IV was killed in battle,[19] perhaps ending an internal Armenian revolt[20] of those who were infuriated by the royal couple becoming allies to Rome. In the chaos that followed, Erato abdicated[21] and lived in political exile.[22] The Armenians then requested from Augustus a new king.[23] Augustus appointed Ariobarzanes of Media Atropatene as the new king of Armenia[24] in 2 AD. Ariobarzanes through his father was a distant relative of the Artaxiad dynasty as he was a descendant of a sister of King Artavasdes II.[25]

In the year 6, Artavasdes III, son and successor of Ariobarzanes, was murdered by his dissatisfied subjects. As the Armenians grew weary of foreign kings, Augustus revised his foreign policy and appointed the Herodian Tigranes V, possibly a great-grandson of Artavasdes II, as king.[26][27]

Tigranes V was accompanied by his grandfather Archelaus of Cappadocia and the future Roman emperor Tiberius to Armenia, where he was installed as king.[28] Artaxata became his capital. In 6, Tigranes V ruled Armenia alone. Sometime into his reign, the Armenian nobles rebelled against him and restored Erato. Wishing to cooperate with Rome, she co-ruled with Tigranes V. Their co-rule is known from numismatic evidence.[29] They may have married.[30] They were overthrown under unknown circumstances in 12. Augustus kept Armenia as a client kingdom and appointed Vonones I of Parthia as king.[31] The fate of Erato afterwards is unknown and Tigranes V may have remained living in Armenia.

The sources for the life of Erato are Roman historians Tacitus (1st and 2nd centuries), Cassius Dio (2nd and 3rd centuries) and Festus (4th century).

An image of Erato is found on an ancient coin currently kept at the National Library in Paris. Coinage has survived from her rule with Tigranes IV. The Greek inscription names her "Erato, sister of King Tigranes".[32] Their other coinage features a depiction of Tigranes IV with Erato, inscribed with "great king, Tigranes".[33] Coinage has also survived from Erato's co-rule with Tigranes V.[34]

• R. Naroll, V.L. Bullough & F. Naroll, Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross-Historical Survey, SUNY Press, 1974
• H. Temporini & W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter
• E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1983
• R. Syme & A.R. Birley, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995
• W.G. Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting IV: Roman Provincial Coins (Google eBook), F+W Media, Inc, 1998
• P.M. Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14) (Google eBook), Oxford University Press, 2004
• R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
• V.M. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, Indo-European Publishing, 2008
• M.A. Ehrlich, Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1 (Google eBook), ABC-CLIO, 2009
• M. Bunsen, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Printing, 2009
• A. Mayor, The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009
• Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids. Armenia and Iran, ii. The Pre-Islamic Period: 3. The Artaxiad dynasty b. Tigranes the Great
• Ptolemaic Genealogy: Affiliated Lines, Descendant Lines

• Coinage of Tigranes IV & Erato