Exidia nigricans
Exidia nigricans (common name Witches' butter) is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. It is a common, wood-rotting species throughout the northern hemisphere, typically growing on dead attached branches of broadleaf trees. It has been much confused with Exidia glandulosa.
| Exidia nigricans | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Exidia nigricans | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Auriculariales |
| Family: | Auriculariaceae |
| Genus: | Exidia |
| Species: | E. nigricans |
| Binomial name | |
| Exidia nigricans (With.) P. Roberts (2009) | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Exidia applanata Schwein. (1832) | |
Taxonomy
The species was originally described from England as Tremella nigricans by Withering in 1776, based on a phrase name published by Dillenius in 1741. It was subsequently considered a synonym of Exidia glandulosa, until Donk revised species concepts in 1966 and placed it in synonymy with Exidia plana.[1] Changes in the starting point for fungal nomenclature[2] has made Exidia plana illegitimate, however, leaving Exidia nigricans as the earliest name for the species.[3]
Molecular research has shown that Exidia glandulosa and E. nigricans, though similar, are distinct.[4]
Witches' butter
Both Dillenius (1741) and Withering (1776) gave the English name for this species as "Witches' butter",[3] though this name has subsequently also been applied to other gelatinous fungi, including Exidia glandulosa and the yellow Tremella mesenterica. It is said to be based on a folk belief that witches milk cows at night and scatter the butter they create in the process around.
Description
Exidia nigricans forms dark sepia to blackish, rubbery-gelatinous fruit bodies that are button-shaped and around 2 cm (0.79 in) across. The fruitbodies occur in clusters and quickly coalesce to form effused, irregular masses 10 cm (3.9 in) or more across. The upper, spore-bearing surface is shiny and dotted with small pimples or pegs. The individual fruitbodies are each attached to the wood at the base. The spore print is white.[5]
Microscopic characters
The microscopic characters are typical of the genus Exidia. The basidia are ellipsoid, septate, 15-25 × 8-13 µm. The spores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), 14-19 × 4.5-5.5 µm.[5]
Similar species
Exidia nigricans and E. glandulosa are frequently confused. The two are similar, but E. glandulosa produces discrete, top-shaped fruitbodies that rarely if ever coalesce. They are indistinguishable microscopically, but DNA research indicates they are distinct.[4]
Fruitbodies of Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella foliacea are typically a warmer, lighter brown, but can sometimes be dark sepia to black. The fruitbodies are gelatinous, but usually foliaceous (with flattish lobes or fronds) and never have warts or pegs on the surface.[6]
Habitat and distribution
Exidia nigricans is a wood-rotting species, typically found on dead attached branches of a wide range of broadleaf trees. It persists for some while on fallen branches and logs. The species typically fruits in autumn and winter. It is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, including North America and Europe.
References
- Donk, M.A. (1966). Check list of European hymenomycetous heterobasidiae. Persoonia 4: 145–335.
- International code for botanical nomenclature http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm
- Roberts, P. (2009). Exidia nigricans: a new and legitimate name for Exidia plana. Mycotaxon 109: 219–220.
- Weiss, M & Oberwinkler, F. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycological Research 105: 403–415.
- Breitenbach, J. & Kranzlin, F. (1986). Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: 65 (as E. glandulosa)
- Spirin V, Malysheva V, Yurkov A, Miettinen O, Larsson KH (2018). "Studies in the Phaeotremella foliacea group (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota)". Mycological Progress. 17 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1007/s11557-017-1371-4. hdl:10138/326186. S2CID 44901453.
