List of people considered father or mother of a field

Often, discoveries and innovations are the work of multiple people, resulting from continual improvements over time. However, certain individuals are remembered for making significant contributions to the birth or development of a field or technology.[1] These individuals may often be described as the "father" or "mother" of a particular field or invention, mostly in Western societies.

Fine art

Subject Father/mother Reason
Cowboy sculpture Frederic Remington[2] Created first bronze cowboy sculpture in 1895
Japanese Manga (comics) and Anime (animation) Osamu Tezuka Creator of Manga (Japanese comics) and Anime (Japanese Animation)

Games

Subject Father/mother Reason
Collectible card game Richard Garfield Creator of Magic: The Gathering
Miniature wargaming H. G. Wells[3] Publication of Little Wars
Modern video game Ralph H. Baer
Nolan Bushnell
Magnavox Odyssey, Pong
Role-playing game Gary Gygax[4] Creator of Dungeons & Dragons
Stealth game Hideo Kojima[5] Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games
Video game Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. Inventor of the first video game
Video game industry Ralph H. Baer Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first home video game console
Wargaming Charles S. Roberts[6] Designer of Tactics

Humanities

Military

Subject Father/mother Reason
Aerial warfare Oswald Boelcke The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft
Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi[7]
Robert Oppenheimer[8]
Leó Szilárd[9]
Blitzkrieg Heinz Guderian[10][11]
The West's hydrogen bomb Edward Teller[12]
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" Hyman G. Rickover[13][14][15]
Fourth Generation Warfare William S. Lind
French sailing navy Jean-Baptiste Colbert[16] Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu
Naval special warfare Phil H. Bucklew[17] US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One
Naval tactical studies Paul Hoste[18] Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armées Navales (1697)
Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte Oswald Boelcke[19]
Royal Air Force Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard[20]
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb Andrei Sakharov[21]
United States Airborne William C. Lee[22] First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia
United States Cavalry Casimir Pulaski[23] Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s)
United States Cavalry - Army of the West Stephen W. Kearney[24] Brigadier-general and commander of the Army of the West
United States Navy John Adams[25]
Commodore John Barry[26]
Captain John Paul Jones[27]

Nations

Natural and social sciences

Sports

Subject Father/mother Reason
1:8 radio-controlled off-road buggy Yuichi Kanai (godfather)[28][29] Kyosho's lead designer and lifelong employee; best known for the Inferno series of cars, credited for redefining the class from being unreliable and fragile to being tough and user friendlier that helped his employer to lead the 1/8 buggy renaissance from the 1990s, becoming one of the most dominant cars of all time.
American football Walter Camp[30] Established the snap, the line of scrimmage, eleven-player teams, and the concept of downs
American motocross Edison Dye[31] Introduced motorcross to American riders
American road racing Cameron Argetsinger[32] Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen
American sports car Fred Tone[33] Fred Tone was the engineer who designed the first sports car known as the American Underslung
American soccer Steve Ross (godfather)[34] Created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US
Angling Izaak Walton[35] Author of The Compleat Angler
Argentine football Alexander Watson Hutton[36]
Argentine professional golf José Jurado[37]
Argentine winter sports Otto Meiling[38]
Association football Ebenezer Cobb Morley[39]
Australian rules football Tom Wills
H. C. A. Harrison
Baseball Henry Chadwick[40][41][42][43]
Taekwondo in India Puran Andrew Gurung[44]
Basketball James Naismith Created basketball
Black basketball Edwin Henderson Introduced the sport to the black community of Washington, D.C. in the first decade of the 20th century, and organized many early competitions for African Americans[45]
BMX Scot Breithaupt[46]
Brahma bull riding Earl W. Bascom[47]
Brazilian football Charles William Miller[48]
Camel Lights Jim Downing Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in 1985[49]
Canadian rodeo O. Raymond Knight[50] Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902
Modern chess Wilhelm Steinitz First official world chess champion
Drag racing Wally Parks[51] Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race
Don Garlits[52] Innovator of drag racing safety
Eddie Hill[53] Regarded as the "Four Father" of drag racing for being the first to break the 5-second barrier. AKA "First in the Fours."
Drifting Kunimitsu Takahashi[54] Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes, which eventually became a sport
East Coast skateboarding Vinny Raffa (godfather)[55]
Florida skateboarding Bruce Walker (godfather)[56]
Modern football Ebenezer Cobb Morley[57]
Freestyle BMX Bob Haro[58][59]
Freestyle Motocross Mike Metzger (godfather)[60]
Funny Car Dick Landy[61]
Modern gymnastic Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
Modern Handball Karl Schelenz
Ice hockey James Creighton Captained one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on 3 March 1875 in Montreal
Import drag racing Frank Choi[62] Hosted one of the first events specifically for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category
Italian football James Richardson Spensley[63] Associated with Genoa CFC; contributed to the modern day-variation of the game in Italy
William Garbutt[64] Laid the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football
Japanese baseball Horace Wilson[65] Credited with introducing baseball in Japan
Hiroshi Hiraoka[66] Credited with establishing the first baseball team
Jogging Jim Fixx[67] Founding father
Kart racing Art Ingels[68] Developed the world's first kart (1956)
Kenyan running Colm O'Connell[69] Founded the first running camp in Kenya
Lacrosse William George Beers[70][71][72][73] Codified the sport
Mexican taekwondo Dai-won Moon[74] Credited with introducing the sport to Mexico; founded school that has trained tens of thousands in the sport
Mississippi rodeo Earl W. Bascom
Weldon Bascom[75]
Produced the first rodeo in Columbia, Mississippi in 1935
Mixed martial arts Edward William Barton-Wright[76] Experimented 1898–1902 with Shinden Fudo Ryu jujutsu, Kodokan judo, British boxing, Swiss schwingen, French savate and a defensive la canne (stick fighting) style that had been developed by Pierre Vigny of Switzerland, which led to the invention of Bartitsu
Model aviation Joseph S. Ott[77] Chicago Tribune, in an obituary, referred him as the father mainly for his designs of thousands of model aircraft spanning from the 1920s up to his death in 1986.
Modern bodybuilding Eugen Sandow[78]
Harold Zinkin[79] Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004; inventor of modern exercise machines
Modern boxing James Figg[80] James J.Corbett The Father of Modern American Scientific Boxing
Modern figure skating Jackson Haines[81] "Jackson Haines — The Father of Figure Skating", according to Roy Blakey
Modern football in Japan Dettmar Cramer[82]
Modern rodeo Earl W. Bascom[83] Inventor of rodeo gear and equipment that made rodeo into a modern international sport
Modern tennis Jack Kramer[84] Creator of the "Open"-era tournaments and the Association of Tennis Professionals
Puroresu Rikidōzan[85]
Para-equestrian dressage Lee Pearson (godfather)[86] Most decorated para-equestrian rider of all time
Organized radio controlled racing Ted Longshaw[87] Regarded as a grandfather of the sport; founded an organization for racing in the United Kingdom (1971); founded governing bodies for organized racing in Europe (1973), the far east (1980) and worldwide (1979)
Roger Curtis Co-founder of Associated Electrics, one of the most significant R/C car brands; contributed to racing[88]
Modern sabre fencing Italo Santelli[89]
Modern surfing Duke Kahanamoku[90]
Rodeo bareback bronc riding Earl W. Bascom[91][92] Designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924
Rugby union A. G. Guillemard[93]
William Webb Ellis[94] "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game".
Scuba diving Jacques Cousteau[95] Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality
Skateboarding Skip Engblom (godfather)[96]
Tony Hawk (godfather)[97]
Rodney Mullen (godfather)
Snooker Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain[98] Adopted the name and framed the rules in Ooty, India
Snowboarding Jake Burton Carpenter[99]
Stock car racing Bill France Sr.[100][101] Founded the sanctioning body for stock car racing
Supercross Mike Goodwin[102] Organized the first supercross race
Telemark skiing Sondre Norheim[103]
Televised golf Frank Chirkinian[104][105] Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting

Technology

Fields

Subject Father/mother Reason
Aerodynamics (modern) Sir George Cayley[106][107] Founding father of modern aerodynamics; first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flightweight, lift, drag, and thrust; modern airplane design is based on those discoveries
American landscape architecture Frederick Law Olmsted[108] Olmsted designed Central Park in New York City
Architecture Imhotep[109] Built the first pyramid
Astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[110]
Sergei Korolev[111]
Robert H. Goddard[112]
Hermann Oberth[113]
Aviation Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[114] and Abbas ibn Firnas[1][115][116] Ibn Firnas built the first human carrying glider and is reputed to have attempted two successful flights.[117][118] Wrote Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670); first to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel
Bionanotechnology Carlo Montemagno[119] The development of biomolecular motors for powering inorganic nanodevices while at Cornell and muscle-driven self-assembled nanodevices while at UCLA.[120]
British watchmaking Thomas Tompion[121]
Clinical trials James Lind[122] Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747
Computing Charles Babbage[123] Inventor of the analytical engine, which was never constructed in his lifetime
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener[124][125]
Gastrointestinal physiology William Beaumont[126]
Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel Founder of genetics.[127]
Green Revolution Norman Borlaug
Microscopy Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[128]
Information theory Claude Shannon[129]
Modern bladesmithing William F. Moran Founder of the American Bladesmith Society
Modern kinematics Ferdinand Freudenstein Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms[130]
Modern Knifemaking Bob Loveless Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild
Nanotechnology Richard Smalley Nobel Prize Biography[131]
Photography Louis Daguerre[132]
Nicéphore Niépce[133]
William Henry Fox Talbot[134]
Thomas Wedgwood[135]
Robotics Ismail al-Jazari[136][137]
Banū Mūsā brothers[138]
Ismail al-Jazari Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206[139]
The Bānu Musā brothers invented an automatic flute which may have been the first programmable machine
Western fiction novels Owen Wister Wister wrote the first fictional western novel The Virginian in 1902

Computing

Subject Father/mother Reason
C (programming language) Dennis Ritchie
Assembler Nathaniel Rochester[140]
Concurrent computing/Concurrent programming Edsger W. Dijkstra In his 2004 memoir, "A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer", Per Brinch Hansen wrote that he used "Cooperating Sequential Processes" to guide his work implementing multiprogramming on the RC 4000, and described it saying, "One of the great works in computer programming, this masterpiece laid the conceptual foundation for concurrent programming."
Compiler John Backus Credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957, although rudimental compilers (linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954.
Computer Charles Babbage[141] The concepts he pioneered in his analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers.
Alan Turing[142][143] Secret code breaker during WWII; invented the Turing machine (1936)
John V. Atanasoff[144] Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
Konrad Zuse[145] Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer
John von Neumann[146] Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchart.
John W. Mauchly[147]
J.Presper Eckert[148]
Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Computer program Ada Lovelace Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never completed.
Internet Vint Cerf[149][150] Bob Kahn[151] Developed the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) during 1973-81, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[152] There were many other Internet pioneers involved in the creation of the Internet.
Logo (programming language) Seymour Papert[153]
Microprocessor Federico Faggin

Marcian Hoff[154]

Stanley Mazor
Masatoshi Shima[155]

Designers of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004.
Packet switching Paul Baran[156]

Donald Davies[157]

Recognized by historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.[158] Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into “message blocks” and sending it over distributed networks between 1960–1964.[159][160] Davies conceived of and named the concept of packet switching in data communication networks in 1965.[161][162] Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design.[163]

Larry Roberts learned about Davies' and Baran's work at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967. He and Leonard Kleinrock subsequently worked on the ARPANET, but their claims to have originated the concept of packet switching are disputed by other Internet pioneers,[164][165][166] including by Robert Taylor,[167] Paul Baran,[168] and Donald Davies.[169][170]

Pentium microprocessor Vinod Dham[171][172] The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[173] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[174] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[175] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".
Personal computer Chuck Peddle[176] Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET
Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[177]
André Truong Trong Thi[178]
Programmable logic controller Dick Morley
Python (programming language) Guido van Rossum
Search engine Alan Emtage[179][180][181] Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines
SGML Charles Goldfarb[182]
Spreadsheet Dan Bricklin Invented the VisiCalc spreadsheet program, which was the killer application of the Apple II. VisiCalc is considered the first killer app in computer history.[183]
Self-stabilization (Self-stabilizing distributed systems) Edsger W. Dijkstra
Structured programming Edsger W. Dijkstra
World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee[184] The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Visual Basic Alan Cooper[185]
XML Jon Bosak[186]
Wi-Fi Vic Hayes

Inventions

Subject Father/mother Reason
AC induction motor Nikola Tesla Inventor of the AC induction motor, the foundation of the electric power grids worldwide for the transmission and distribution of electric power.
Airplane Wright brothers[187][188][189] Invented the first successful powered fixed-wing aircraft, upon which further aircraft designs, methods of flight, and aircraft control systems were based.
Air conditioning Willis Carrier[190]
Battery Alessandro Volta[191] Invented the first electrical battery, the Voltaic pile.
Canning Nicolas Appert
Chronograph George Graham[121][192] Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book The Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism
Color photography Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky[193] A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia.
Compact Disc Kees Immink[194]
Ekranoplan Rostislav Alexeev[195] Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing craft that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy.
Electric generator Michael Faraday Discoverer of electromagnetism. Inventor of the Faraday disk, the first electric generator and the Faraday cage.
Modern firearms John Moses Browning[196] Browning revolutionized the firearm industry with his automatic rifles that were manufactured by Winchester, Colt, Remington and Savage
Glow plug engine Ray Arden[197] Invented the first glow plug for model engines
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky[198] Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
Instant noodle Momofuku Ando[199] Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.
Japanese television Kenjiro Takayanagi[200][201]
Jet engine Frank Whittle[202][203]
Hans von Ohain[204]
Von Ohain´s design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950's.[205]
Karaoke Daisuke Inoue[206] Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.
Laser Charles Hard Townes
Lightning prediction system Alexander Stepanovich Popov The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Marine chronometer John Harrison[207]
Mobile phone Martin Cooper[208]
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev[209] Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.
Plastics Leo Baekeland Baekeland was responsible for the creation of Bakelite, an early marketable plastic, in 1907.
Printing press Johannes Gutenberg Inventor of the movable type printing press, which led to a sharp worldwide increase in literacy, education and mass communication. It also led to the spread and sharing of knowledge.
Radio (radio communication) Guglielmo Marconi[210] Developed the first form of radio wireless telegraphy
Radio (Radio broadcasting) Reginald Fessenden
David Sarnoff
Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.
Radio (FM radio) Edwin H. Armstrong Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
Radiotelephony Reginald Fessenden[211][212]
Spread spectrum Paul Beard[213] Inventor of the spread spectrum, created Spektrum to promote its use.
Telephone Johann Philipp Reis
Antonio Meucci
Alexander Graham Bell[214]
See Invention of the telephone
Television Paul Gottlieb Nipkow[215][216]

Philo T. Farnsworth[217]

Vladimir Zworykin[218][219]

John Logie Baird[220][221]

Co-inventors of the electronic television, Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. Fundamental to Baird's system was the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gotlieb Nipkow.[222]
Tokamak Lev Artsimovich
Tube structure Fazlur Rahman Khan[223] One of the greatest engineers of the 20th century. Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.
Video game console Ralph H. Baer Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first video game console

Transport

Subject Father/mother Reason
Automotive industry Carl Benz[224][225] His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production.[226]
20th century American car industry Henry Ford[227] Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.
American Interstate Highway System Dwight D. Eisenhower[228] Proposed and signed the act which created the System.
Automatic transmission Oscar Banker[229][230]
Bicycle industry James Starley[231] Developed the differential gear and the bicycle chain.
Erie Canal De Witt Clinton[232]
Electric traction Frank J. Sprague[233] Developed electric elevator, electric railway and electric motor.
Flight simulator Edwin Albert Link[234] Developed the Link Trainer.
Full-suspension mountain bike Jon Whyte[235] Used his suspension design expertise at Benetton Formula to design the first full-suspension mountain bike for Marin Bikes.
Gasoline Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) Carl Benz
Gasoline Omnibus Carl Benz
Gasoline Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) Gottlieb Daimler/Wilhelm Maybach
Gasoline Truck Gottlieb Daimler (DMG Lastkraftwagen)/Carl Benz
High-performance VW industry Gene Berg[236]
Hot rod Ed Winfield[237]
Import car culture RJ DeVera[238] Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s.
Kustom Kulture Von Dutch[239]
Maglev Hermann Kemper,[240] Eric Laithwaite[241] German engineer Hermann Kemper built a working model linear induction motor in 1935.[242] In the late 1940s, professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College in London developed the first full-size working model, an important and necessary precursor to maglev trains. 
Monster truck Bob Chandler[243] Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history.
Mountain bike Gary Fisher[244]
Railways George Stephenson[245] Pioneered rail transport, steam locomotives and invented standard-gauge railway track gauge.
Rock Crawling Marlin Czajkowski[246] In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations.
Rotary engine Felix Wankel[247][248]
Route 66 Cyrus Avery[249]
Tailfin Harley Earl[250][251][252]
Tunneling (Modern) Alan Muir Wood[253][254][255] Involved in the Channel Tunnel and Jubilee line extension.
Traffic safety William Phelps Eno[256]
Trolleybus Ernst Werner von Siemens[257][258] Built the Electromote in 1882.
Turbocharged engine Paul Rosche[259] A lifetime employee of BMW, he evolutionized the turbocharged engine into automobile use. He also developed the first European turbocharged car, the racing 1969 BMW 2002 TiK that evolved into the production 1972 2002 Turbo.
Vehicular cycling John Forester[260] Effective cycling founder
Yellow school bus Frank W. Cyr[261]

See also

References

  1. Lienhard, John H. (2008-06-30). How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195341201.
  2. "First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame". Eliteequestrian.us. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  3. The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
  4. Rausch, Allen (2004-08-15). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2005-01-03.
  5. "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  6. "Alanemrich.com". Alanemrich.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07.
  7. Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6.
  8. Jennifer Rosenberg. "J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director". About.com Education. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  9. Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p. 5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
  10. Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  11. Chris Shimp (2001-03-01). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  12. "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, 1965-12-31, p. 19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
  13. Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8232-2110-3. 'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'
  14. "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, 1957-12-06, p. 33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
  15. Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06675-7., p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
  16. Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7. ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7
  17. Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (2002-10-29). Blood Warriors: American Military Elites. New York: Ballantine. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-345-44891-0.
  18. Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7. ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7
  19. "Oswald Boelcke". Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  20. "Westminster Abbey » Hugh Trenchard". Westminster-abbey.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  21. "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  22. "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  23. Yale Richmond (1995). From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8. ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8
  24. "Bent's Old Fort - Cowboys and Indians Magazine". 2014-07-21.
  25. Hermann, Edward (2005). "George Washington to James Monroe: 1789–1825". The Presidents: The Lives and Legacies of the 43 Leaders of the United States. History.
  26. John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". Archived from the original on 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
  27. "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy—John Paul Jones". Hoover.archives.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  28. "Worlds '12 Feature: Who's Here". NeoBuggy.net. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  29. "Behind the Scenes with Kyosho's Yuichi Kanai". NeoBuggy.net. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  30. Walter Camp at the College Football Hall of Fame
  31. "Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Edison Dye". Archived from the original on 2005-07-06. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  32. "Wheels.ca - Final laps for some of racing's greats - Canada's Most Trusted Auto Resource". Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  33. "Bonhams : The F.C. Deemer, Honeymoon Roadster, ex-Dick Teague and W.K. Haines1907 American Underslung 50hp Roadster Engine no. 1402".
  34. "ESPN.com - E-Ticket: When Soccer Ruled The USA". Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  35. New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.
  36. "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886–29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football.
  37. "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history.
  38. Mirodan, Seamus (2004-02-14). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth.
  39. "Soccer History". Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  40. "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,"Henry Chadwick | National Baseball Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 2006-04-21. Retrieved 2006-04-20.. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
  41. "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, 1909-02-16, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
  42. Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, 2004-04-01. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
  43. "Soccer History". Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  44. "Edwin Bancroft Henderson". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  45. BMXUltra.com (2007-08-06). "Scot Breithaupt, Founding Father of BMX". Citra Cycling Club. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  46. "Saddlebag Dispatches—Autumn/Winter 2018".
  47. Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-041-1.
  48. Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-87938-582-8.
  49. Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 19021967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519.
  50. "Parks, Wally - Drag Racing - 1993". Mshf.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  51. "Drag racing legend back at Kingdon". Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  52. "Denver Eddie Hill Sunday Report". Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  53. "The History of Drifting". 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  54. "Skateboarding Video and Skateboarding Movies - Skate DVD and Skateboard Video Downloads". Boarding.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  55. "Bruce Walker - the Godfather of Florida Skateboarding". Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  56. "Welcome - Bondholders - Marketing The Humber" (PDF). Hull.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  57. "Haro signs Cody Warren and Kyle Strait". Pinkbike. 2003-04-09. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  58. "* HARO BMX COMPANY @ 23MAG BMX". 23mag.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  59. "Top 3 Freestyle Motocross Riders". Archived from the original on 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2011-05-09.
  60. "Mopar - MoLIFE - Legends of Mopar". Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  61. "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." "Battle in Virginia | Honda Civic Enthusiast at Automotive.com". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  62. "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  63. "Target : Expect More. Pay Less". Target.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  64. "The Social Impact of Japanese Baseball". Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  65. Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe.
  66. "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent. London. 2004-02-12. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  67. "Art Ingels". Vintagekarts.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  68. Finn, Adharanand (2012-08-08). "Kenya's David Rudisha is favourite for 800m, thanks to an Irish Brother". The Guardian. London.
  69. "STX - Home". Archived from the original on 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  70. "Contact Support". Archived from the original on 2002-02-23. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  71. "The Rules of Lacrosse. History And Origins Of Lacrosse". Collegesportsscholarships.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  72. "Aboriginal Innovations in Arts, Science and Technology Handbook". Lakehead University. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2016-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  73. "Moon Dai-won: father of Mexican taekwondo". Korea Times. 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
  74. Wil Nunnery (2014-09-24). "On this day in history - September 24th, 1935". Toledonewsnow.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  75. The Bartitsu Compendium Volumes 1 and 2
  76. "Joseph Ott, Designer Of Model Planes". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  77. "MusclePowerShop: Eugene Sandow Father of Bodybuilding". Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  78. "Governor Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Death of Harold Zinkin, Father of Modern Bodybuilding - Press Release by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger". Archived from the original on 2008-10-26.
  79. "James Figg: Father of Modern Boxing". Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  80. "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating". Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  81. "The football professor: a profile of Dettmar Cramer". World Soccer. 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  82. "Cowboy legend Earl Bascom was a rodeo pioneer and Western artist". Sbsun.com. 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  83. J. A. Allen. "King of the Court "Jack" Kramer: The Father of Modern Tennis". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  84. Jacob Waring. "Puroresu: Why I Believe It's the Best Pro-Wrestling Style Internationally". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  85. Ollie Williams and Olivia Yasukawa (2015-06-30). "Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory". CNN. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  86. "Detail News". News.efra.ws. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  87. "RC Car Action honors Roger Curtis with RC Hall of Fame Induction". RC Car Action. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  88. Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
  89. "Duke Kahanamoku--The Father of Surfing". Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  90. Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp. 77.
  91. "The Father of Bareback Riding".
  92. "Blogger". Basicbloganomics.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  93. File:WWEplaque 700.jpg
  94. "Diving Almanac & Book of Records --> Hall of Fame for Divers with Disabilities". Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
  95. "The Godfather of skateboarding". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  96. http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html
  97. "History of Snooker including how snooker was invented, how snooker was named and how snooker has developed over the years". Snookerclubs.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  98. "NESCAFÉ 3in1 & Burton in an expectedly good snowboard combination". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  99. "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" "Books : The Wildest Ride : Excerpts". Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  100. "Times Daily - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  101. "Driving Today: Who Killed Mickey Thompson?". Drivingtoday.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  102. Rolf Bryhn (2018-06-29). "Sondre Norheim". SNL.no (in Norwegian).
  103. Dolch, Craig (2011-03-04). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote.
  104. Goldstein, Richard (2011-03-05). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television," Jim Nantz, CBS's longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. "He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life.
  105. "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.
  106. "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flightweight, lift, drag, and thrustand their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.
  107. "Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". Archived from the original on 2015-05-02.
  108. Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
  109. "Tsiolkovskiy". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-06-18. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  110. "Korolev". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  111. "Goddard". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-11-08. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  112. "Oberth". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  113. Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p. 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
  114. Marshall Cavendish Reference. Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish, 2010 ISBN 9780761479291 p. 106.
  115. Sustainable Aviation by T. Hikmet Karakoc, C. Ozgur Colpan, Onder Altuntas, Yasin Sohret
  116. John H. Lienhard (2004). "'Abbas Ibn Firnas". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 1910. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Transcript.
  117. Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (2), p. 97–111 [100–101]
  118. Montemagno, Carlo D.; Craighead, Harold G.; Olkhovets, Anatoli G.; Neves, Hercules P.; Bachand, George D.; Soong, Ricky K. (2000-11-24). "Powering an Inorganic Nanodevice with a Biomolecular Motor". Science. 290 (5496): 1555–1558. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1555S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5496.1555. PMID 11090349.
  119. Xi, Jianzhong; Schmidt, Jacob J.; Montemagno, Carlo D. (2005-02-01). "Self-assembled microdevices driven by muscle". Nature Materials. 4 (2): 180–184. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..180X. doi:10.1038/nmat1308. PMID 15654345.
  120. "The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham". Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  121. Twyman, Richard (2004-09-22). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  122. Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-47-3.
  123. Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-262-73009-9., p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, …"
  124. Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-2257-9. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
  125. "William Beaumont Papers". oculus.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  126. Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.
  127. Lane, Nick (6 March 2015). "The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning Little Animal'." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Apr; 370 (1666): doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0344
  128. Collins, Graham P. "Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  129. Roth, Bernard (2007). "Ferdinand Freudenstein (1926–2006)". Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 1. pp. 151–181. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7. ISBN 978-1-4020-6365-7.
  130. "Richard E. Smalley - Biographical". Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  131. Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8018-6458-2. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre...
  132. Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-6458-2. Retrieved 2013-08-21. The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce....
  133. Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8117-1640-6. Retrieved 2013-08-21. cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965"
  134. Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-312-20667-3. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography.
  135. Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Other chapters of al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007).
  136. Diana Darke (2010). Syria, 2nd. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. ISBN 9781841623146. Retrieved 2013-08-21. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics.
  137. Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine Theory, Elsevier, 36 (5): 589–603, doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
  138. Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). "Al-Jazari". Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Güzeldere 2005).
  139. Pigott, Diarmuid (1995), Nathaniel Rochester, data from IEEE Transactions August 1964, Special Issure on Computer Languages
  140. BPB Publications. My Big Book of Computers 6. Ratna Sagar. p. 7. ISBN 9788170708827. Retrieved 2012-07-04. Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers.
  141. Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. Archived from the original on 2000-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-13. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine
  142. 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004
  143. Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
  144. Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  145. The Modern History of Computing - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  146. "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2004-03-29. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  147. "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2004-03-29. Archived from the original on 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  148. Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine from the Gallaudet University website
  149. Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
  150. Kahn do, No (2007-01-18). "Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register
  151. "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. Archived from the original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  152. "Logo and Learning". el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/. Logo Foundation. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  153. "RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff". Rpi.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  154. "Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page". Kyoto University. Archived from the original on 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  155. "Inductee Details - Paul Baran". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  156. "Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  157. "The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable". Washington Post. 2015-05-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2020-02-18. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran
  158. Baran, Paul (2002). "The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts" (PDF). IEEE Communications Magazine. 40 (7): 42–48. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006. ISSN 0163-6804. Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.
  159. Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". www.rand.org. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  160. Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2017-09-05. Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system; Roberts, Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-13. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
  161. Donald Davies (2001), "A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching", Computer Journal, British Computer Society
  162. Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Retrieved 2017-09-10. In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
  163. Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 9781476708690. This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching
  164. Alex McKenzie (2009), Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking", retrieved 2015-04-23 "... there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."
  165. Trevor Harris, University of Wales (2009). "Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies". Variety in Mass Communication Research. Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching
  166. Robert Taylor (2001-11-22), "Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim", New York Times, Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.
  167. Katie Hafner (2001-11-08), "A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers", New York Times, The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.
  168. Donald Davies (2001), "A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching", Computer Journal, British Computer Society, 44 (3): 152–162, doi:10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152, I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.
  169. Scantlebury, Roger (2013-06-25). "Internet pioneers airbrushed from history". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  170. The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
  171. Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
  172. p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, 2003-07-21, ISSN 0199-6649.
  173. p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13 (3) (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745.
  174. p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, (3268), 1992-06-01.
  175. "commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer". Commodore.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  176. "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  177. A Talk with the Father of Computing Archived 2010-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, Wired Magazine
  178. "The Fathers of Computing". Eweek.com. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  179. "History of the Internet". Computerhope.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  180. Casmer, Jeff. "History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?". Evancarmichael.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  181. "XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  182. D. J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 2004-08-30
  183. Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 2005-01-28, Telegraph.co.uk
  184. Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
  185. Edd Dumbill (2000-02-29). "XML.com". Xml.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  186. "The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  187. Mary Ann. Johnson (2001-09-28). "Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers". Following in the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  188. "Flying through the ages". BBC News. 1999-03-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  189. "The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning". About.com Inventors. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  190. "Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799". Ieeeghn.org. IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  191. "thetimetv.com - Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London". Thetimetv.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  192. "Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress". Loc.gov. 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  193. http://www.surroundmusic.net/articles/dvdbesound.htm
  194. "In search of the Caspian Sea Monster". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  195. "Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  196. "Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden". Craftsmanshipmuseum.com/. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  197. Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
  198. "News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  199. "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  200. "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  201. "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  202. "AIRCRAFT ENGINE". Thaitechnics.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  203. "Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain - German designer". britannica.com.
  204. Foderaro, Lisa W. (1996-08-10). "Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress". The New York Times.
  205. Greimel, Hans (2003-01-19). "In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  206. "John Harrison (1693-1776)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  207. "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  208. "Mendeleev's periodic table". BBC - GCSE Bitesize. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  209. Sungook Hong, Wireless, From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, 2001, pp. x–xii
  210. McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)
  211. Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17 (1) 40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-3340-6. p. 160
  212. "Untitled Page" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  213. Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith; Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00962-5., p. 190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
  214. "Beim Vater des Fernsehens—Was der siebzigjährige Paul Nipkow erzählt". Neues Wiener Journal. 23 August 1930.
  215. Verstappen, Maria (2019-06-03). "Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant". Eindhovens Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  216. "Philo Farnsworth". Society of Television Engineers. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit???
  217. "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". Retrieved 2008-03-03. the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin
  218. "Zworykin at Museum.TV". Retrieved 2008-03-03. inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television".
  219. "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". Retrieved 2009-07-26. John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system.
  220. "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  221. "Nipkow-Scheibe". DPMA.de (in German). 2019-08-02. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  222. Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7844-0801-8.
  223. "Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry'". 2022-04-05.
  224. Carl Benz: Father of the Automobile Industry Fanning, Leonard M. Published by MERCER PUBLISHING, NEW YORK, 1955
  225. "Der Streit um den "Geburtstag" des modernen Automobils" [The fight over the birth of the modern automobile] (in German). German Patent and Trade Mark Office. 2014-12-22. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02.
  226. "Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry". Trendsupdates.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  227. "Frequently Asked Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  228. "Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian" (PDF). Armenian Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  229. Mouradian, George (1995). Armenian infotext (1st ed.). Southgate, Mich.: Bookshelf Publishers. ISBN 9780963450920.
  230. "James Starley | British inventor | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  231. "Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit | The New York State Museum". www.nysm.nysed.gov.
  232. "Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates".
  233. "Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  234. "Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic". Bikemagic.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
  235. VW Trends - TEN: The Enthusiast Network (2009-03-26). "Who's Who of Volkswagen". VW Trends. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  236. "Ed Winfield". Hemmings.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  237. "About Us : Versus Motorsport Store". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  238. "A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture". Hot Rod. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  239. Wilson, Cornell. "Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains | Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook".
  240. "Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering".
  241. "CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  242. http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html
  243. "Gary Fisher's busy day". Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  244. "George Stephenson, the Father of Railways". The New York Times. 1872-11-21.
  245. "About". Marlincrawler.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  246. "Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine". irishcar.com. Archived from the original on 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  247. "We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix | Rotorhead". Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  248. Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7603-0747-2. Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year.
  249. Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France. Univ of North Carolina Press. 2010. p. 360. ISBN 9780807895726. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  250. McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times.
  251. "This website is currently unavailable". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
  252. "Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87". Department of Engineering. 2009-03-02.
  253. "Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87". New Civil Engineer. 2009-02-04.
  254. "Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling".
  255. "William Phelps Eno". Eno Transportation Foundation. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  256. Keskin, Ali Ümit (2017-05-03). Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55101-2.
  257. Gupta, S. V. (2009-11-03). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-00738-5.
  258. "BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The "father" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today". BMW Group. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
  259. Aschwanden, Christie (2009-11-02). "Bikes and cars: Can we share the road?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2014-07-22. Forester is the father of the "vehicular cycling" movement -- a philosophy that views the bicycle as a form of transportation that belongs on the streets alongside cars.
  260. Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-89789-900-0. The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehiclesone district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.