List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene

This is a list of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[lower-alpha 1] and continues to the present day.[1] This epoch equates with the latter third of the Haweran Stage of the Wanganui epoch in the New Zealand geologic time scale.

Location of the Realm of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean and Antarctica.
The North Island giant moa (Dinornis novaezealandiae) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of New Zealand.

The North Island and South Island are the two largest islands of New Zealand. Stewart Island is the largest of the smaller islands. New Zealand proper also includes outlying islands such as the Chatham Islands, Kermadec Islands, and New Zealand Subantarctic Islands. Only New Zealand proper is represented on this list, not the Realm of New Zealand. For extinctions in the associated states or dependent territory see the List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene.

The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.[2][3] The first settlers of New Zealand migrated from Polynesia and became the Māori people.[4] According to archeological and genetic research, the ancestors of the Māori arrived in New Zealand no earlier than about 1280 CE, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350,[5][4] consistent with evidence based on genealogical traditions.[6][7] No credible evidence exists of pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand.[4] In 1642, the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman became the first European explorer known to visit New Zealand.[8] In 1769, British explorer James Cook became the first European to map New Zealand and communicate with the Māori.[9][10] From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi annexed New Zealand into the British Empire.[11][12][13] As a result of the influx of settlers, the population of Pākehā (European New Zealanders) grew explosively from fewer than 1,000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881.[14]

Numerous species have disappeared from New Zealand as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. The arrival of the Māori resulted in animal extinctions due to deforestation[3] and hunting.[15] The Māori also brought two species of land mammals, Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) and kurī, a breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris).[3][16] In pre-human times, bats were the only land mammals found in New Zealand.[17] Polynesian rats definitely contributed to extinctions,[3] and kurī might have contributed as well.[18][19] Like the Māori settlers centuries earlier, the European settlers hunted native animals and engaged in habitat destruction. They also introduced numerous invasive species.[20] A few examples are black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus),[21] domestic cats (Felis catus),[22] stoats (Mustela erminea),[23] and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).[24]

This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of New Zealand, not domestic animals like the kurī.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Eared seals (family Otariidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri 'NZ' Coastal North and South Island Distinct lineage of the New Zealand sea lion once found all over the North and South Islands, as evidenced by ancient DNA studies on subfossil remains dating to just before 1280 AD.[25] It was hunted to extinction by the Maori within a few centuries. Afterwards, the subantarctic lineage of the New Zealand sea lion colonized Stewart Island and the southeastern coast of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.[26] Male, females, and pup of the only surviving lineage, the subantarctic New Zealand sea lion
Chatham Islands sea lion Phocarctos hookeri 'Chathams' Chatham Islands Distinct lineage that became extinct due to overhunting within two centuries of Moriori settlement, in 1450-1650 AD.[27]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand greater short-tailed bat Mystacina robusta North and South Island Widespread on both islands in pre-Māori times, as evidenced by subfossil remains, this species was restricted to Big South Cape Island and other islands off Stewart Island at the time of European arrival. The reason for extinction in the mainland was likely predation by introduced Polynesian rats. Listed as "Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)" by the IUCN as individuals have not been sighted since 1967, following the introduction of black rats to Big South Cape Island. However, the species might still persist on Big South Cape, Putauhinu and other islands off Stewart.[28]

Birds (class Aves)

Giant moa (family Dinornithidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North Island giant moa Dinornis novaezealandiae North Island[29] and Great Barrier Island[30] Most recent bones in the Ruahine Range were dated to 1286-1390 AD.[31] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may have also been eaten by Polynesian dogs.[30]
South Island giant moa Dinornis robustus South Island, Stewart Island,[29] and D'Urville Island[32] Most recent bones in Tumbledown Bay, Canterbury were dated to 1451-1952 AD (1558-1728 AD maximum likelihood), making this a contender for last surviving moa species.[33] They were hunted, and their bones are widespread in Maori middens, shaped into tools and ornaments. Estimates of moa remains in 1,200 open ovens and middens surveyed in the vicinity of the Waitaki River mouth during the 1930s range from 29,000 to 90,000. Moa chicks may have been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of the giant moa's dry forest and shrubland habitat also likely reduced their numbers.[32]

Lesser moa (family Emeidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bush moa Anomalopteryx didiformis North Island, South Island, and Stewart Island[29] Most recent bones in Echo Valley, Fiordland were dated to 1310-1420 AD.[33] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may have been eaten by Polynesian dogs.[34]
Eastern moa Emeus crassus South Island[29] Most recent eggshell fragments at Wairau Bar were dated to 1320-1350 AD.[35] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Remains are widespread in middens, along with tools used to cut up carcasses and to work bones into tools. Middens in the Marlborough district contained remains of more than 4,000 individuals and large numbers of eggs. Eastern moa was the second most abundant species recorded after the broad-billed moa. Moa chicks may have also been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of the eastern moa's forest and shrubland habitat is also likely to have reduced its numbers.[36]
Broad-billed moa Euryapteryx curtus North, South,[29][lower-alpha 2] Stewart, and Great Barrier Island[37] Most recent bones in Ototara, North Otago were dated to 1464-1637 AD, making this a contender for last surviving moa species.[33] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Remains are widespread in middens, along with specialised tools used to cut up carcasses and to work bones into tools. Moa chicks may have also been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of the broad-billed moa's forest and shrubland habitat is also likely to have reduced its numbers.[37]
Heavy-footed moa Pachyornis elephantopus South Island and Stewart Island[29] Most recent bones in Kawarau Valley, Central Otago were dated to 1294-1438 AD.[33] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may also have been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of eastern dryland forests and shrublands is also likely to have reduced the extent of suitable habitat.[38]
Mantell's moa Pachyornis geranoides North Island[29] Most recent remains were dated to 1278-1415 AD.[39] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may also have been eaten by Polynesian dogs.[40]
Crested moa Pachyornis australis South Island[29] This subalpine restricted species was believed to have become extinct during the Pleistocene-Holocene extinction around 10,000 years ago, until a partial skeleton from the Bulmer Cavern of Mount Owen was dated to 1396–1442 AD.[33] The main cause of extinction was probably overhunting. Crested moa chicks may also have been eaten by Polynesian dogs.[41]

Upland moa (family Megalapterygidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Upland moa Megalapteryx didinus South Island[29] Butchered remains in the Murchison Mountains of Fiordland were dated to 1300-1422 AD.[33] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Remains are widespread in middens, along with specialised tools used to cut up moa carcasses and to work bones into tools. Moa chicks may have been killed by Polynesian dogs.[42]

Megapodes (family Megapodidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kermadec megapode Megapodius sp. nov. 'Raoul Island' Raoul, Kermadec Islands Wiped out by a volcanic eruption in 1876.[43] Though seen by Europeans, no specimens were taken and no remains survive. As the previous eruption has been dated to only 5,000 years before, it has been speculated that the same species of megapode lived elsewhere in Polynesia.[44]

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand quail Coturnix novaezelandidae North Island, South Island, and Great Barrier Island[29] Extinct since 1875. The reason is unknown, though exotic pathogens have been suggested.[45]

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chatham duck Anas chathamica Chatham Islands[29] Remains dated to 448-657 AD, but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1350.[39] The species likely became extinct through overhunting, as it was large and flightless.[46]
New Zealand musk duck Biziura delautouri North Island and South Island[29] One bone was found in a food midden. Hunting is the most likely cause of extinction, which happened before European arrival.[47]
Finsch's duck Chenonetta finschi North Island and South Island[48] Extinct in the 16th century due to hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.[48]
South Island goose Cnemiornis calcitrans South Island[29] Hunted by early Polynesian settlers, their remains are widespread in midden deposits. Overhunting is the most likely cause of extinction.[49] The date of extinction is unknown, but probably happened in the 16th century.[43]
North Island goose Cnemiornis gracilis North Island[29] Remains dated to the first millennium AD,[50] but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280.[39] A possible historical record, describing a rufous flightless goose that was hunted with dogs, was made in 1875. Though the reasons of extinction are unknown, any flightless goose would have been extremely vulnerable to overhunting.[43]
Chatham Islands swan Cygnus sumnerensis chathamicus Chatham Islands[43] Likely hunted to extinction by the Moriori before 1650 AD.[51]
New Zealand swan Cygnus sumnerensis sumnerensis South Island[43] Bones were found in Polynesian middens,[51] and dated to 1059-1401 AD.[39] It was probably driven to extinction through overhunting before 1450 AD. This species was considered once synonymous with the Australian black swan which was later introduced to New Zealand by Europeans, but an ancient DNA study confirmed that they were different species that separated from a common ancestor 1-2 million years ago.[51]
Scarlett's duck Malacorhynchus scarletti North Island, South Island, and Chatham Islands[52][29] Became extinct sometime after Polynesian arrival. It was hunted by the Māori and its nests were possibly susceptible to predation by Polynesian rats.[52]
New Zealand merganser Mergus australis Auckland Islands,[29] North Island, South Island, Stewart Island[29][lower-alpha 3] Reduced to the Auckland Islands only by the time of European colonization, it was last recorded in 1902. Became extinct due to hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[53]
Chatham Island merganser Mergus milleneri Chatham Island[54] Only known from bones found in middens. Hunting is the most likely cause of extinction.[54]
New Zealand stiff-tailed duck Oxyura vantetsi North Island and South Island[29] Extinct before European contact. Hunting is the most likely cause of extinction, and a bone found in the South Island may have come from a human midden.[55]
Chatham Islands shelduck Tadorna cf. variegata Chatham Islands An "as-yet unnamed shelduck species was exterminated by the first Polynesian settlers" in the Chatham Islands.[56]

Owlet-nightjars (family Aegothelidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand owlet-nightjar Aegotheles novazelandiae North Island and South Island[29] Last dated to 1183 AD but presumed to have survived until Maori arrival in the 13th century. It wasn't hunted. Probably driven to extinction by Polynesian rats.[57][58]

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Raoul Island pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ssp. Raoul, Kermadec Islands Known from a single humerus and descriptions. It was extinct by 1887, due to hunting and predation by feral cats.[43]

Adzebills (family Aptornithidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
South Island adzebill Aptornis defossor South Island[29] Most recent bones were dated to 1234-1445 AD.[50] The presence of adzebill bones in middens indicates that early Polynesian settlers hunted the species, and this is the most likely cause of extinction.[59] Nests could also have been raided by Polynesian rats.[43]
North Island adzebill Aptornis otidiformis North Island[29] Most recently dated to around 1000 AD, but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival.[43] The presence of adzebill bones in middens indicates that early Polynesian settlers hunted them, and this is the most likely cause of extinction.[60] Nests could also have been raided by Polynesian rats.[43]

Rails (family Rallidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chatham rail Cabalus modestus Chatham Islands[29] Last recorded between 1893 and 1895. Extinct due to habitat destruction, competition with and predation by introduced mammals.[61]
Snipe-rail Capellirallus karamu North Island[29] Excavations at Lake Poukawa, Hawke’s Bay show that snipe-rails were once common but drastically reduced in numbers after Māori colonization and the vegetation changed from podocarp forest to bracken and scrub, likely because of fire. However, the main factor of extinction was probably predation by Polynesian rats.[62]
Hawkins's rail Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Chatham Islands[29][63] Last recorded in 1895. It was hunted to extinction.[63]
Chatham coot Fulica chathamensis Chatham Island[29][64] Remains dated to 701-119 BCE, but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 AD.[39] Probably became extinct due to overhunting and predation of eggs and chicks by Polynesian rats. Its bones are common in middens, indicating that it was frequently taken for food.[64]
New Zealand coot Fulica prisca North Island and South Island[29] Extinct due to overhunting by early Māori. Its bones are common in two archaeological middens in coastal Marlborough, where some coot bones were shaped into tools.[65] Nests could also have been raided by introduced predators.[43]
Dieffenbach's rail Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii Chatham Islands[29] Last collected in 1840. It was possibly driven to extinction by introduced predators and habitat loss due to fire.[66]
North Island takahē Porphyrio mantelli North Island[29] Restricted to high altitude grasslands, this species declined with the expansion of forests in the Holocene but survived until hunting by the Maori drove it to extinction. There is a disputed historical observation from 1894.[67]
Hodgens' waterhen Tribonyx hodgenorum North Island and South Island[29] Disappeared in the 17th century as a result of hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.[68]

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North Island snipe Coenocorypha barrierensis Little Barrier Island,[69] Browns Island (disputed),[69] and North Island[69] Subfossil remains found across the North Island. A possible live individual was shot on Browns Island in 1820, and another was collected on Little Barrier Island in 1870. It is presumed extinct due to predation by Polynesian rats on the North Island and by feral cats introduced by Europeans on smaller islands.[69]
Forbes's snipe Coenocorypha chathamica Chatham Island[70] and Pitt Island[70] Presumed extirpated by Polynesian rats on Chatham Island between 1500 and 1800 AD, and by feral cats on Pitt Island by the late 19th century.[70]
South Island snipe Coenocorypha iredalei South Island, Stewart Island, Jacky Lee Island, Big South Cape Island,[71] and possibly other offshore islands[71] Extirpated from the larger islands due to predation by Polynesian rats and from the smaller ones by black rats. The last population in Big South Cape Island disappeared in 1964 after a failed relocation attempt.[71]

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Imber's petrel Pterodroma imberi Chatham Islands[72] Probably disappeared from Chatham Island due to hunting and predation by Polynesian rats. It survived in Mangere Island until the 18th century, and in Pitt Island until the middle or late 19th century, when it was finished by feral cats.[72][43]
Scarlett's shearwater Puffinus spelaeus South Island[29] Most recently dated to 1350 AD.[73] Breeding colonies may have been overexploited directly, and their small size would have made eggs and chicks vulnerable to predation by Polynesian rats.[74]

Penguins (family Spheniscidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chatham penguin Eudyptes warhami Chatham Islands,[75] North Island, and South Island[75] Last dated after the 13th century.[76] It was almost certainly extinct before Europeans arrived in the Chatham Islands;[77] a crested penguin captured alive in 1871 or 1872 was probably a vagrant of another species in the same genus.[78][79]
Dwarf yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes richdalei Chatham Islands Last dated after the 13th century. It was hunted to extinction.[76]
Waitaha penguin Megadyptes antipodes waitaha North Island,[80] South Island,[29][81] Stewart Island,[81] and Codfish Island[29] Last dated to 1347-1529 AD.[80] Archaeological remains indicate that early Polynesian settlers hunted the species and that this, with possible additional predation by Polynesian rats and dogs, was a probable cause of extinction.[81] After its extinction, the subantarctic subspecies of the yellow-eyed penguin, M. a. antipodes, colonized Stewart Island and part of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.[80]

Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kohatu shag Leucocarbo septentrionalis North Island Described in 2017. Known from fossil bones found in the Northland Region. Probably killed off by early human hunters.[82][83]

Herons (family Ardeidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand bittern Ixobrychus novaezelandiae South Island,[29][84] North Island[84][29] and Chatham Island[29][85] Last definite records from the mid-1890s.[85] Scarcity during colonial history may have been due to early spread of brown rats and feral cats throughout New Zealand; a captive bird showed alarm at the presence of a cat. Final extinction coincided with the first expansion of stoats on the West Coast Region, before the wetlands were drained for farming.[85]

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eyles's harrier Circus teauteensis North Island and South Island[29] Last dated to the first millennium AD[50] but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280.[39] There is a dubious observation from the 1870s.[43] It is thought to have become extinct due to a combination of human-induced impacts: its forest and shrubland habitat was burned off and replaced with grassland, predation by introduced Polynesian rats probably caused a decline in its prey species, and hunting by humans is apparent from the presence of harrier bones in middens, and use of its bones to make tools. The Polynesian rat and dog may have also preyed on chicks. Unlike the closely related swamp harrier which colonized New Zealand after its extinction,[86] it was probably too heavy and small-winged to hunt over open grassland areas.[87]
Haast's eagle Hieraaetus moorei South Island[29][88] and Stewart Island[88] Most recent eggshell fragments at Wairau Bar were dated to 1320-1350 AD.[35] It became extinct around the same time as all moa species. Overhunting of its moa prey was probably the main cause of its extinction. Loss of habitat due to the burning of dry mosaic forests and shrublands may also have caused declines in its prey species. Haast's eagle may also have been hunted because its bones, some of which had been worked into tools, have been found in middens.[88] Nests could also have been raided by feral pigs and rats.[43] Two claimed sightings from the 1800s are unlikely to have been Haast's eagle.[88]

True owls (family Strigidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Laughing owl Ninox albifacies North Island, South Island, and Stewart Island[29][lower-alpha 4] Though possibly declining in the North Island before major European settlement, it was reportedly common in the Urewera Ranges in pre-European times. Only two specimens were collected from the North Island, now lost. They were common in the South Island in the mid-1800s, but thereafter declined rapidly. The last specimen was collected in 1914, and they were probably extinct by 1940. Polynesian rats formed an important part of the owl’s diet and is unlikely to have contributed to its extinction. Instead, the rapid decline of the laughing owl has been attributed to predation and competition by stoats, ferrets, and weasels introduced to control rabbits in the 1880s,[89] as well as feral cats.[90]

Kea and kākā (family Nestoridae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chatham kākā Nestor chathamensis Chatham Islands[91] The species became extinct sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries, possibly as a result of habitat loss caused by deforestation, hunting, and predation by Polynesian rats.[91][43]

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Campbell Island parakeet Cyanoramphus sp. Campbell Island Known from a single subfossil coracoid. Possibly disappeared after the introduction of brown rats to the island in 1810. In 1840 the island was noted to lack any terrestrial birds.[43]

New Zealand wrens (family Acanthisittidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lyall's wren Traversia lyalli Stephens Island,[29] North Island, and South Island[29] Disappeared from the main islands after Maori settlement, likely because of habitat loss and predation by Polynesian rats. It lingered on Stephens Island until 1895, when it was exterminated by domestic cats.[92][93]
Bushwren Xenicus longipes North Island, South Island, Stewart Island,[29] Kapiti Island, Big South Cape Island, Solomon Island and Pukeweka offshore Stewart Island[94] Extinct since 1972 due to predation by feral cats, rats, weasels, and stoats.[43]
North Island stout-legged wren Pachyplichas jagmi North Island[29] Extinct after Māori settlement but before European contact.[95][96]
South Island stout-legged wren Pachyplichas yaldwyni South Island[29] Extinct after Māori settlement but before European contact.[96]
Long-billed wren Dendroscansor decurvirostris South Island[29] Extinct shortly after Māori settlement.[97] Its flightlessness and probable ground-nesting habits would have made it easy prey for Polynesian rats.[97]

Honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chatham bellbird Anthornis melanocephala Chatham Islands[29] Last recorded in Little Mangere Island in 1906.[98] Probably extirpated by feral cats and Polynesian rats, then brown rats, and latterly, collection for museum specimens.[99]

Old World orioles (family Oriolidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North Island piopio Turnagra tanagra North Island[29] Last known individual killed at Ōhura, south Waikato, in 1902. Unconfirmed sightings continued into the 1970s, mainly from forest behind Whanganui, inland Taranaki and Te Urewera. It is likely that predation by introduced black rats was the main cause of extinction, though birds were occasionally eaten by settlers, and their final disappearance coincided with the spread of stoats.[100]
South Island piopio Turnagra capensis capensis South Island and some Fiordland islands[29][101] Declined rapidly following European settlement, especially after 1870. It was extinct on Banks and Otago Peninsulas by the 1880s, and on the West Coast and Fiordland by c. 1895. This coincided with the spread of introduced black rats and later, stoats. Unconfirmed sightings persisted into the 1930s, with the last in west Otago in 1963. Suggestions to transfer South Island piopio to an offshore sanctuary such as Kapiti Island or Little Barrier Island never eventuated, as live capture was very difficult before the invention of modern mist nets.[101]
Stephens Island piopio Turnagra capensis minor Stephens Island Last collected in 1897. Became extinct following clearance of the island’s forest and introduction of cats by lighthouse keepers.[101]

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand raven Corvus antipodum North Island,[29] South Island,[29] Stewart Island,[102] and Enderby Island[102] Extinct before European contact. The presence of bones in middens shows that they were eaten by humans, and they may have been impacted by the rapid extirpation of mainland seal and seabird colonies following human arrival.[102]
Chatham raven Corvus moriorum Chatham Islands[103] Dated to 8134-7408 BC but believed to have survived until 1350 BC.[39] It became extinct before European contact. The presence of raven bone remains in middens shows that they were eaten by humans. However, it is equally likely that the extinction was part of a trophic cascade caused by human hunting of breeding seals and seabirds in the islands.[104]

New Zealand wattlebirds (family Callaeidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Huia Heteralocha acutirostris North Island[29] Last accepted sighting in 1907, but it's likely that a few persisted into the 1920s.[105] Predation by introduced mammals and, to a lesser extent, human hunting, was the likely cause of extinction. Large areas of native forest containing huia were logged or burned in the 1800s to make way for farming, but this would have caused a modest range reduction rather than being a major contributor to extinction. Māori traditionally prized and wore huia tail feathers as a mark of status. Tail feathers became fashionable in Britain after the Duke of York was photographed wearing one during a 1901 visit to New Zealand. Overseas bird collectors and museums bought mounted specimens and tail feathers. Austrian naturalist Andreas Reischek took 212 pairs between 1877 and 1889. Walter Buller recorded that 11 Maori hunters took 646 huia skins from the forest between Manawatū Gorge and Ākitio during one month in 1863. Gilbert Mair recorded eating 'a splendid stew of Huia, Kaka, Pigeons & Bacon' with Buller at a bush camp in Wairarapa, October 1883, after shooting 16 huia and capturing live birds. Thousands of huia were exported overseas. Protection measures enacted in the 1890s were poorly enforced. Two male birds kept at London Zoo in the 1880s died in captivity. Plans to transfer huia to Kapiti and Little Barrier Island reserves never eventuated. A pair captured in 1893 for transfer to Little Barrier was acquired by Buller and apparently sent to Baron Walter Rothschild in England.[105]
Possibly extinct, New Zealand wattlebirds (family Callaeidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
South Island kōkako Callaeas cinereus South Island[29] Stewart Island,[106] and offshore islands[106] The main cause of decline was predation by black rats (introduced in the 1860s), cats, stoats, and weasels (1880s in the latter two's case). It was described as rapidly approaching extinction in 1889, when the related North Island kōkako was still relatively common. It has been suggested this difference was due to the tendency of South Island kōkako to spend longer feeding on the forest floor and to nest closer to the ground, making it more vulnerable. Like huia, South Island kōkako were described as ecologically naive. An incubating bird tolerated a close approach without giving an alarm call or defending its young. Māori traditionally hunted them, and large numbers were killed for sale to European collectors and museums. Declared extinct by the Department of Conservation in 2008, the species' conservation status was moved from extinct to data deficient in 2013 following the acceptance of a sighting near Reefton on the West Coast Region of the South Island in 2007.[107] Another unconfirmed sighting took place in the Heaphy Track in Kahurangi National Park in 2018.[108] A 2021 sighting and recording from Heaphy Track is undergoing analysis.[109][110] In 2019, the IUCN Red List estimated the probability of the species being extant as 0.898 based on records and surveys and 0.220 based on threats. Despite this high probability, recent reports are not deemed credible and so the species is considered Possibly Extinct.[106]

Grassbirds and allies (family Locustellidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chatham fernbird Poodytes rufescens Chatham Islands[111] Probably wiped out on Chatham Island by Polynesian rats which arrived with the first human settlers, or by cats during the 19th century. On its final stronghold of Mangere Island, the last specimens were collected in 1895, shortly after cats were released to control rabbits.[111]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Skinks (family Scincidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Northland skink Oligosoma northlandi Northland Region, North Island[113][114] Only known from late Holocene subfossil remains.[113][114]

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

New Zealand primitive frogs (family Leiopelmatidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Aurora frog Leiopelma auroraensis Fiordland, South Island[115] Known from subfossil bones. Probably disappeared within the past 1,000 years due to predation by the Polynesian rat.[115]
Markham's frog Leiopelma markhami North Island and South Island[115] Last dated to 1650 AD. Probably disappeared due to predation by the Polynesian rat.[115]
Waitomo frog Leiopelma waitomoensis North Island[115] Last dated to 220-320 AD, but believed to have survived until the past 1,000 years. Probably disappeared due to predation by the Polynesian rat.[115]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Australia-New Zealand smelts and graylings (family Retropinnidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Zealand grayling Prototroctes oxyrhynchus North Island and South Island[116] Abundant at the time of European settlement in the 1860s, population decline was noted by the late 1870s. By the 1920s the species was known to exist only in some streams in the East Cape, Wairarapa, and Otaki districts in the North Island, and on the West Coast of the South Island. Even in these areas, specimens were rarely encountered. In the early 1930s a specimen, possibly the last, was brought to the British Museum, though the origin and date of collection were not noted. The extinction was possibly due to a combination of factors including over-exploitation, deterioration of the freshwater habitat through clearance of forest cover resulting in increased light penetration, raised water temperature, and invasive salmonids.[116]

Insects (class Insecta)

Ground beetles (family Carabidae)
Scientific name Range Comments
Mecodema punctellum Stephens Island[117] This large, flightless ground beetle species has not been seen since 1931 despite searches on both Stephens Island and the nearby D’Urville Island.[117]

Clitellates (class Clitellata)

Family Megascolecidae
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Schmarda's worm Tokea orthostichon North Island[118] Described in 1861 from a single specimen in Maungarei, Auckland. There are no other survey reports of this species, nor was it found in recent searches.[118]

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Mustard and crucifer family (family Brassicaceae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Waitakere scurvy grass Lepidium amissum Coastal Waitākere Ranges, North Island[119] Last collected in 1917. It was already uncommon then and wasn't described as a species until 2013, from herbarium specimens. The reasons for extinction are unclear, but might be related to habitat alteration.[120]
Lepidium obtusatum Coastal Waitākere Ranges and Wellington, North Island[121][122] Last seen in Waitākere in 1917 and in Wellington in 1950. The Wellington population seems to have been eliminated through a combination of habitat destruction as a consequence of gravel extraction, weed invasion, and over collection by botanists. It is not clear why it disappeared from the Waitākere coastline.[121][122]

Showy mistletoes (family Loranthaceae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Adams mistletoe Trilepidea adamsii From the Waipoua River to the Waikato and Coromandel Peninsula in the North Island; Great Barrier Island, and Waiheke Island[123] Last collected in 1954 from Maungakawa in the Pakaroa Range, east of Cambridge. Habitat loss, over-collecting, loss of pollinators and dispersers, and possum browse have all been proposed as contributors to its extinction.[123]

Pink and carnation family (family Caryophyllaceae)
Scientific name Range Comments
Stellaria elatinoides North Island and South Island[124] Last seen in the 1940s, driven to extinction by habitat destruction and possibly invasive weeds.[124] The New Zealand Plant Conservation Network considers it a synonym of Stellaria multiflora subsp. multiflora, which survives in Australia.[125]

Family Loganiaceae
Scientific name Range Comments
Logania depressa East of Waiouru and north of Moawhango, North Island Only collected once in 1847. The area is now largely modified tussock grassland, partially covered by a dam or invaded by Hieracium pilosella.[126]

Borage and forget-me-not family (family Boraginaceae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Waiautoa forget-me-not Myosotis laingii South Marlborough, South Island Last collected in 1912. The reasons for extinction are unknown.[127]

See also

Notes
  1. The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the maths, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. This 2010 source treats Euryapteryx curtus and Euryapteryx gravis as separate species. Now they are generally treated as synonyms.
  3. "Chatham Island fossils may represent an undescribed taxon, a suggestion yet to be investigated." This apparently refers to the Chatham merganser (Mergus milleneri), which was described in 2014.
  4. According to this 2010 source, the laughing owl's "reported fossil occurrence on Chatham Island has been discounted."
  5. The extinct gecko Gigarcanum delcourti is known only from a single specimen of unknown provenance. It was previously considered a member of the New Zealand endemic genus Hoplodactylus, but DNA evidence from the specimen suggests that it originates from New Caledonia.[112]

References
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Further reading
  • Bell, B.D. 1994. A review of the status of New Zealand Leiopelma species (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), including a summary of demographic studies in Coromandel and on Maud Island. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, Vol. 21: 341–349.
  • Bunce, M., Worthy, T.H., Ford, T., Hoppitt, W., Willerslev, E., Drummond A., and Cooper, A. 2003. Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis. Nature, 425:172–175.
  • Cooper, A., Lalueza-Fox, C., Anderson, C., Rambaut, A., Austin, J., and Ward, R. 2001. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution. Nature 409:704–707.
  • Day, D., 1981, The Doomsday Book of Animals, Ebury Press, London.
  • Gill, B.; Martinson, P., (1991) New Zealand’s Extinct Birds, Random Century New Zealand Ltd.
  • Gill, B. J. 2003. Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43–58.
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