1st millennium

The first millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 (1st to 10th centuries; in astronomy: JD 1721425.5 – 2086667.5[1]). The world population rose more slowly than during the preceding millennium, from about 200 million in the year AD 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.[2]

Millennia:
Centuries:
From top left, clockwise: Depiction of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity; The Colosseum, a landmark of the once-mighty Roman Empire; Kaaba, the Great Mosque of Mecca, the holiest site of Islam; Chess, a new board game, becomes popular around the globe; The Western Roman Empire falls, ushering in the Early Middle Ages; The skeletal remains of a young woman, known as the "ring lady", killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79; Attila the Hun, leader of the Hunnic Empire, which takes most of Eastern Europe (Background: Reproduction of ancient mural from Teotihuacan, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City)
Map of the world in 1 AD, at the beginning of the new millennium.

In Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, and the continuation of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) in the east.

In East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. The North Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the Gupta Empire. Islam expanded rapidly from Arabia to western Asia, India, North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, culminating in the Islamic Golden Age (700–1200).

In Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era (200–900). Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. In South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Numerous cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois. The construction of Monks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900–950.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reaches Southern Africa by about the 5th century. The trans Saharan slave trade spans the Sahara and the Swahili coast by the 9th century.

Civilizations, kingdoms and dynasties
Kingdoms and civilizations of the 1st millennium AD
Africa Asia / Oceania Europe Pre-Columbian Americas
North Africa
East Africa
Sahara / West Africa
Central / Southern Africa
West Asia
East Asia
Central Asia
Further information: Cities along the Silk Road and Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Further information: Indianization of Southeast Asia
Oceania
Southeastern Europe
Italy
Iberia
Western / Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Mesoamerica
South America
North America


Events

The events in this section are organized according to the United Nations geoscheme

Events and trends of the 1st millennium AD
  Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
1st century AD 70 Kandake Amanikhatashan sends Kushite cavalry to aid Roman Emperor in Jerusalem revolt[3]
AD 100 rise of the Aksum
AD 100 Khoekhoe reach southern coast of Africa[4]		 AD 1 Cahuachi established[5]
AD 50 Pyramid of the Sun began[5]		 AD 25 Han Dynasty reestablished under Guangwu
AD 33 Christianity begins
AD 70 Jewish diaspora
 AD 9 Rhine established as boundary between Rome and Germany[6]
AD 47 London founded
AD 58 Alpes Cottiae becomes a Roman province[6]
AD 79 Pompeii destroyed		 AD 1 Caroline Islands colonized[7]
2nd century 150 Rhapta, hint of pre-Swahili, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
200 Bantu reach east Africa[8]
200 Nok culture ends		 150 Cahuachi becomes dominant ceremonial site in southern Peru[5] 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion 106 Dacia becomes a Roman province[6]
166 Siege of Aquileia[6]
180 End of the Macromannic Wars[6]		  
  Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
3rd century 212 Egyptians granted Roman citizenship[8]
230 Aksum wars with Himyar and Saba alliance
300 Aksum prints own coins		 250 Rise of Laguna de los Cerros
292 Stela 29 inscribed[5]
300 Tikàl conquers El Mirador[5]		 208 Battle of Red Cliffs during the decline of the Han Dynasty
280 Jin reunifies China		 212 Roman citizenship extended to all free people in the empire[6]
214 Hispania divided into Gallaecia, Tarraconensis, Baetica and Lusitania[6]
286 Diocletian divides the empire East and West[6]		 300 Eastern Polynesian culture develops[9]
4th century 333 Aksum converts to Christianity
350 Meroe comes to an end [8]
350 King of Anwar, Kaja Maja		 378 Teotihuacan conquers Waka, Tikal, and Uaxactun, the beginning of its conquest of the Maya[10] 319 Rise of Gupta Empire in South Asia
383 Battle of Fei River
393 Last Olympic Games

313 Edict of Milan[6]
370 Huns invade Eastern Europe[6]
396 Alaric and the Visigoths invade Greece[6]

  
  Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
5th century 401 c. camel main transport for trans-Sahara
429 Vandal invasion[8]
500 Nubia split into Nobadia, Makuria, Alodia		   420 Southern and Northern Dynasties period begins 407 Vandals enter Iberia[11]
421 Romans defeat Persians[11]
476 Fall of Roman Empire[11]		 500 Settlement of Hawaii, Easter Island, Society Islands, Tuamotus and Mangareva[9]
6th century 520 Kaleb attacks Yemen
533 Belisarius invades Africa[8]
540 Nubia converts to monophysite Christianity		 600 Wari' conquer Peru[12]
600 Construction of Palenque[5]		 538 Buddhism introduced in Japan.
570 Birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad		 507 Battle of Vouillé[11]
535 Byzantine army invades Italy[11]
585 Visigoths conquer Suevi kingdom[11]		  
  Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
7th century 641 Muslims invade Africa[13]
690 Za Dynasty founded
697 Carthage destroyed[13]		 650 Settlement of Xochitecatl and Cacaxtla[12]
700 Teotihuacan destroyed[12]		 618 Tang Dynasty established
632 Rise of Islam
651 Islamic conquest of Persia		 c.680 Bulgarian Empire is founded 700 Settlement of the Cook Islands[9]
8th century 702 Aksum attacks Arabia[13]
706 Arabic in Egypt[13]
789 Independent Morocco[13]		 738 Quiriguá becomes independent of Copan

750 Sacred Cenote built at Chichén Itzá[12]
780 Murals at Bonampak abandoned[12]

 738 Caliphate campaigns in India and invasion of India by Umayyad Caliphate is averted
755 An Shi Rebellion		 717 Siege of Constantinople
718 Islamic conquest of Spain		  
  Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
9th century   801 c. Kanem Empire founded
801c. Aksum declines, capital moved to interior
900c. Igbo-Ukwu founded[14]		   835 Ganlu Incident 872 Norway unites
c.874 Settlement of Iceland
896 Hungarians invade Carpathia
10th century 905 Tulunids ejected[13]
909 Fatimid established[13]
969 Fustat captured[13]		 950 Great Serpent Mound constructed[12]
990 Toltecs conquer Chichén Itzá		 907 Political upheaval of the Five Dynasties begins
960 Song dynasty established		 958 Denmark unites
985 Erik the Red founds colony in Greenland		 1000 Polynesians build stone temples[9]

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Inventions, discoveries and introductions
Communication Math and Science Agriculture Transportation Warfare
  1. Woodblock printing
  2. Paper[15]
  3. Quipu
  1. Algebra
  2. Ptolemaic system
  3. Steel
  1. Coffee
  2. Hops
  1. Horseshoe
  2. Stirrup
  3. Magnetic compass
  1. Greek fire
  2. Gunpowder[15]

Centuries and decades
1st century 0s10s 20s 30s40s 50s 60s70s 80s90s
2nd century 100s110s 120s 130s140s 150s 160s170s 180s190s
3rd century 200s210s 220s 230s240s 250s 260s270s 280s290s
4th century 300s310s 320s 330s340s 350s 360s370s 380s390s
5th century 400s410s 420s 430s440s 450s 460s470s 480s490s
6th century 500s510s 520s 530s540s 550s 560s570s 580s590s
7th century 600s610s 620s 630s640s 650s 660s670s 680s690s
8th century 700s710s 720s 730s740s 750s 760s770s 780s790s
9th century 800s810s 820s 830s840s 850s 860s870s 880s890s
10th century 900s910s 920s 930s940s 950s 960s970s 980s990s

References
  1. "Julian Day Number from Date Calculator". keisan.casio.com.
  2. Klein Goldewijk, K. , A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x (pbl.nl). Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of the year 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high). Out of the estimated 188 million, 116 million are estimated for Asia (East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, excluding Western Asia), 44 million for Europe and the Near East, 15 million for Africa (including Roman Egypt and Roman North Africa), 12 million for Mesoamerica and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million. For 1000, they estimate the world population at 295 million .
  3. Jr Ph D Grant Bishop Williams(2009). Abraham's Other Sons. AuthorHouse: pp. 50,51. ISBN 9781438997094
  4. Ehret, Christopher (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, p. 177, ISBN 0-8139-2085-X.
  5. "World Timeline of the Americas 200 BC - AD 600". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  6. "World Timeline of Europe 200 BC-AD 400 Roman". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  7. "World Timeline of the Oceania 1500 BC-AD 1". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  8. "World Timeline of Africa 332 BC-AD 400". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  9. "World Timeline of Oceania AD 1-1100". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-05-29. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  10. "National Geographic Magazine".
  11. "World Timeline of Europe AD 400-800 Early medieval". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  12. "World Timeline of the Americas AD 600-1000". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  13. "World Timeline of Africa AD 600-1500". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  14. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005, p. 45, ISBN 1-55876-303-1
  15. "Who Built it First". Ancient Discoveries. A&E Television Networks. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
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