60s

The 60s decade ran from January 1, AD 60, to December 31, AD 69.

A depiction of the fire burning through the city.
18th-century painting of the Great Fire of Rome, which saw the destruction of two-thirds of the city. The fire precipitated the empire's first persecution against Christians, who were blamed for the disaster.

In the Roman Empire, the early part of the decade saw the beginning of the Boudican Revolt in Britannia, where several tribes (chiefly the Iceni), led by Boudica, rebelled against the Roman occupation. The revolt led to the sacking of several Roman cities, but was ultimately quelled by governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. In 63, the Roman–Parthian War came to an end with the Treaty of Rhandeia. In 66, the First Jewish-Roman War began, as Jewish rebels fought against Roman rule. Near the end of the decade in 69, the Year of the Four Emperors saw a period of civil war and political instability in the Roman Empire, as four different men (Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian) claimed the title of Emperor within the span of a year. Ultimately, the year ended with the ascension of Vespasian to the throne and the beginning of the Flavian Dynasty. In East Asia, the state of Funan was established, while China continued its golden age.

In 62, an earthquake of an estimated magnitude of between 5 and 6 and a maximum intensity of IX or X on the Mercalli scale struck the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, severely damaging them. The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum both suffered major damage, with damage to some buildings also reported from Naples and Nuceria. Seneca reported the death of a flock of 600 sheep that he attributed to the effects of poisonous gases. Later, in 64, the Great Fire of Rome began in the merchant shops around Rome's chariot stadium, Circus Maximus. After six days, the fire was brought under control, but before the damage could be assessed, the fire reignited and burned for another three days. In the aftermath of the fire, two-thirds of Rome had been destroyed. According to Tacitus and later Christian tradition, Emperor Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians.

In the Roman Empire, Christianity continued to spread, despite a campaign of persecution being initiated under Emperor Nero in 64. According to tradition, the apostles Peter and Paul were both martyred during this period: Traditionally, Roman authorities allegedly sentenced Peter to death by crucifixion at Vatican Hill. In accordance with the apocryphal Acts of Peter, he was crucified head down. As for Paul, the Second Epistle to Timothy states that he was arrested in Troad and brought back to Rome, where he was imprisoned and put on trial before being executed. The White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China, was traditionally constructed in 68, though it is not recorded in contemporary sources before 289.

In 62 or 64, the Baths of Nero were constructed. It stood between the Pantheon and the Stadium of Domitian and were listed among the most notable buildings in the city by Roman authors and became a much-frequented venue. In his final years, Seneca the Younger wrote De Providentia (discussing the problem of evil), De Beneficiis (discussing the award and reception of gifts and favours within society), and compiled a collection of 124 written near the end of his life. After Seneca's death in 65, a play named Octavia was written: the Roman tragedy focuses on three days in the year 62 during which Nero divorced and exiled his wife Claudia Octavia and married another (Poppaea Sabina). The play also deals with the irascibility of Nero and his inability to take heed of the philosopher Seneca's advice to rein in his passions. The Pharsalia, a poem detailing Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC), was also written during this decade.

Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 60 as 249 million.

Events

By place

Roman Empire

By topic

Religion
Art and science

By place

Roman Empire

By place

Roman Empire

By topic

Arts and sciences
Religion

By place

Roman Empire

By topic

Religion
Arts and sciences

By place

Roman Empire
  • July 19 Great Fire of Rome: A fire begins in the merchant area of Rome and soon burns completely out of control, while Emperor Nero allegedly plays his lyre and sings, as he watches the blaze from a safe distance. There is no hard evidence to support this claim (fires were very common in Rome at the time). The fire destroys almost half of the city and is officially blamed on the Christians, a small but growing religious movement; Nero is accused of being the arsonist by popular rumour.
  • Persecution of Christians in Rome begins under Nero. Peter the Apostle is possibly among those crucified.
  • Nero proposes a new urban planning program based on the creation of buildings decorated with ornate porticos, the widening of the streets and the use of open spaces. This plan will not be applied until after his death in AD 68.
  • Lyon sends a large sum of money to Rome to aid in the reconstruction. However, during the winter of AD 64–65, Lyon suffers a catastrophic fire itself, and Nero reciprocates by sending money to Lyon.
Asia

By topic

Religion
  • First Epistle of Peter written from Babylon according to traditional Christian belief.
  • Paul leaves Titus in Crete as bishop (approximate date) Then goes to Asia Minor
Arts and sciences

By place

Roman Empire

By topic

Religion

By place

Roman Empire
Britannia
Asia

By topic

Arts and sciences
Astronomy
Religion
  • The First Epistle to Timothy is written (speculative date, if actually written by St. Paul).
  • Paul in Asia Minor for second time after his release from Rome. Then probably goes to Greece. Second imprisonment in Rome. Second epistle to Timothy.

By place

Roman Empire

By topic

Religion

By place

Roman Empire
Asia

By topic

Religion

By place

Roman Empire

Demographics

Due to lack of reliable demographic data, estimates of the world population in the 1st century vary wildly, with estimates for AD 1 varying from 150[34] to 300[35] million. Demographers typically do not attempt to estimate most specific years in antiquity, instead giving approximate numbers for round years such as AD 1 or AD 200. However, attempts at reconstructing the world population in more specific years have been made, with Manning (2008) tentatively estimating the world population in AD 60 as 249 million.[36]

Significant people

Births

AD 60

AD 61

AD 63

AD 64

AD 65

AD 67

AD 68

AD 69

Deaths

AD 60

AD 61

AD 62

AD 63

AD 64

AD 65

AD 66

AD 67

AD 68

AD 69

References

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  3. Tacitus, Annals 14.31.
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  9. Tacitus, Annals 14.31.
  10. Cassius Dio, Roman History 62.2.
  11. Tacitus, Annals.
  12. Cassius Dio, Roman History.
  13. Suet. Nero 12; Aur. Vict. Ep. 5; Eutrop. VII.15.
  14. Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Tarabusi, G.; Comatri, A.; Mariotti, D.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018). "62 02 05, - Pompei (NA) (Italy)". CFTI5Med, Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.-1997) e nell’area Mediterranea (760 a.C.-1500) (in Italian). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). doi:10.6092/ingv.it-cfti5.
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  42. According to Josephus
  43. Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998) p65
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