Esquire

Esquire (/ɪˈskwaɪər/,[1] US also /ˈɛskwaɪər/;[2] abbreviated Esq.)[3] is usually a courtesy title.

This article is about the modern informal, non-royally awarded title. For other uses, see Esquire (disambiguation). For the feudal title, see Squire.

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In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "candidates for knighthood in England," and even used with respect to other dignitaries, such as justices of the peace, sheriffs, and sergeants.[4]

According to research by a New York City Bar Association committee, in the United States, esquire over time came to refer "commonly and exclusively" to lawyers, but how that happened is unclear. The only certainty, the committee stated, is that "based on common usage it is fair to state that if the title appears after a person's name, that person may be presumed to be a lawyer". The 1826 edition of William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England reiterated that "the title should be limited to those only who bear an office of trust under the Crown and who are styled esquires by the king in their commissions and appointments; and all, I conceive, who are once honoured by the king with the title of esquire have a right to that distinction for life."[5][6]

By the early 20th century, however, esquire was being used as a general courtesy title for any man in a formal setting, with no precise significance, usually as a suffix to his name, and commonly with initials only. It was never used in a salutation. For example, a letter from a bank or firm of solicitors would be addressed to "Todd Smith, Esq.", but the salutation would be "Dear Mr. Smith". The use of esquire began declining in popularity in the 1970s because the automatic generation of correspondence using names and addresses stored in computer databases encouraged the use of names in a standard format with prefixed titles only. In the United Kingdom today, esquire is still occasionally used as a written style of address in formal or professional correspondence.[7][8] In certain formal contexts, it remains an indication of a social status that is recognised in the order of precedence.[9] In the legal profession, the title is available for barristers who have achieved the rank of King's Counsel because they are designated as esquire on their letters patent, but the name of every male (but not female) barrister will be followed by 'Esquire' painted on the wig tins provided by Ede & Ravenscroft, the traditional suppliers, and this reflects a long-standing contention by members of the Bar that they are entitled to be designated esquires by virtue of their profession (see references to Boutell and Parker from the nineteenth century, below).

In the United States, esquire is used by some lawyers in a departure from traditional use. In letters, these lawyers will ask to be addressed by adding the suffix esquire (abbreviated Esq.), preceded by a comma, after the lawyer's full name.[10]

History

Chief Justice Coke (1552–1634) defined "gentlemen" as those who bear coat armour. From the 16th century such families were defined by the inclusion of their pedigrees within their county's heraldic visitations, which necessitated their submitting a return of their pedigree to the visiting herald at the specified location, generally one of the chief towns of the county. The 1623 Heraldic Visitation for Gloucestershire, for example, includes a section at the back headed:[11] "A note of such as were disclaymed to be no gentilmen within the county and city of Gloucester", the list being headed by "Edward Hill, Customer, of Gloucester, neither gentilman of bloud, ancestry nor armes". The list thus identifies those persons whose returns were not accepted, perhaps because they were fabricated or insufficiently evidenced in some way.

Defined in 1586 by Fearn

Sir John Fearn in "Glory of Generositie" spoke of esquires by creation, birth, dignity and office, specifying several circumstances that customarily conferred the title.[12]

Defined by Camden (d. 1623)

Coke followed Sir William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms (1551–1623), who defined esquires as:[13]

  • the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetuity,
  • the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetuity,
  • esquires so created by the king,
  • esquires by office, such as justices of the peace and those holding an office of trust under the Crown.

Defined by Weever (d. 1632)

John Weever (d. 1632) identified five categories of esquires:[14]

  • "Those who are elect for the prince's body", which he classed as the principal esquires. These were royal courtiers known as Esquires of the Body
  • Knights' eldest sons
  • Younger sons of the eldest sons of barons and other nobles of higher estate
  • White Spurs, a form mainly restricted to West Country usage
  • Those who are so by office and by serving the prince in any worshipful calling

Defined in 1830 by Burn, Chitty & Black

According to one typical definition, esquires in English law included:[15][16]

  • The eldest sons of knights, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession
  • The eldest sons of younger sons of peers, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession (children of peers already had higher precedence)
  • Esquires created by letters patent or other investiture, and their eldest sons
  • Esquires by virtue of their offices, as justices of the peace and others who bear any office of trust under the Crown
  • Esquires of knights constituted at their investiture
  • Foreign noblemen
  • Persons who are so styled under the royal sign-manual (officers of the Armed Forces of or above the rank of Captain in the Army or its equivalent) and sons thereof.
  • Barristers (but not solicitors)

Defined by Boutell (d. 1877)

Charles Boutell (1812–1877)[17] defined the term as

Esquire – A rank next below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires who are personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood, this title is held by all attendants on the person of the Sovereign, and all persons holding the Sovereign's commission being of military rank not below Captain; also, by general concession, by Barristers at Law, Masters of Arts and Bachelors of Law and Physic.

Defined in 1894 by James Parker

James Parker supplied the following definition:[18]

Esquire, (Latin: armiger, French: escuyer): a title of a gentleman of the rank immediately below a knight. It was originally a military office, an esquire being (as the name escuyer, from escu, a shield, implies) a knight's attendant and shield bearer.

Esquires may be theoretically divided into five classes:

  • The younger sons of peers and their eldest sons.
  • The eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons.
  • The chiefs of ancient families are esquires by prescription.
  • Esquires by creation or office. Such the heralds and serjeants at arms and some others, who are constituted esquires by receiving a collar of SS. Judges and other officers of state, justices of the peace, and the higher naval and military officers are designated esquires in their patents or commissions. Doctors in the several faculties, and barristers at law, are considered as esquires, or equal to esquires. None, however, of these offices or degrees convey gentility to the posterity of their holders.

Modern definition

Oxford Dictionaries provided for the following definition of esquire in 2016:[19]

  • British: A polite title appended to a man's name when no other title is used, typically in the address of a letter or other documents: J. C. Pearson Esq..
  • US: A title appended to the surname of a lawyer (of any gender).
  • Historical:
    • A young nobleman who, in training for knighthood, acted as an attendant to a knight.
    • an officer in the service of a king or nobleman.
    • a landed proprietor or country squire: the lord of the manor, e.g., Richard Bethell Esquire.

Misuse

By the end of the 16th century, the pretentious use of the title, especially in its Latin form, armiger, was being mocked by Shakespeare in his character Robert Shallow, a justice of the peace:

...a gentleman born, master parson; who writes himself "Armigero," in any bill, warrant, quittance, or obligation, "Armigero."

To which Shallow directly replies:

Ay, that I do; and have done any time these three hundred years.

— William Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I, Scene I

Other criteria

Nineteenth century tables of precedence further distinguished between "esquires by birth" and "esquires by office" (and likewise for "gentleman"). Today the term "gentleman" is still found in official tables of precedence, and it means a person who is an armiger with no higher rank or a descendant of someone who has borne arms. An English use of the term is to distinguish between men of the upper and lower gentry, who are "esquires" and "gentlemen" respectively, which still applies in terms of the official Order of Precedence.[20] Examples of this may be found in the parish tithe map schedules made under the Tithe Commutation Act 1836.[21] Later examples appear in the list of subscribers to The History of Elton, by the Rev. Rose Fuller Whistler, published in 1892, which distinguishes between subscribers designated Mr. (another way of indicating gentlemen) and those allowed esquire.

But formal definitions like these were proposed because there was, in reality, no fixed criterion distinguishing those designated esquire: it was essentially a matter of impression as to whether a person qualified for this status. William Segar, Garter King of Arms (the senior officer of arms at the College of Arms), wrote in 1602: "And who so can make proofe, that his Ancestors or himselfe, have had Armes, or can procure them by purchase, may be called Armiger or Esquier." Honor military, and civill (1602; lib. 4, cap. 15, p. 228). (By Armes he referred to a coat of arms; it is not clear from this quotation whether Segar made a distinction between esquires and gentlemen.) For example, lords of the manor hold the rank of esquire by prescription.[22][23]

The 1660 poll tax used to pay off the New Model Army levied an amount of £10 on esquires, which was half the amount due from knights. Samuel Pepys should have paid this amount due to his office, but was delighted to find he had been misrecorded as just a gentleman having to pay 10 shillings, a twentieth of the correct amount.[24]

Although esquire is the English translation of the French écuyer, the latter indicated legal membership in the nobilities of ancien régime France and contemporaneous Belgium, whereas an esquire belongs to the British gentry rather than to its nobility, albeit that "gentry" in England means untitled nobility.[25] Écuyer in French (Actually Escuier in Old French) (in the 11th to 14th century) means "shield-bearer", a knight in training, age 14 to 21. In the later stages of the Middle Ages, the cost of the adoubement or accolade became too high for many noblemen to bear. They stayed écuyers all their lives, making that title synonymous with "nobleman" or "gentleman".

Modern British usage

The most common occurrence of the term "esquire" today is in the addition of the suffix "Esq." in order to pay an informal compliment to a male recipient by way of implying gentle birth. There remain respected protocols for identifying those to whom it is thought most proper that the suffix should be given, especially in very formal or in official circumstances.

The breadth of esquire (as Esq.) had become universal in the United Kingdom by the mid 20th century, with no distinction in status being perceived between Mr and esquire. Esquire was used generally as the default title for all men who did not have a grander title when addressing correspondence, with letters addressed using the name in initial format (e.g., K. S. Smith, Esq.) but Mr being used as the form of address (e.g. Dear Mr Smith). In the 1970s, the use of Esq. started to decline, and by the end of the 20th century most people had stopped using it and changed to using Mr instead. Esq. was generally considered to be old-fashioned but was still used by some traditional individuals. However, from around 2010 it has started to return once more as a formal address to a male in business and also in a social setting, particularly where the status of an individual is unknown so is used more as a general courtesy title. Its usage has always remained constant with organisations such as Christie's and Berry Bros. & Rudd. British men invited to Buckingham Palace also receive their invitations in an envelope with the suffix Esq. after their names, while men of foreign nationalities instead have the prefix Mr (women are addressed as Miss, Ms, or Mrs).[26] The same practice applies for other post from the palace (e.g., to employees).

In Scotland

Esquire is historically a feudal designation in Scotland. Today, the title of esquire is defined as a social dignity that refers to people of the Scottish gentry, who hold the next position in the Order of Precedence above gentlemen. It is also used as a common courtesy in correspondence. Traditionally, this was one who was classified as a 'cadet for knighthood'. Today, the title of esquire is not bestowed on gentlemen, although certain positions carry with them the degree of esquire, such as that of advocate or justice of the peace. Whether an armiger is a gentleman, an esquire, or of a higher rank can be told by the type of helm depicted on the letters patent granting or matriculating the arms. In Scots Heraldry, Sir Thomas Innes of Learney makes clear that a gentleman's helm is a closed pot helm, in plain steel, with no gold, whereas an esquire's helm can be a steel pot helm garnished in gold or a helmet with a closed visor garnished in gold.[27][28] The Court of the Lord Lyon will display the helm appropriate to their "degree", or social rank, in the illustration on the letters patent.

The definition of esquire today includes:

  1. The male primogeniture descendant of a knight (with or without Scottish arms),[29]
  2. Scottish armigers recognised with a territorial designation within their letters patent,[30] frequently described as a laird,[31] which is taken to imply the rank of Esquire.[32] Lairds with a territorial designation recognised by the Court of the Lord Lyon would not use the post nominal letters of "Esq." after their name, as the use of the territorial designation implies the rank of esquire.
  3. Male Scottish clan chiefs recognized by the Court of the Lord Lyon (with Scottish arms) who are not feudal barons, or peers.[33]
  4. Those other armigers recognised in the degree of esquire via the helm indicated in their letters patent as per the guidance mentioned above.

There is some confusion over the fact that the Lord Lyon King of Arms addresses correspondents by their name followed by "Esq." in correspondence, namely on letters. Some people erroneously believe that this makes them an esquire, however this is a common courtesy in Scotland, as in the rest of Britain, and does not constitute official recognition in the degree of an esquire. The Scottish courts have confirmed that the base degree in which an armiger is recognised is the dignity of gentleman, not esquire.[34]

In feudal times an esquire was an armour-bearer, attendant upon a knight, but bearing his own unique armorial device.[35] Similarly, an armiger in contemporary terms is well-defined within the jurisdiction of Scotland as someone who is an armour-bearer. These two senses of "armour-bearer" are different: An esquire in feudal times was an "armour-bearer" in the sense of being the person who carried their knight's armour for them; whereas in the contemporary sense the term "armour-bearer" is being used to mean the bearer of a coat of arms, an armiger. The two are not the same thing, although the feudal esquire would also most likely have been an armiger. For centuries the title of esquire has not been bestowed on a knight's attendee (since knights no longer need to train for battle). Attendants on knights, however, were not the only bearers of arms, and similarly not all armigers were esquires. Today, being an armiger is synonymous with the title of gentleman within the order of precedence in Scotland,[36] and is a social dignity. The letters patent of Scottish armigers will never include the title of gentleman, because the letters patent themselves evidence the individual is an armour-bearer, or gentleman by the strictest sense of the definition. A Scottish armiger is a gentleman or gentlewoman unless they hold a higher rank.

Scottish armigers are those individuals with a hereditary right, grant or matriculation of arms so entitling them to use personal arms by the Court of the Lord Lyon. The bearing of duly registered arms is an indication of nobility (either peerage or non-peerage in rank).[37] All Scottish armigers are recognised as members of the nobility in the broader sense through their grant or matriculation of arms awarded by the Crown or sovereign through the Court of the Lord Lyon, and by issuance of a warrant from the Lord Lyon King of Arms is so entered in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland and through later official "Ensigns of Nobility".[38][39] Without such legal arms it is practically impossible to prove one's nobiliary status.[40][41] "Technically, a grant of arms from the Lord Lyon is a patent of nobility (also referred to a 'Diploma of Nobility'); the Grantee is thereby 'enrolled with all nobles in the noblesse of Scotland.'",[42] however the term "nobility" today is little used in this context, as in common parlance in Britain the term is widely associated with the peerage. Instead the French term of noblesse[43] has been used by the Court of the Lord Lyon as this term not only includes peers but also the non-peerage minor-nobility, which includes baronets, knights, feudal barons, armigers with territorial designations, esquires and gentlemen.

Usage in the United States

In the United States of America, the term is almost exclusively reserved for lawyers; much as one with any doctorate (such as PhD, EdD, MD, DO, or PsyD) is called Dr.[44] This could be compared to knights being called Sir (or Dame in the case of a female), although knighthoods are illegal in the United States.

In the United States, the title esquire is commonly encountered among members of the legal profession.[10] The title is not allocated by the law of any state to any profession, class, or station in society.[10] However, some state bar associations, such as the New York State Bar Association, protect the use of the term esquire, and have held that use of the term connotes licensure in the jurisdiction, so that its use by non-lawyers amounts to unauthorized practice of law.[10]

Diplomatic use

Similarly, when addressing social correspondence to a commissioned officer of the United States Foreign Service, esquire may be used as a complimentary title. While the abbreviated Esq. is correct, esquire is typically written in full when addressing a diplomat.[45][46] If any other titles are used on the same line, esquire is omitted.

In fraternal groups

Some fraternal groups use the esquire title. One appendant body in Freemasonry also uses esquire as a degree title.[47]

In colonial Virginia

In the Colony of Virginia, during the 17th and 18th centuries, esquire was the title given to members of the Council of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia Assembly.[48]

Use of honorifics and post-nominals

Honorifics are not used with courtesy titles, so John Smith, Esq. or Mr. John Smith would be correct, but Mr. John Smith, Esq. would be incorrect.[49]

When addressing a person who has an academic degree or other post-nominal professional designation, such as a Certified Public Accountant, a writer should use either the post-nominal designation (usually abbreviated) or the Esq., but not both; when esquire is used as a courtesy title, it should not be used with post-nominals.[50]

Usage in India

Before 1947, the term esquire was used by senior officers of the Indian Civil Service and other members of the government. In keeping with the criteria established centuries earlier, the title was mostly used by government officials who studied or trained in England, especially in the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, or London or other professional organisations managed by the government. Barristers were especially included in the order of the esquires. Members of the armed forces as well as those who were inducted in to it from other services, temporarily or permanently, were also called esquires.[6]

Kingdom of France

In the French Nobility, écuyer ('squire', lit. 'shield bearer') was the lowest specific rank, to which the vast majority of untitled nobles were entitled; also called valet or noble homme in certain regions.

Kingdom of Belgium
Main article: Jonkheer

In Belgium, écuyer (French) or its Dutch equivalent jonkheer is the lowest title within the nobility system, recognised by the Court of Cassation.[51]

See also

References
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  2. "American English: Esquire". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  3. "esquire, n.1 1.3.a.". Oxford English Dictionary. March 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  4. Thompson, Katheryn (8 January 2006). "Tussle Over Titles". ABA Journal.
  5. Blackstone, William; Chitty, Joseph (1826). "Chapter XII – Of The Civil State". Commentaries on the Laws of England, Volume 1. William Blackstone. pp. 405–406.
  6. The Popular Encyclopedia: Being a General Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, Biography, History, and Political Economy, Volume 1. Blackie & Son. 1841. p. 698.
  7. "esquire". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  8. Oxford English Dictionary (second ed.). 1991.
  9. "Precedence Amongst Gentlemen in England and Wales". Debrett's. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  10. Thompson, Katheryn A. (8 January 2006). "Tussle Over Titles". ABA Journal. American Bar Association. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  11. Maclean, Sir John; Heane, W. C., eds. (1885). The Visitation of the County of Gloucester, taken in the year 1623, by Henry Chitty and John Phillipot as deputies to William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms; with pedigrees from the heralds' visitation of 1569 and 1582-3, and sundry miscellaneous pedigrees. 1st. Vol. 21. London: Harleian Society. pp. 197–199.
  12. "Peerage and Baronetage – Esquires". Debrett's. Archived from the original on 5 April 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  13. Coke, Sir Edward. Institutes. Vol. 2. p. 688.
  14. As quoted or paraphrased from Weevers Antient Funeral Monuments by John Prince (1643–1723) in his Worthies of Devon (1810 edition, p. 236).
  15. Burn, Richard; Chitty, Joseph; Black, Philip (1975) [1830]. The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. pp. 884–885.
  16. Burn, Richard. The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, Vol. II. pp. 540–541.
  17. Boutell, Charles (1899). English Heraldry. Cassell, Petter, and Galpin. p. 120.
  18. Parker, James (1894). A Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
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  23. Dodd, Charles R. (1843). A manual of dignities, privilege, and precedence: including lists of the great public functionaries, from the revolution to the present time. London: Whittaker & Co. pp. 248, 251.
  24. Diary of Samuel Pepys, Monday, 10 December 1660.
  25. Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Volumes 9–10. Vol. 9–10. 1837. p. 13. Retrieved 12 March 2012. In Hainault, Brabant, and other provinces of what was Austrian Flanders, the ancient untitled nobility, or gentry as they are called in England, to this day are styled collectively the Ordre Equestre, or knightly order.
  26. Hardman, Robert (29 November 2007). "Fountain of Honour". Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work. Druck, Wemding, Germany: Ebury Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-09-191842-2. British men have 'Esq.' after their name [...] whereas all men from overseas are called 'Mr'
  27. Innes, Thomas (1978). Scots Heraldry (3rd ed.). London & Edinburgh: Johnston & Bacon. p. 17.
  28. Kidd, C.; Williamson, D. (2000). Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage. London: Macmillan. p. 53.
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  40. Innes, Thomas (1956) [1938]. Scots Heraldry (2nd ed.). W. & A.K. Johnston. p. 20.
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  44. Parry, Zachariah B. (27 February 2015). "Why Do Attorneys Use Esquire?". Beeson Law Library Newsletter.
  45. McCaffree, Mary Jane; Innis, Pauline; Sand, Richard M. (2002). Protocol: The Complete Handbook of Diplomatic, Official and Social Usage (25th Anniversary (3rd) ed.). Dallas, Texas: Durban House Publishing Company. ISBN 1-930754-18-3. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  46. "Appendix VIII. Protocol and Forms of Address". UMW Style Guide. University of Mary Washington. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  47. "York Rite Allied Invitational Bodies". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  48. Bruce, Phillip A. (1907). Social Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Origin of the Higher Planting Class, Together with an Account of the Habits, Customs, and Diversions of the People. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson. pp. 121–123.
  49. "Guide to Addressing Correspondence". The Emily Post Institute. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  50. Hickey, Robert. "How to Address an Attorney". The Protocol School of Washington. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  51. "Arrêté de la Cour de Cassation" [Order of the Court of Cassation] (PDF). Federal Public Service Justice (in French). 1927. p. 207. Attendu que Ia cour d'appel a perdu de vue que, dans l'espece, il etait reconnu que les demandeurs avaient ete anoblis par arrete royal du 20 fevrier 1922; que le titre de baron avait eta confere a leur pere, et qu'ils avaient droit au titre d'ecuyer.
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