Media freedom in Azerbaijan

Newspapers do not face any restriction in their free circulation. All newspapers in Azerbaijan are freely distributed throughout the country. The Council of Europe and the European Commission have developed a Joint Program of assistance to Azerbaijan on Freedom of expression and information. American-Azerbaijani Journalistic Academy was established in Azerbaijan with support of US Embassy. The main purpose of the Academy is to increase professionalism of journalists and to foster devotion to their profession.[10][11]

The OSCE Baku Office plans to establish a practical and unified communication strategy and information coordination mechanisms for the Government agencies. Through this system Government agencies can ensure increased and sustainable information flow from the authorities to media and public in general.

In order to help journalists several measures were taken by the Government of Azerbaijan. A new building was constructed at the expense of the Government of Azerbaijan and 156 houses were granted to mass-media members without any discrimination in accordance with Presidential Decree dated 22 July 2010 "On measures to strengthen social protection of media members".[12] As well as according to the Presidential Decree of 22 July 2013 "On additional measures to strengthen social protection of media members",[13] public funds allocated for the construction of the next building with 250 houses for journalists [14]

In recent years, the government has increased its control over internet and harassment of internet activists and bloggers. Media freedom groups have expressed particular concern about the government's surveillance of journalists' internet and telephone communications.[15]

The crackdown on journalists is accompanied by the intimidation and arrest of freedom of expression and human rights activists, such as Intigam Aliyev, Rasul Jafarov and Leyle Yunus who were arrested in 2014. Many of them had to leave the country out of concern for their safety.[15] Assaults on journalists and activists are rarely prosecuted. This is not true for the proceedings issued against journalists that are object of political motivated criminal proceedings carried out in order to influence and hinder their work under pretexts. As a consequence of such an environment, self-censorship is widespread among Azerbaijani journalists.[16]

The majority of print and broadcast media are controlled by the government and its allies. In some cases media outlets are controlled through nominal intermediaries. The lack of laws on transparency of media ownership makes it difficult to identify the true owners of media outlets.[15] The few independent media outlets are struggling to survive.[15] Most journalists work without contracts and social security, and receive irregular salaries.[15]

Threats, physical attacks, harassment against journalists are common. Nearly 100 journalists were victims of physical assault in 2003. More than 50 were attacked covering violent clashes between the security forces and demonstrators after the 2003 presidential elections. The International Federation of Journalists recorded 15 attacks on journalists in 2013.

• Two opposition journalists were attacked in July 2004. Aydin Guliyev, editor of the opposition daily Baki Khaber, was abducted and beaten by men that accused him of "not serving his country and Islam" and warned him to stop all journalistic work on 17 July 2004.[6]
• Elmar Huseynov, editor-in-chief of the opposition weekly Monitor, was shot dead in 2005, but there has been no prosecution of his murderers.[17] On the 10th anniversary of his assassination, the OSCE RFoM called for an end to impunity.[18]
• In 2011 the journalists and writer Rafiq Tağı was murdered. Nobody was charged for the homicide.[17]
• In November 2012 the journalists Farahim Ilgaroglu (Yeni Musafat), Etimad Budagov (Turan Information Agency), Amid Suleymanov (Media Forum) and Rasim Aliyev (IRFS) were beaten and arrested by police while covering an opposition rally in Baku, despite being clearly identifiable as members of the press.[19]
• On 25 April 2014 the Yeni Musafat reporter Farahim Ilgaroglu was attacked outside his home in Baku.[17][19]
• In August 2014, the independent journalist Ilgar Nasibov was beaten in his office in the Nakhchivan exclave. He lost vision from one eye.[17]
• Rasim Aliyev, freelance reported and chairman of the media monitoring group Institute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety (IRFS) was brutally beaten by multiple people in Baku on 8 August. He died the following days from injuries caused by the attack. The OSCE RFoM protested with the authorities and called upon them to reverse the rapidly deteriorating media freedom situation in Azerbaijan.[20]
• In November 2015 journalists of ITV and ATV channels were attacked during a police raid against alleged Islamic radicals in the village of Nardaran, on the outskirts of Baku. The OSCE RFoM protested with the authorities.[21]
• In January 2016 Gunay Ismayilova, a media lawyer and deputy chair of the Institute for Reporter's Freedom and Safety (IRFS) was physically attacked at the entrance of her home in Baku, without suffering serious injuries thanks to the intervention of neighbours.[22]

Other legislative measures - from hooliganism to the possession of drugs and weapons, treason, and tax evasion - are regularly used by authorities to punish and prevent critical reporting.[17]

Azerbaijani authorities have imprisoned several notable journalists. The Committee to Protect Journalists has stated the charges against many journalists are "fabricated" and "politicized".[23] At the end of 2014, eight journalists remained behind bars.[17] International instances such as the Human Rights Commissioner of the Council of Europe have consistently refuted the justifications by the Azerbaijani authorities that jailed journalists had been prosecuted and sentenced for common crimes.[19] Prison conditions for journalists are reported as dire, with routine ill-treatment and denial of medical care.[17] More than 10 journalists remain in jail in Azerbaijan by the end of 2015. They include:[20]

• Seymur Hazi, a columnist for the newspaper Azadliq, on a charge of hooliganism;
• Parviz Hashimli, a journalist, on charges of smuggling and illegal storage and sale of firearms;
• Nijat Aliyev, editor-in-chief of the azadxeber.az news website, on various charges, including drug possession and inciting hatred;
• Rashad Ramazanov, an independent blogger, on charges of illegal storage and sale of drugs.

The full list of cases of imprisoned journalists in the last years is the following:

• In August 2011, authorities imprisoned Ramin Bayramov, the editor of the Islamic news website Islam-Azeri.az.[24] His news website has previously criticized the government of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani authorities first charged Bayramov with "activities hostile to the country" and "incitement to mass disorder." After failing to prove those charges, the authorities then charged him with drugs and weapons possession. The Azerbaijan Department of Homeland Security said it found arms and drugs in his garage, but Bayramov said those were planted there.[23][25]
• In February 2012, police arrested Anar Bayramli, a journalist for Iranian television, on a charge of heroin possession. The charge was described by several human rights organizations as fabricated for political reasons.[26][27][28]
• In November 2013 online activist Abdul Abilov was arrested on dubious charges of drugs trafficking.[19]
• In April 2014, prominent human rights defenders Leyla Yunus , at the head of Institute for Peace and Democracy, and her husband Arif Yunus were detained by the authorities for allegedly spying for Armenia.[29] Leyla Yunus has been sentenced to three months of pretrial detention, and her husband Arif has separately been jailed.[30] The detention of the Yunus has raised big international outcry. Prominent international organizations such as Amnesty International,[31] Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,[32] United States Mission to the OSCE,[33] Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders,[34] Nobel Women's Initiative,[35] Reporters Without Borders,[36] Human Rights Watch[37] and others have harshly condemned their detention as another step in the state crackdown on civil society in Azerbaijan and called for their immediate release.
• In August 2014 Seymur Hezi, critical reporter of Azadliq was arrested under charges of hooliganism.[17]
• In August 2014 human rights defenders Intiqam Aliyev, head of Legal Education Society, and Rasul Jafarov, head of Human Rights Club, were arrested and the working of these two organizations were impeded.[17]

A number of foreign journalists have also been refused entry to Azerbaijan or have been expelled from the country for reporting unfavorably on domestic and foreign matters.

• In June 2011, Diana Markosian, a freelance photographer for Bloomberg Markets magazine who holds dual US-Russian citizenship, was denied entry by Azerbaijani border officials at Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku on account of the fact that she was Armenian.[38]
• In the same month, a journalist for the New York Times was told that he would not be issued a visa until he could explain why there was so much "negative information" about Azerbaijan in the United States.[39]
• In April 2011, a Swedish TV news crew was arrested and sent back to the airport after covering a demonstration by opposition protesters.[40]
• The Embassy of Azerbaijan to Italy publishes online a black list of personae non gratae and uses it to punish journalists who visit the Armenian-occupied territories of Nagorno Karabakh[41]

The president Ilham Aliyev and his party control most of media and informations, despite the official 1998 ban on censorship.[17] Political parties use economic pressure to control the media, mostly through advertisement.[17]

• After a week of harassments the Institute for Reporters’ Freedom and Safety (IRFS) and the Media Rights Institute were forced to fled the country in August 2014. Obyektiv TV, the TV program of IRFS, was showing stories about freedom of expression and human rights. In the same days the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), who was supporting independent media, had to close his office.[17]
• In December 2014 the Baku office of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty was closed down by the authorities following a trumped-up criminal case. RFE/RL journalists were individually targeted, taken from homes for police questioning.[17]

Defamation is a criminal offense punishable by up to three years in prison. At the same time journalists that damage the honor and the dignity of the president can be punished up to two years in prison. The government in this way can make pressure on independent journalists and opposition media. Since 2013 defamation include internet content, too.[17]

• The newspaper Azadliq was accused several times of defamation and, after having paid high fines, stopped in July 2014 the print version due to financial problems.[17]

In the recent years had strengthen the control on the internet activities of bloggers, social-media activists and journalists.[17] The blogger Elsevar Mursalli was imprisoned for alleged drug possession and released in October.[17]

In 2013 the government blocked an image-sharing website about security service. At the same time, Azadliq and RFE/RL (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) reported cyber-attacks.[17]

• Since 2012 the leading investigative journalist Khadija Ismayilova of Radio Free Europe had been a frequent target of harassment, blackmail and online smear campaigns.[17] Ismaylova was subject to gross violation of her privacy, and secretly-recorded intimate images of her were posted online in March 2013 in an attempt to discredit her. She called upon the European Court of Human Rights to order Azerbaijani authorities to protect her from threats and violences in October 2013.[19] In 2014 she was tried and imprisoned.
• Azeri journalist and human rights activist Arzu Geybullayeva has received numerous threats in various social media circles stemming from Azerbaijan over her cooperation with the Armenian newspaper Agos.[42]Arzu Geybullayeva, freelance journalist (video)[43][44][45] In an interview with Global Voices, she stated that she branded as a "traitor" and that the blackmail escalated into death threats towards her and her family.[46] The threats have caused her to refrain from visiting her native Azerbaijan in a self-imposed exile in Turkey.[44] The threats were largely condemned by numerous international organizations including PEN International[45] and its affiliates English PEN[47] and PEN Center USA.[48] PEN has called upon the Azerbaijani and Turkish government to "ensure her safety and to investigate all threats of violence made against her."[45] The Index on Censorship has also condemned the threats and has called upon the "international community to put pressure on Azerbaijan to respect freedom of expression."[49]

The Azerbaijani government has increased its control over the internet, harassing social media activists, bloggers and online journalists. The email and telephone communications of journalists have been denounced as under surveillance. Real-life intimidations are used to deter online criticism, rather than content blocking. Legal norms criminalising online defamation have deterred social media mobilisation too, together with the arrests of bloggers and activists. DDoS attacks against independent outlets such as Azadliq and RFE/RL have been reported.[17] Some websites are simply blocked, such as 24saat.org, xural.com, and monitortv.info.[50]

On 3 March 2017, Mehman Huseynov, popular video blogger and activist, was arrested in the courtroom of Suraxanı raion court of Baku and sentenced to two years imprisonment on charges of defamation. Huseynov is well known for his investigative journalism, focused on corruption among the Azerbaijani elite. Most recently, he had posted pictures online of luxury properties, which he said were owned by government officials. He has long been subject to pressure by the authorities, and has been under a travel ban for several years.[51]

Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who effectively owns, controls and influences the media as well as media influence on political parties or state bodies.

The Law on Mass Media provides that print media ownership must be disclosed publicly. However, the law does not regulate transparency of media's financial resources and flows.[52] This is a particularly concerning point in a country where, according to some experts, the state and one single oligarch owns more than 90 percent of the country's media.[53]

Overall, according to Access-Info Europe, an NGO advocating for enhancing access to information, the legislative framework for transparency is vague and requires little ownership information to be disclosed.[54]

As a consequence, in practice it is difficult to obtain comprehensive information on the ownership structures of some media outlets, in particular private broadcasters.[52] In fact, in June 2012, some amendments to the Law on the Registration of Legal Entities, on Commercial Secrecy and the Law on Obtaining of Information further worsened the transparency situation since information about corporate owners and their shareholdings of private media have been declared commercial secrets and deleted from public websites and registers.[54] This makes possible for members of Parliament and other public officials that are banned from owning a business to not to be accountable to public scrutiny.[53]

There is a lack of political willingness in improving transparency of media ownership in Azerbaijan, where many media outlets, in particular print media, are controlled by persons or companies connected to the political power, from both and editorial and financial point of view.[52] In some cases, this control is exerted through nominal intermediaries.[55] Transparency of media ownership has been a neglected issue amid the frequent and vibrant public debates on the challenges and problems affecting media freedom in the country.[56] Further, the practice, not the law, for broadcast media sees the government to strictly control ownership and any changes in ownership in the broadcast sector. In such a context, the media regulatory authority does not enforce sanctions without the order of the Presidential Administration.[54]

• Media of Azerbaijan
• Human rights in Azerbaijan
• List of journalists killed in Azerbaijan