Peter Breggin

Peter Roger Breggin (born May 11, 1936)[1] is an American anti-establishment psychiatrist who has long been outspokenly critical of widely used evidence-based treatments within psychiatry(psychiatric medication) and medical care in general. Breggin now lives in the Finger Lakes, Central New York.

Peter Breggin
Born (1936-05-11) May 11, 1936
NationalityAmerican
Alma materHarvard College
Case Western Reserve School of Medicine
Known forCriticism of biopsychiatry and psychiatric drugs
Scientific career
FieldsPsychiatry, psychotherapy
Websitewww.breggin.com

He has been prominent in COVID-19 disinformation circles, spreading lies about ineffective treatments, about actually effective treatments, about vaccine mechanisms and adverse events and about the non-existence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself; "One thing folks don't know is there's never been a SARS-CoV virus found in nature."[2]

Breggin's latest book is Covid-19 and the Global Predators: We are the Prey which is critical of the global COVID-19 response and explores who profits from the pandemic.[3]

He advocates replacing psychiatry's use of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy with psychotherapy, education, empathy, love, and broader human services.[4]

Breggin is the author of several books critical of evidence-based psychiatric care, including Toxic Psychiatry, Talking Back to Prozac and Talking Back to Ritalin. His book, Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry, discusses his theory of medication spellbinding (in which patients are said to worsen after treatment, failing to recognize why),[5] drug and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) adverse effects, the hazards of treating children, and the "psychopharmaceutical complex."

Education and early career

He graduated from George W. Hewlett High School in 1954 from Harvard College in 1958 and from Case Western Reserve Medical School.[6] His postgraduate training in began with a mixed psychiatry/medicine internship year at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse. Breggin began psychiatric residency at Harvard's Massachusetts Mental Health Center, finishing his final two years at SUNY. This was followed by term appointment at National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Breggin claims to have held faculty appointments at the Washington School of Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University Department of Counseling, and the George Mason University Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution. Breggin has worked in private practice intermittently since 1968.

Breggin makes many claims about his early career which are not verifiable. For instance, he reports being "threatened and insulted with psychiatric terms at a meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in 1972, by leading ECT advocate Leo Alexander, and won damages for libel and slander."[7]

Career and distinctions

He practiced psychiatry in Washington, DC and Bethesda, Maryland for nearly thirty-five years.[8]

In 1972, he founded the Center for the Study of Psychiatry, which was known as the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology until 2011, when it was renamed the International Society for Ethical Psychology and Psychiatry.[9] In 1979 "Electroshock: Its Brain-Disabling Effects" was published. Breggin falsely claims this was the first medical book that dealt with a critical analysis of this method of treatment as inhuman.[10]

Breggin is a life member of the American Psychiatric Association and an editor for several scientific journals. Early on, his theories received some favorable media coverage including Time magazine[11] and The New York Times.[12][13] He claims to have appeared as a guest on shows including Oprah, 60 Minutes, 20/20, and Good Morning America.[14]

He later ran The Center for the Study of Empathic Therapy, Education and Living, a 501(c) organization.[15]

In 2002 he moved to Ithaca. In 2010, he and his wife Ginger formed a new organization devoted to speaking out against "the hazards of contemporary biological psychiatry" and promoting more "caring and empathic approaches to personal conflict and suffering". A book about his life, "The Conscience of Psychiatry", was released in 2009.[14]

Research

Breggin wrote mainly about clinical psychopharmacology until the COVID-19 pandemic. In, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, he published many of his own papers.

Breggin published one science fiction novel, After The Good War: A Love Story, in 1972.[16] It has a strong proportion of psychiatric subject matter.

Conventional psychiatry

Breggin writes about psychiatric medications, arguing that harmful side effects typically outweigh any benefit. Breggin also claims that psychosocial interventions are almost always superior in treating mental illness.

According to Breggin, the pharmaceutical industry propagates disinformation; "the psychiatrist accepts the bad science that establishes the existence of all these mental diseases in the first place. From there it's just a walk down the street to all the drugs as remedies." He points out problems with conflicts-of-interest (such as the financial relationships between drug companies and the American Psychiatric Association). Breggin states psychiatric drugs, "... are all, every class of them, highly dangerous". He asserts: "If neuroleptics were used to treat anyone other than mental patients, they would have been banned a long time ago. If their use wasn't supported by powerful interest groups, such as the pharmaceutical industry and organized psychiatry, they would be rarely used at all. Meanwhile, the neuroleptics have produced the worst epidemic of neurological disease in history. At the least, their use should be severely curtailed."[17]

In his book, Reclaiming Our Children, Breggin argues that the mistreatment of children is a national (U.S.) tragedy, including psychiatric diagnoses and prescription of drugs for children whose needs were not otherwise met. He objects to prescribing potentially harmful psychiatric medications to children in lieu of meeting their real needs.[18]

ADHD and Ritalin

Breggin is an Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) critic. Breggin has written two books specifically on the topic entitled, Talking Back to Ritalin and The Ritalin Factbook. In these books he makescontroversial claims, such as "Ritalin 'works' by producing malfunctions in the brain rather than by improving brain function. This is the only way it works".[19]

Together with Fred Baughman, Breggin testified about ADHD to the United States CongressBreggin claimed "that there were no scientific studies validating ADHD", that children diagnosed with ADHD needed "discipline and better instruction" rather than psychiatric drugs, and that therapeutic stimulants "are the most addictive drugs known in medicine today."[20] Baughman and Breggin were also the major critics in a PBS Frontline TV series about ADHD entitled 'Medicating Kids'.[21]

Breggin has been highly critical of widely recognized ADHD experts such as clinical neuropsychologist psychologist Russell Barkley.[22]

SSRI antidepressants

In the early 1990s Breggin suggested there were methodological problems with all SSRI antidepressant clinical trials. In Talking Back to Prozac (1994), he claimed that Prozac was causing violence, suicide and mania. Breggin made similar claims about newer antidepressants. In 2005, the FDA began requiring black box warnings on SSRIs, warning of an association between SSRI use and suicidal behavior in children,[23] and later extended it to young adults.[24]

In 1994, Breggin said that Eli Lilly and Company (maker of the antidepressant Prozac) attempted to discredit him and his book Talking Back to Prozac by linking him to the Church of Scientology and labeling his views as "Neo-Scientology".[25] Breggin denied any connection to Scientology.[25] Breggin later clarified that he was still in agreement with some of CCHR's anti-psychiatric views, supporting Tom Cruise's public stance against psychiatry.[26]

Electroconvulsive therapy

Breggin has written several books and scientific articles critical of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). He was one of nineteen outsiders allowed to speak briefly to the 1985 NIH Consensus Development Conference on ECT. The Consensus panel (of which Breggin was not a member) found that ECT could be a useful therapy in some carefully defined cases.[27]

Expert witness

Breggin testified as an expert witness in the Wesbecker case (Fentress et al., 1994), a lawsuit against Eli Lilly, makers of Prozac. Ultimately, the jury found for Eli Lilly. According to Breggin, this was because the plaintiffs and defendants had secretly settled behind closed doors.[28] The Supreme Court of Kentucky concluded that the Wesbecker trial had been secretly settled by Eli Lilly before going to the jury in return for plaintiffs presenting a weakened case that was bound to lose. Trial Judge Potter was empowered by the Kentucky Supreme Court to change the verdict from a jury verdict in favor of Eli Lilly to "settled with prejudice" by Eli Lilly.[29][30][31]

In South Carolina, Breggin testified on behalf of Peggy S. Salters, a psychiatric nurse who sued her doctors and Palmetto Baptist Hospital in Columbia after ECT left her incapacitated in 2000. A jury found in favor of her and awarded her $635,177 in actual damages.[32]

In 2002, Breggin was hired as an expert witness by a survivor of the Columbine High School massacre in a case against the makers of an anti-depressant drug. In his report, Breggin noted that "... Eric Harris was suffering from a substance induced (Luvox-induced) mood disorder with depressive and manic features that had reached a psychotic level of violence and suicide. Absent persistent exposure to Luvox, Eric Harris probably would not have committed violence and suicide."[33] However, the argument was rejected by the judge, and the lawsuit was eventually dropped with the stipulation that the makers of Luvox donate $10,000 to the American Cancer Society.[33] In 2005, he testified as the medical expert in a trial in which a jury "returned a malpractice verdict against a shock doctor in favor of the injured patient". His testimony as a witness helped to win against the adherents of shock treatment and psychosurgery and it was announced as harmful.[34]

On September 16, 2011, in Winnipeg, Canada, a provincial judge cited Breggin's testimony in concluding that Prozac caused a sixteen-year-old boy to knife a friend to death, noting that, "Dr. Breggin's explanation of the effect Prozac was having on C.J.P.'s behavior both before that day and in committing an impulsive, inexplicable violent act that day corresponds with the evidence."[35] About the boy, Judge Robert Heinrichs determined, "His basic normalcy now further confirms he no longer poses a risk of violence to anyone and that his mental deterioration and resulting violence would not have taken place without exposure to Prozac."[36]

Criticism

In 1987, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) brought a complaint against Breggin with the board of the State of Maryland. NAMI was upset about remarks he made on The Oprah Winfrey Show on April 2, 1987. On the TV show, Breggin stated that mental health clients should judge their clinicians in terms of their empathy and support; if they failed to show interest in them and tried to prescribe drugs during the first session, he advised such clients to seek assistance elsewhere. He was defended by a diverse group of psychiatrists and others who defended his right to publicly state his critical opinion.[12] Breggin was cleared of any wrongdoing by the Maryland medical board.[13]

Publications

Books
List of books
Year Title Publisher Notes
2021 Covid-19 and the Global Predators: We are the Prey Pre-Order/Ebook ISBN 9780982456064
2016 Psychosocial Approaches to Deeply Disturbed Persons Routledge ISBN 1138984167
2014 Guilt, Shame, and Anxiety: Understanding and Overcoming Negative Emotions Prometheus Books (5 Jan. 2015) ISBN 978-1616141493
2014 Talking Back to Prozac: What Doctors Aren't Telling You About Prozac and the Newer Antidepressants Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. ISBN 1497638771
2013 Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal: A Guide for Prescribers, Therapists, Patients and their Families New York: Springer Publishing Company ISBN 978-0826108432
2011 Empathic Therapy by Peter R. Breggin MD, film on DVD Studio: Lake Edge Press ASIN B00KWLKBLA
2009 Wow, I'm an American! How to Live Like Our Nation's Heroic Founders Lake Edge Press ISBN 978-0-9824560-1-9
2009 The Conscience of Psychiatry: The Reform Work of Peter R. Lake Edge Press (August 25, 2009) ISBN 978-0982456002
2008 Medication Madness: A Psychiatrist Exposes the Dangers of Mood-Altering Medications New York: St. Martin's Press ISBN 978-0312363383
2008 Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock and the Psychopharmaceutical Complex, Second Edition New York: Springer Publishing Company ISBN 978-0826129345
2007 Your Drug May Be Your Problem: How and Why to Stop Taking Psychiatric Medications, Second Edition Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books ISBN 978-0738210988
2005 Electroshock Treatment over Four Decades: The Case Against Morgan Foundation Publishers: International Published Innovations ISBN 1885679025
2003 The Central Intelligence Agency Cengage Gale ISBN 0737717262
2002 The Ritalin Fact Book: What Your Doctor Won't Tell You Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books ISBN 978-0738204505
2002 Dimensions of Empathic Therapy Springer Publishing Company
2001 The Anti-Depressant Fact Book: What Your Doctor Won't Tell You About Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, and Luvox Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books ISBN 978-0738204512
2001 Talking Back to Ritalin, Revised Edition Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books
2000 Reclaiming Our Children: A Healing Solution for a Nation in Crisis Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books ISBN 978-0738204260
1999 Your Drug May Be Your Problem: How and Why To Stop Taking Psychiatric Medications Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books
1998 The War Against Children of Color : Psychiatry Targets Inner City Youth Common Courage Press ISBN 1567511279
1998 Talking Back To Ritalin Common Courage Press
1997 Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock and the Role of the FDA New York: Springer Publishing Company ISBN 978-0826194916
1997; new paperback edition 2006 The Heart of Being Helpful: Empathy and the Creation of a Healing Presence New York: Springer Publishing Company ISBN 978-0826102744
1997 Enough Is Enough Addison Wesley Publishing Company ISBN 0201328100
1996 Psychosocial Approaches to Deeply Disturbed Persons Haworth Press
1994 The War Against Children New York: St. Martin's Press
1994 Talking Back to Prozac New York: St. Martin's Press
1992 Beyond Conflict: From Self-Help and Psychotherapy to Peacemaking New York: St. Martin's Press ASIN B01FEOK6LY
1991 Toxic Psychiatry: Why Therapy, Empathy and Love Must Replace the Drugs, Electroshock, and Biochemical Theories of the "New Psychiatry" New York: St. Martin's Press ASIN B017RC8FZA
1983 Psychiatric Drugs: Hazards to the Brain New York: Springer Publishing Company ASIN B01FIXS0ZK
1980 The Psychology of Freedom : Liberty and Love As a Way of Life Prometheus Books, Publishers ISBN 0879751320
1979 Electroshock: Its Brain-Disabling Effects New York: Springer Publishing Company ISBN 978-0826127105
1972 After The Good War: A Love Story New York: Popular Library ISBN 978-0812814927
1971 Crazy from the Sane Carol Publishing Corporation ISBN 0818401028
1962 College Students in a Mental Hospital: Contribution to the Social Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill New York, Grune & Stratton,

Books with co-authors
  • Breggin, P. R. Breggin, G. R., and Bemak, F. (Editors) (2002). Dimensions of Empathic Therapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0826115133.
  • Breggin, P. R. and Cohen, D. (1999) Your Drug May Be Your Problem: How and Why To Stop Taking Psychiatric Medications. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
  • Breggin, P. R. and Breggin, G. R. (1998). The war against children of color. Psychiatry Targets Inner City Youth. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press.
  • Breggin, P. R. (senior editor) Psychosocial Approaches to Deeply Disturbed Persons. (1996) New York: Haworth Press.
  • Breggin, P. R. and Breggin, G. R. (1994). The War Against Children: How the Drugs, Programs, and Theories of the Psychiatric Establishment Are Threatening America's Children with a Medical 'Cure' for Violence. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Breggin, P. R. and Breggin, G. R. (1994). Talking Back To Prozac: What Doctors Aren't Telling You About Today's Most Controversial Drug. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Breggin, Peter R., with co-authors Carter Umbarger, James Dalsimer, Andrew Morrison (1962). College Students in a Mental Hospital: Contribution to the Social Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill New York: Grune & Stratton.

Articles

Scientific Papers[37]

  • Breggin, PR (2021). "Making psychiatric drug withdrawal as safe as possible". In Peter Lehmann & Craig Newnes (Eds.), Withdrawal from Prescribed Psychotropic Drugs. Berlin / Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing, pp. 439–455.
  • Breggin, PR. (2016). "Rational Principles of Psychopharmacology for Therapists, Healthcare Providers and Clients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 46:1–13.
  • "Understanding and Overcoming Guilt, Shame, and Anxiety: Based on Theory of Negative Legacy Emotions" (2015). Chapter 5 of Promoting Psychological Well-Being in Children and Families. Edited by Bruce Kirkcaldy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Breggin, PR. (2015). "The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions". Medical Hypotheses 85, 17–24
  • Breggin, PR. (2015)."Understanding and Helping People with Hallucinations Based on the Theory of Negative Legacy Emotions". The Humanistic Psychologist, 43: 70–87
  • Breggin, PR. "TBI, PTSD, and psychiatric drugs. A perfect storm for causing abnormal mental states and aberrant behavior". In Brock, H. and Else, R.C. (Eds). The Attorney's Guide to Defending Veterans in Criminal Court. Minneapolis: Veterans Defense Project. Chapter 10, pp. 251–264, 2014.

Psychology, Life, and Overcoming Negative Emotions[37]

  • Breggin (2016). "Rational Principles of Psychopharmacology for Therapists, Healthcare Providers and Clients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy
  • Breggin, PR. Chapter 5 of Promoting Psychological Well-Being in Children and Families. Edited by Bruce Kirkcaldy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Breggin, PR. (2015). "The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions". Medical Hypotheses 85, 17–24
  • Breggin, PR. (2015). "Understanding and Helping People with Hallucinations Based on the Theory of Negative Legacy Emotions". The Humanistic Psychologist, 43: 70–87.
  • Breggin, PR (2008). "Practical Applications: 22 Guidelines for Counseling and Psychotherapy". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 43–57, 2008.

Peer-reviewed publications

1. Breggin, Peter. "The Psychophysiology of Anxiety". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139, 558–568, 1964.

2. Breggin, Peter. "Coercion of Voluntary Patients in an Open Hospital". Archives of General Psychiatry, 10:173–181, 1964. Reprinted with a new introduction in Edwards, R.B. (ed):Psychiatry and Ethics. Buffalo, Prometheus Books, 1982, and in Edwards, R.B. (ed): Ethics of Psychiatry. Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books, 1997.

3. Breggin, Peter. "The Sedative-like Effect of Epinephrine". Archives of General Psychiatry,12, 255–259, 1965.

4. Malev, J.S.; Breggin, P.R. et al. "For Better or for Worse: A Problem in Ethics". International Psychiatric Clinics, 2(3), 603–24, 1965.

5. Breggin, Peter. "Psychotherapy as Applied Ethics". Psychiatry, 34:59–75, 1971.

6. Breggin, Peter. "Lobotomy: An Alert". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 129:97, 1972.

7. Breggin, Peter. "Psychosurgery". JAMA, 226:1121, 1973.

8. Breggin, Peter. "The Second Wave of Psychosurgery". M/H (Mental Health), 57:10–13, 1973.

9. Breggin, Peter. "Therapy as Applied Utopian Politics". Mental Health and Society, 1:129–146, 1974.

10. Lundy PJ and Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatric oppression of prisoners". Psychiatric Opinion. 11(3):30–7, 1974.

11. Breggin, Peter. "Psychosurgery for Political Purposes". Duquesne Law Review, 13:841–862, 1975.

12. Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatry and Psychotherapy as Political Processes". American Journal of Psychotherapy, 29:369–382, 1975.

13. Breggin, Peter. "Madness is a Failure of Free Will; Therapy Too Often Encourages It". Psychiatric Quarterly, 53:61–68, 1981. Originally published (in French) in Verdiglione A (ed): "La Folie Dans La Psychoanalyse". Paris, Payot, 1977.

14. Breggin, Peter. "Electroconvulsive therapy for depression". The New England Journal of Medicine, 27;303(22):1305–6, 1980.

15. Breggin, Peter. "Electroshock Therapy and Brain Damage: The Acute Organic Brain Syndrome as Treatment". Behavior and Brain Sciences, 7:24–25, 1984.

16. Breggin, Peter. "Neuropathology and Cognitive Dysfunction from ECT". Electroconvulsive Consensus Development Conference Programs and Abstracts, pp. 59–64, 1985. Sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and the NIH Office of Medical Applications Research. Bethesda, Maryland, June 10–12, 1985 at the National Institutes of Health.

17. Breggin, Peter. "Neuropathology and Cognitive Dysfunction from ECT". Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22:476–479, 1986.

18. Breggin, Peter. "Brain damage from nondominant ECT". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(10):1320–1, 1986.

19. Breggin, Peter and de Girolamo, G. "Ellettroshock: Tra Rischioiatrogeno e Mito Terapeutico". Quaderni Italiani di Psychiatrica, 6:497–540, 1987.

20. Breggin, Peter. "Precious the Crow". Voices (journal of the American Academy of Psychotherapists), 23:32–42, Summer 1987.

21. Breggin, Peter. "The Three Dynamics of Human Progress: A Unified Theory Applicable to Individuals, Institutions and Society". Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 21(1–3):97–123, 1988–89.

22. Breggin, Peter. "Addiction to Neuroleptics?" The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(4):560, 1989.

23. Breggin, Peter. "Dr. Breggin replies". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(9):1240, 1989.

24. Breggin, Peter. "Brain Damage, Dementia and Persistent Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Neuroleptic Drugs: Evidence, Etiology, Implications". Journal of Mind Behavior, 11:425–464, 1990.

25. Breggin, Peter. "Psychotherapy in the Shadow of the Psycho-Pharmaceutical Complex". Voices (journal of the American Academy of Psychotherapists), 27:15–21, 1991

26. Weinberg MH and Breggin, Peter. "The homeless mentally ill". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(5):690–1, 1991.

27. Breggin, Peter. "A Case of Fluoxetine-induced Stimulant Side Effects with Suicidal Ideation Associated with a Possible Withdrawal Syndrome ('Crashing')". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 3:325–328, 1992

28. Breggin, Peter. "Parallels Between Neuroleptic Effects and Lethargic Encephalitis: The Production of Dyskinesias and Cognitive disorders". Brain and Cognition, 23:8–27, 1993.

29. Breggin, Peter and Breggin, Ginger Ross. "A Biomedical Programme for Urban Violence Control in the US: The Dangers of Psychiatric Social Control". Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(1) (March):59–71, 1993.

30. Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatry's Role in the Holocaust". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 4:133–148, 1993. Adapted from a paper delivered at "Medical Science Without Compassion" in Cologne, Germany and published in the conference proceedings.

31. Breggin PR. "Genetics and crime". Science, 262(5139):1498, 1993.

32. Breggin, Peter. "Encephalitis lethargica". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7(3), 387, 1995.`

33. Breggin, Peter. "Campaigns Against Racist Federal Programs by the Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology". Journal of African American Men, 1(3), 3–22, Winter 1995/96.

34. Breggin, Peter. "Should the Use of Neuroleptics Be Severely Limited?" Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14:62–66 March 1996.

35. Breggin, Peter and Breggin, Ginger Ross. "The Hazards of Treating 'Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder' with Methylphenidate (Ritalin)" Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10:55–72, 1996.

36. Breggin, Peter. "Psychotherapy in Emotional Crises without Resort to Psychiatric Medication". The Humanistic Psychologist, 25:2–14, 1998.

37. Breggin, Peter. "Analysis of Adverse Behavioral Effects of Benzodiazepines with a Discussion of Drawing Scientific Conclusions from the FDA's Spontaneous Reporting System". Journal of Mind and Behavior, 19:21–50, 1998.

38. Breggin, Peter. "Electroshock: Scientific, ethical, and political issues". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 11:5–40, 1998.

39. Breggin, Peter. "Does clozapine treatment cause brain disease?" Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(9):845, 1998.

40. Breggin, Peter. "Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Part I—Acute risks and psychological effects". Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 1:13–33, 1999.

41. Breggin, Peter. "Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Part II—Adverse effects on brain and behavior". Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 1:213–241, 1999.

42. Breggin, Peter. "Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Risks and mechanism of action". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 12 (1), 3–35, 1999. (Simultaneously published version of #24 and 25)

43. Breggin, Peter. "Empathic self-transformation and love in individual and family therapy". Humanistic Psychologist, 27:267–282, 1999.

44. Breggin, Peter. "Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". JAMA, 281(16):1490–1, 1999.

45. Breggin, Peter. "What psychologists and psychotherapists need to know about ADHDand stimulants". Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18:13–23, Spring 2000

46. Breggin, Peter. "The NIMH multimodal study of treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical analysis". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 13:15–22, 2000. Also published in Ethical Human Sciences and Services.

47. Breggin, Peter. "MTA study has flaws". Archives of General Psychiatry, 58:1184, 2001.

48. Breggin, Peter. "Empowering social work in the era of biological psychiatry". The annual Ephraim Lisansky lecture of the University of Maryland School of Social Work. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 3:197–206, 2001.

49. Breggin, Peter. "Questioning the treatment for ADHD". Science, 291(5504):595, 2001.

50. Breggin, Peter. "Fluvoxamine as a cause of stimulation, mania, and aggression with a critical analysis of the FDA-approved label". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 14: 71–86, 2002. Simultaneously published in Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 4, 211–227, 2002.

51. Breggin, Peter. "Psychopharmacology and human values". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 43: 34–49, 2003.

52. Breggin, Peter. "Suicidality, violence and mania caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): A review and analysis". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 16: 31–49, 2003/2004. Simultaneously published in Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 5:225–246, 2003.

53. Breggin, Peter. "Re: Mud Splatters". British Medical Journal, October 14, 2004.

54. Breggin, Peter. "Recent U.S., Canadian and British regulatory agency actions concerning antidepressant-induced harm to self and others: A review and analysis". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 7–22, 2005. Simultaneously published in the International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 16, 247–259, 2005.

55. Breggin, Peter. "Recent regulatory changes in antidepressant labels: Implications for activation (stimulation) in clinical practice". Primary Psychiatry, 13, 57–60, 2006.

56. Breggin, Peter. "Court filing makes public my previously suppressed analysis of Paxil's effects". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 77–84, 2006.

57. Breggin, Peter. "How GlaxoSmithKline suppressed data on Paxil-induced akathisia: Implications for suicide and violence". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 91–100, 2006.14

58. Breggin, Peter. "Drug company suppressed data on paroxetine-induced stimulation: Implications for violence and suicide". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 255–263, 2006.

59. Breggin, Peter. "Intoxication anosognosia: The spellbinding effect of psychiatric drugs". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 201–215, 2006. Simultaneously published in the International Journal of Risk and Safety and Medicine, 19, 3–15, 2007.

60. Breggin, Peter. "ECT damages the brain: Disturbing news for patients and shock doctors alike". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 83–86, 2007.

61. Breggin, Peter and Breggin, Ginger Ross. "Exposure to SSRI antidepressants in utero causes birth defects, neonatal withdrawal symptoms and brain damage". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 5–9, 2008.

62. Donald Marks; Breggin, Peter; and Braslow, Derek. "Homicidal ideation causally related to therapeutic medications". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 134–145, 2008.

63. Breggin, Peter "Practical Applications: 22 Guidelines for Counseling and Psychotherapy". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 43–57, 2008.

64. Breggin, Peter. "Antidepressant-induced suicide, violence, and mania: Risks for military personnel". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 111–121, 2010.

65. Breggin, Peter. "The FDA should test the safety of ECT machines". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 22, 89–92, 2010.

66. Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatric drug-induced Chronic Brain Impairment (CBI): Implications for longterm treatment with psychiatric medication". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 23: 193–200, 2011.

67. Breggin, Peter. "The Rights of Children and Parents in Regard to Children Receiving Psychiatric Drugs". Children & Society, 28, 231–241, 2014.

68. van Daalen-Smith, Cheryl; Adam, Simon; Breggin, Peter; and LeFrançois, Brenda A. "The Utmost Discretion: How Presumed Prudence Leaves Children Susceptible to Electroshock". Children & Society, 28, 205–217, 2014.

69. Breggin, Peter. "The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions". Medical Hypotheses, 85, 17–24, 2015.

70. Breggin, Peter. "Understanding and helping people with hallucinations based on the theory of negative legacy emotions". Humanistic Psychologist, 43, 70–87, 2015.15

71. Breggin, Peter. "Rational Principles of Psychopharmacology for Therapists, Healthcare Providers and Clients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 46, 1–13, 2016.

72. Breggin, Peter. "Extreme psychospiritual states versus organic brain disease: Bringing together science and the human factor". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 59, 686–696, 2019.

73. Breggin, P. and Stolzer, J. "Psychological Helplessness and Feeling Undeserving of Love: Windows into Suffering and Healing". The Humanistic Psychologist, June 2020, 48 (2). InPress.

74. Breggin, Peter. "Moving past the vaccine/autism controversy – to examine potential vaccine neurological harms". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 1 (2020) 1–15 1 DOI 10.3233/JRS-200052 IOS

See also

References
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  2. "Fact Check: Peter Breggin Article Contains False Claims About VAERS Data, Ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine, SARS-CoV-2 Virus | Lead Stories". leadstories.com. 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  3. Breggin, Peter Roger (2021). COVID-19 and the Global Predators: We are the Prey. Lake Edge Press. ISBN 978-0-9824560-7-1. OCLC 1282299600.
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  24. "Paxil Black Black Box Warning". FDA. Archived from the original on 2006-07-06. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
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  31. Zitrin, Richard A. (1999). The moral compass of the American lawyer : truth, justice, power, and greed (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 193–201. ISBN 9780307807410.
  32. Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Unpublished Judicial Opinions, South Carolina
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