Karl May

In 1856, May commenced teacher training in Waldenburg, but in 1859 was expelled for stealing six candles. After an appeal, he was allowed to continue in Plauen. Shortly after graduation, when his roommate accused him of stealing a watch, May was jailed in Chemnitz for six weeks and his license to teach was revoked. After this, May worked with little success as a private tutor, an author of tales, a composer and a public speaker. For four years, from 1865 to 1869, May was jailed in the workhouse at Osterstein Castle, Zwickau. With good behaviour, May became an administrator of the prison library, which gave him the chance to read widely. He made a list of the works he planned to write (Repertorium C. May.)

On his release, May continued his life of crime, impersonating various characters (policemen, doctors etc.) and spinning fantastic tales as a method of fraud. He was arrested, but when he was transported to a crime scene during a judicial investigation, he escaped and fled to Bohemia, where he was detained for vagrancy. For another four years, from 1870 to 1874, May was jailed in Waldheim, Saxony. There he met a Catholic Catechist, Johannes Kochta, who assisted May.[3]

May and Sascha Schneider, 1904

Tomb of Karl and Klara May

In 1899, May traveled to Egypt then Sumatra with his servant, Sejd Hassan. In 1900, he was joined by Klara and Richard Plöhn. The group returned to Radebeul in July 1900. May demonstrated some emotional instability during his travels.[6]

Hermann Cardauns and Rudolf Lebius criticised May for his self-promotion with the Old Shatterhand legend. He was also reproached for his writing for the Catholic Deutscher Hausschatz and several Marian calendars. There were also charges of unauthorised book publications and the use of an illegal doctoral degree. In 1902, May did receive a Doctor honoris causa from the Universitas Germana-Americana in Chicago for Im Reiche des Silbernen Löwen ("In the Realm of the Silver Lion.")[7] In 1908, Karl and Klara May spent six weeks in North America. They traveled through Albany, New York, Buffalo, New York, the Niagara Falls and visited friends in Lawrence, Massachusetts. May was inspired to write Winnetou IV.

On his return, May began work on complex allegorical texts. He considered the "question of mankind", pacifism and the raising of humans from evil to good. Sascha Schneider provided symbolist covers for the Fehsenfeld edition. On 22 March 1912, May was invited by the Academic Society for Literature and Music in Vienna to present a lecture entitled Empor ins Reich der Edelmenschen ("Upward to the Realm of Noble Men"). There, he met pacifist and Nobel Laureate Bertha von Suttner.

In his early work, May wrote in a variety of genres until he showed his proficiency in travel stories.[12] During his time as an editor, he published many of these works within the periodicals for which he was responsible.

• Das Buch der Liebe (1876, educational work)
• Geographische Predigten (1876, educational work)
• Der beiden Quitzows letzte Fahrten (1877, unfinished)
• Auf hoher See gefangen (Auf der See gefangen, parts later revised for Old Surehand II) (1878)
• Scepter und Hammer (1880)
• Im fernen Westen (reworked in Old Firehand (1875) and later in Winnetou II)(1879)
• Der Waldläufer (reworked in "Le Coureur de Bois", a novel by Gabriel Ferry)
• Die Juweleninsel (1882)

The shorter stories of the early work can be grouped as follows, although in some works genres overlap. Some of the shorter stories were later published in anthologies, for example, Der Karawanenwürger und andere Erzählungen (1894), Humoresken und Erzählungen (1902) and Erzgebirgische Dorfgeschichten (1903).

• Adventure fiction and early travel stories (for example, Inn-nu-woh, der Indianerhäuptling, 1875)
• Crime fiction (for example, Wanda, 1875)
• Historical fiction (for example, Robert Surcouf, 1882)
• Humorous stories (for example, Die Fastnachtsnarren, 1875)
• Series about "the Old Dessauer", Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (for example, Pandur und Grenadier, 1883)
• Stories of villages in the Ore Mountains (for example, Die Rose von Ernstthal, 1874 or 1875)
• Natural history works (for example, Schätze und Schatzgräber, 1875)
• Letters and poems (for example, Meine einstige Grabinschrift, 1872).

Cover for Waldröschen

May wrote five large (many thousands of pages) colportage novels, which he published either anonymously or under pseudonyms between 1882 and 1888.

• Das Waldröschen (1882–1884, a part was later revised for Old Surehand II)
• Die Liebe des Ulanen (1883–1885)
• Der verlorne Sohn oder Der Fürst des Elends (1884–1886)
• Deutsche Herzen (Deutsche Helden) (1885–1888)
• Der Weg zum Glück (1886–1888)

From 1900 to 1906, Münchmeyer's successor Adalbert Fischer published the first book editions. These were revised by third hand and published under May's real name instead of pseudonyms. This edition was not authorized by May and he tried to stop its publication.[13]

Cover of Orangen und Datteln by Fritz Bergen (1893)

Thirty-three volumes of Carl May's Gesammelte Reiseromane, (Karl May's Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen) were published from 1892 to 1910 by Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld. Most had been previously published in Deutscher Hausschatz, but some were new. The best known titles are the Orient Cycle (volumes 1–6) and the Winnetou-Trilogy (volumes 7–9). Beyond these shorter cycles, the works are troubled by chronological inconsistencies arising when original articles were revised for book editions.

1. Durch Wüste und Harem (1892, since 1895 titled Durch die Wüste) (translated as "In the Desert")
2. Durchs wilde Kurdistan (1892)
3. Von Bagdad nach Stambul (1892)
4. In den Schluchten des Balkan (1892)
5. Durch das Land der Skipetaren (1892)
6. Der Schut (1892)
7. Winnetou I (1893, also titled Winnetou der Rote Gentleman I)
8. Winnetou II (1893, also titled Winnetou der Rote Gentleman II)
9. Winnetou III (1893, also titled Winnetou der Rote Gentleman III)

• Orangen und Datteln (1893, an anthology)
• Am Stillen Ocean (1894, an anthology)
• Am Rio de la Plata (1894)
• In den Cordilleren (1894)
• Old Surehand I (1894)
• Old Surehand II (1895)
• Im Lande des Mahdi I (1896)
• Im Lande des Mahdi II (1896)
• Im Lande des Mahdi III (1896)
• Old Surehand III (1897)
• Satan und Ischariot I (1896)
• Satan und Ischariot II (1897)
• Satan und Ischariot III (1897)
• Auf fremden Pfaden (1897, an anthology)
• Weihnacht! (1897)
• Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen I (1898)
• Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen II (1898)
• Am Jenseits (1899)

May's oeuvre includes some shorter travel stories that were not published within this series (for example, Eine Befreiung in Die Rose von Kaïrwan, 1894). After the founding of the Karl May Press in 1913, works in Gesammelte Werke were revised (sometimes extensively) and many received new titles. Texts (other than those from Fehsenfeld Press) were also added to the new series.

Cover of Der blaurote Methusalem by Oskar Herrfurth

These stories were written from 1887 to 1897 for the magazine Der Gute Kamerad. Most of the stories are set in the Wild West, but Old Shatterhand is just a figure and not the first-person narrator as he is in the travel stories. The best-known volume is Der Schatz im Silbersee. In the broadest sense, the early works Im fernen Westen and Der Waldläufer belong in this category.

• Der Sohn des Bärenjägers (1887, since 1890 within Die Helden des Westens)
• Der Geist des Llano estakata (1888, since 1890 correctly titled as Der Geist des Llano estakado within Die Helden des Westens)
• Kong-Kheou, das Ehrenwort (1888/89, since 1892 titled Der blaurote Methusalem)
• Die Sklavenkarawane (1890)
• Der Schatz im Silbersee (1891)
• Das Vermächtnis des Inka (1892)
• Der Oelprinz (1894, since 1905 titled as Der Ölprinz)
• Der schwarze Mustang (1897)
• Replies to letters from readers in Der Gute Kamerad.

Ardistan und Dschinnistan, 1909, cover by Sascha Schneider showing Marah Durimeh

May's mature work dates to 1900, after his travels to the East.[14] Many of them were published by Fehsenfeld.

• Himmelsgedanken (1900, poem collection)
• Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III (1902)
• Erzgebirgische Dorfgeschichten (1903, anthology)
• Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen IV (1903)
• Und Friede auf Erden! (1904)
• Babel und Bibel (1906, drama)
• Ardistan und Dschinnistan I (1909)
• Ardistan und Dschinnistan II (1909)
• Winnetou IV (1910)
• Mein Leben und Streben (1910, autobiography)
• Schamah (1907) and other short stories.
• Briefe über Kunst (1907) and other articles.
• "Karl May als Erzieher" und "Die Wahrheit über Karl May" oder Die Gegner Karl Mays in ihrem eigenen Lichte (1902) and other legal proceedings.

May was a member of the "Lyra" choir in about 1864 and composed musical works, including a version of Ave Maria and Vergiss mich nicht within Ernste Klänge, 1899.[15]

During his last years, May lectured on his philosophical ideas.

• Drei Menschheitsfragen: Wer sind wir? Woher kommen wir? Wohin gehen wir? (Lawrence, 1908)
• Sitara, das Land der Menschheitsseele (Augsburg, 1909)
• Empor ins Reich der Edelmenschen (Vienna, 1912)

Furthermore, there are posthumous publications of fragments of stories and dramas, lyrics, musical compositions, letters and the library catalog.

According to an encyclopedia dedicated to May, he is the "most read writer of the German tongue". The total number of copies published is about 200 million, half of them in German.[16]

May's first translated work is considered to have been the first half of the Orient Cycle into a French daily in 1881.[17] Recently, it was discovered, and confirmed by Hans Dieter Steinmet (Karl May Museum) that Croatian writer Nikola Tordinac published a translation of May's novel Tree carde monte in the magazine Sriemski Hrvat in 1880.[18] Tordinac's translation became a part of the permanent exhibition of the Karl May Museum in 2017.[18] Since that time, May's work has been translated into more than 30 languages, including Latin and Esperanto. In the 1960s, UNESCO indicated that May was the most frequently translated German writer.[16] His most popular translations are in Bulgarian, Czech, Hungarian and Dutch.[17] Seabury Press, New York, began publishing English translations by Michael Shaw in 1977.[19] In 2001, Nemsi Books Publishing Company, Pierpont, South Dakota, was one of the first English publishing houses to produce the unabridged translations of May's oeuvre.

May had a substantial influence on a number of well-known German-speaking people and on the German population itself.[20] The popularity of his writing, and his (generally German) protagonists, are seen as having filled a lack in the German psyche, which had few popular heroes until the 19th century.[21] His readers longed to escape from an industrialised, capitalist society, an escape which May offered.[22] May "helped shape the collective German dream of feats far beyond middle-class bounds."[21] and contributed to the popular image of Native Americans in German-speaking countries, which has been described by many as racist and harmful.[23]

The name Winnetou has an entry in the German dictionary, Duden. The wider influence on the populace also surprised US occupation troops after World War II, who realised that thanks to May, "Cowboys and Indians" were familiar concepts to local children (though fantastic and removed from reality).[20]

Many well-known German-speaking people used May's heroes as models in their childhood.[24] Albert Einstein enjoyed May's books and said, "My whole adolescence stood under his sign. Indeed, even today, he has been dear to me in many a desperate hour..."[21]

Adolf Hitler was an admirer, who noted in Mein Kampf that the novels "overwhelmed" him as a boy, going as far as to ensure "a noticeable decline" in his school grades. According to an anonymous friend, Hitler attended the lecture given by May in Vienna in March 1912 and was enthusiastic about the event.[25] The lecture was an appeal for peace, also heard by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Bertha von Suttner. May died suddenly only ten days after the lecture, leaving the young Hitler deeply upset.[26] Claus Roxin noted that he doubts the anonymous description, because Hitler had said much about May, but not that he had seen him.[27] Hitler defended May against critics in the men's hostel where he lived in Vienna, as the evidence of May's earlier time in jail had come to light; although it was true, Hitler confessed that May had never visited the sites of his American adventure stories. This made him a greater writer in Hitler's view since it showed the author's powers of imagination.

Hitler later recommended the books to his generals and had special editions distributed to soldiers at the front, praising Winnetou as an example of "tactical finesse and circumspection",[28] though some note that the latter claims of using the books as military guidance are not substantiated.[21] However, as told by Albert Speer, "when faced by seemingly hopeless situations, he [Hitler] would still reach for these stories," because "they gave him courage like works of philosophy for others or the Bible for elderly people."[28] Hitler's admiration for May led the German writer Klaus Mann to accuse May of having been a form of "mentor" for Hitler.[20] In his admiration, Hitler ignored May's Christian and humanitarian approach and views completely, not mentioning his relatively sympathetic description of Jews and other persons of non-Northern European ancestry. The National Socialists in particular tried to use May's popularity and his work for their purposes.[21]

The popularity of May's books sparked a fascination in German popular culture with the Indigenous peoples of North America that continues to this day. In 1985, the German scholar Hartmut Lutz invented the term Deutsche Indianertümelei ("German Indian Enthusiasm") for the phenomenon.[29] The phrase Indianertümelei is a reference to the German term Deutschtümelei ("German Enthusiasm") which mockingly describes the phenomenon of celebrating in an excessively nationalistic and romanticized manner Deutschtum ("Germanness").[29] In the English-speaking world, the phenomenon of the German obsession with the First Nations of North America is known as "Indianthusiasm".[29] In a 1999 speech delivered in the United States in English, Lutz declared:

For over two hundred years Germans have found Indianer so fascinating that even today an Indian iconography is used in advertising. The most popular image of the Indianer is provided by Karl May's fictional Apache chief Winnetou...Indian lore is profitable and marketable, as some Native Americans travelling in Germany may attest...There is a marked Indian presence in German everyday culture, even down to the linguistic level, where sentences like ein Indianer weint nicht (an Indian doesn't cry), ein Indianer kennt keinen Schmerz (an Indian braves pain) or figures such as der letzte Mohikaner (the Last of the Mohicans) have become part of the everyday speech.[30]

As part of the phenomenon of Indianertümelei a number of Western and Indian theme parks operate in Germany, the most popular of which are the Pullman City theme park outside of Munich and El Dorado theme park outside of Berlin.[31] May's books also inspired hobbyist clubs, where Germans pretend to be cowboys or Indians, the first of which was the Cowboy Club founded in Munich in 1913.[31] In 2019, it was estimated that between 40,000 and 100,000 Germans are involved in Indianer hobbyist clubs at any given moment.[31] Interviewed in 2007, one member of an Indianer club stated: "Our camp is always in summer, in July for two weeks. During this time, we live in tipis, we wear only Indian clothes. We don't use technology and we try to follow Indian traditions. We have those [pretending to be] Lakota, Oglala, Blackfeet, Blood, Siksika, Pawneee... and we go on the warpath against each other day and night, anytime at all. In two weeks, every tribe can fight each other. We don't know when somebody will attack or when they will come to steal our horses. And the battles are always exciting, too. I really enjoy them".[32]

The German writer Carl Zuckmayer was intrigued by May's Apache chief and named his daughter Maria Winnetou.[16] Max von der Grün said he read May as a young boy. When asked whether reading May's books had given him anything, he answered, "No. It took something away from me. The fear of bulky books, that is."[33] Heinz Werner Höber, the twofold Glauser prize winner, was a follower of May. He said, "When I was about 12 years old I wrote my first novel on Native Americans which was, of course, from the beginning to the end completely stolen from Karl May." He had pleaded with friends to get him to Radebeul "because Radebeul meant Karl May". There, he was deeply impressed by the museum and said, "My great fellow countryman from Hohenstein-Ernstthal and his immortal heroes have never left me ever since."[34]

Asteroid 15728 Karlmay is named in May's honour.[35]

May was copied or parodied during his lifetime. Some wrote similar Wild West stories. Others, such as Franz Treller, published under May's name.[45] Novelizations of May's characters include

• Hadschi Halef Omar (2010) Jörg Kastner describes the first contact of the titular character with Kara Ben Nemsi.
• In Mekka (1923) Franz Kandolf, a sequel to Am Jenseits (Karl May's Gesammelte Werke volume 50).
• "Die Schatten des Schah-in-Schah" (2006) Heinz Grill, an alternative to Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III/IV.
• Winnetous Testament Jutta Laroche and Reinhard Marheinecke, a series of eight volumes as a sequel to Winnetou IV.
• Der Schuh des Manitu (2001) Michael Herbig, a parody on the Karl May films of the 1960s.

In his will, May made his second wife, Klara, his sole heiress. He instructed that after her death all of his property and any future earnings from his work should go to a foundation. This foundation should support the education of the gifted poor including writers, journalists, and editors. One year after May's death, on 5 March 1913, Klara May established the "Karl May Foundation" ("Karl-May-Stiftung"). Contributions have been made since 1917. Klara and Karl May's estate went to the foundation. The foundation established the Karl May Museum to maintain the Villa Shatterhand, the estates, the collections and May's tomb.[46][47] In 1960, the Karl May Foundation received the Karl May Press.[47]

On 1 July 1913, Klara May, Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld (May's main publisher) and the jurist Euchar Albrecht Schmid established the "Foundation Press Fehsenfeld & Co." ("Stiftungs-Verlag Fehsenfeld & Co.") in Radebeul. In 1915, the name changed to "Karl May Press" ("Karl-May-Verlag" (KMV)). The KMV consolidated the rights to May's works from internal discord and from other publishers.[48] Third-hand revisions of these texts were added to the series Karl May's Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen, which was renamed to Karl May's Gesammelte Werke (und Briefe). The existing 33 volumes of the original series were also revised, some extensively. By 1945 there were 65 volumes. The press is exclusive to May's work and subsidiary literature. Besides the Gesammelte Werke (the classical "green volumes"), which have 91 volumes today, the press has a huge reprint programme.

The Karl May Press aims to rehabilitate May from literary criticism and to support the Karl May Foundation. In 1921, Fehsenfeld left and in 1960, the foundation fell to Klara May's estate, and thus the Press is owned by the Schmid family. In 1959, due to censorship in the Soviet occupation zone and East Germany, the Press moved to Bamberg (Germany). In 1963, when copyright ended, the Press began commercialising May's works. After German reunification, in 1996, the Press took a second office in Radebeul. The name "Karl May" is a registered trade mark of the "Karl May Verwaltungs- und Vertriebs-GmbH", which belongs to the Karl May Press.[48]

May's Villa Shatterhand

Villa Bärenfett

The Karl May Museum is in the Villa Shatterhand in Radebeul and contains artifacts from May's life as well as from life on the American frontier and Native American life of that era.[49] It was founded in 1928 by May's widow and an eccentric Austrian named Ernst Tobis.[50] When the Nazis took over Germany, they appropriated the museum and the image of May, and were especially focused on swastikas that appeared in some of the Native American artwork. Hitler Youth were encouraged to visit the museum and hear stories from Tobis.[51] After World War II, the original museum remained in East Germany and a replica was built in Bamberg in West Germany.[52]^: 73 From 1956 to 1984, the museum in Radebeul was called the "Indianer Museum", because May's books were suppressed by the East German government; its original name was restored in 1986.[49] Around 2010, controversy arose over scalps, some of them from Native Americans, that were in the museum's collection.[50]

The "Karl May House" ("Karl-May-Haus") is the three-centuries-old weaver house where May was born. Since 12 March 1985, it has been a memorial and museum. It shows an original weaving room and non-German book editions. The garden has been arranged according to May's description in his memoirs.

Opposite the house is the International Karl May Heritage Center ("Karl-May-Begegnungsstätte"), which is used for events and special exhibitions. In Hohenstein-Ernstthal, called "Karl May Home Town" since 1992, every May-related place has a commemorative plaque. These places are connected by a "Karl May Path" ("Karl-May-Wanderweg"). Outside the city lies the "Karl May Cave" ("Karl-May-Höhle"), where May found shelter during his criminal times.[53]

In the 1890s, there were Karl May clubs.[54] Today, various entities focus on research about the author.[55] These organisations exist in German-speaking regions, the Netherlands, Australia and Indonesia. While such societies are responsible for the release of most May-related periodicals, for example, Der Beobachter an der Elbe, Karl-May-Haus Information, Wiener Karl-May-Brief, and Karl May in Leipzig, the magazine Karl May & Co. is published independently.

The "Karl May Society" (KMG), founded on 22 March 1969, is the largest organisation, with approximately 1800 members.[56] The KMG publishes Jahrbuch, Mitteilungen, Sonderhefte der Karl-May-Gesellschaft, and KMG-Nachrichten and reprints. Since 2008 and in cooperation with the Karl May Foundation and the Karl May Press, the KMG has published the critiqued edition of "Karl Mays Werke". This project was initiated by Hans Wollschläger and Hermann Wiedenroth in 1987.[13][57]

• Bugmann M. Savage To Saint: The Karl May Story. Verlag Reinhard Marheinecke, 2019 edition, ISBN 978-1079857214 (A first English biography of Karl May).
• Frayling C. Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone. Routledge, London and Boston 1981; revised edition, Taurus, London and New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-84511-207-3.
• Grams G "Was Karl May in Canada? The works of Max Otto: A German writer's "Absurd Picture of Canada" Yearbook of German-American Studies, Volume 42 2007, pp. 69–83.
• Grams G. This terrible Karl May in the Wild West
• Schneider, Tassilo. "Finding a new Heimat in the Wild West: Karl May and the German Western of the 1960s." Journal of Film and Video (1995): 50–66. in JSTOR
• Sammons J. Ideology, nemesis, fantasy: Charles Sealsfield, Friedrich Gerstäcker, Karl May, and other German novelists of America. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1998, ISBN 0-8078-8121-X.
• Schwerla K. Kanada Im Faltboot Alberta History Volume 56(1) 2008 pp 10–13.

• Wiedenroth H. and Wollschlager H. Karl Mays Werke: historisch-kritische Ausgabe (Karl May's Works, an historical critique.) various publishers.
• May K. Mein Leben und Streben (My Life and Aspirations.) (1910) Karl May, 2014. ISBN 6050342989.
• My life and my efforts. Karl May company English version website.
• Michalak M. My Life and My Mission Nemsi Books 2007. ISBN 0-9718164-7-6 and ISBN 978-0-9718164-7-3.
• Plaul H. Illustrierte Karl-May-Bibliographie. Unter Mitwirkung von Gerhard Klußmeier. Saur, Munich, London, New York, Paris 1989, ISBN 3-598-07258-9 (in German).
• Sudhoff D. and Steinmetz H. Karl-May-Chronik (5 volumes and companion book). Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg and Radebeul 2005–2006, ISBN 3-7802-0170-4 (in German).
• Ueding G. (Ed.) Karl-May-Handbuch. Second enlarged and revised edition. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2001, ISBN 3-8260-1813-3 (in German).
• Wohlgschaft H. Karl May, Leben und Werk Bücherhaus, Bargfeld 2005, ISBN 3-930713-93-4 (in German).
• Wollschläger H. Karl May. Grundriß eines gebrochenen Lebens (1965) Wallstein, Göttingen 2004 ISBN 3-89244-740-3 (in German).
• Schiedt H. Karl May oder Die Macht der Phantasie. Beck Verlag, München 2011 ISBN 978-3-406-62116-1 (in German)