Four Hang; Two Point the Way

Four Hang; Two Point the Way is the name given by the folklorist Archer Taylor to a traditional riddle-type noted for its wide international distribution. The most common solution is 'cow', and in Taylor's view 'we can probably infer that a cow was the original answer'.[1]: 610 

Research

The seminal study of this riddle type, published in 1918–20, was by Antti Aarne.[2] Archer Taylor surveyed subsequent work and offered new contributions in 1951.[1]: 610–21 

Form

In Taylor's view,

an essential element in the conception seems to be the contrast of pointing up and pointing down [...] The characteristic features of this pattern are the naming of the members of an animal and the referring to their numbers. The members are described in terms of their functions, and the functions may be identified—and often are identified—by periphrases that are intentionally confusing [...] the wit of the pattern turns on the inventing of strange, yet not wholly incomprehensible, terms for the ears, horns, eyes, feet, or other members of the creature that the riddler is describing.[1]: 611–12 

As well as the cow, attested solutions include numerous other animals, the sun and the moon, and various man-made objects.[1]: 610–21 

Examples

What appears to be the earliest vernacular attestation of the riddle[3]: 444  appears in the Riddles of Gestumblindi, a riddle-contest included in the probably thirteenth-century Old Norse Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks:

The cow has four udders, four legs, two horns, two back legs, and one tail.

One Mongolian instance runs 'four high and slow, high and slow; five younger sisters; two wobbling right and left; you poor one alone', the answer to which is 'a camel's four legs, head and legs, humps, and tail'.[1]: 613 

References
  1. Archer Taylor, English Riddles from Oral Tradition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951).
  2. Cf. Antti Aarne, Vergleichende Rätselforschungen, 3 vols, Folklore Fellows Communications, 26–28 (Helsinki/Hamina: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1918–20), II 60–172.
  3. 'Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks', ed. by Hannah Burrows, in Poetry in 'Fornaldarsögur': Part 1, ed. by Margaret Clunies Ross, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), pp. 367-487.
  4. The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise, trans. by Christopher Tolkien (London: Nelson, 1960), p. 43 [no. 70].
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