Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis
The Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis holds that the Old Norse goddesses Frigg and Freyja descend from a common Proto-Germanic figure, as suggested by the numerous similarities found between the two deities.[1] Scholar Stephan Grundy comments that "the problem of whether Frigg or Freyja may have been a single goddess originally is a difficult one, made more so by the scantiness of pre-Viking Age references to Germanic goddesses, and the diverse quality of the sources. The best that can be done is to survey the arguments for and against their identity, and to see how well each can be supported."[2]
The names Freyja and Vanir (the group of gods to which Freyja belongs) are not attested outside of Scandinavia, as opposed to the name of the goddess Frigg, who is mentioned as Frīg in Old English and as Frīja in Old High German, all stemming from Proto-Germanic *Frijjō. Although there is no similar evidence for the existence of a common Germanic goddess from which Freyja descends, some scholars have argued that this may simply be due to the scarcity of records outside of the North Germanic tradition.[1]
Etymology
It has also been suggested that the names Freyja and Frigg may stem from a common linguistic source.[3] This theory, however, is rejected by most linguists in the field, who interpret the name Frigg as related to the Proto-Germanic verb *frijōn ('to love') and stemming from a substantivized feminine of the adjective *frijaz ('free'),[4][5] whereas Freyja is regarded as descending from a feminine form of *frawjōn ('lord').[6][7] On the other hand, the names Freyja ('lady, mistress') and Freyr ('lord') are cognates stemming from the common root *frawjōn, which does not necessarily imply further relation.[6][7]
Common mythological traits
Both Frigg and Freyja are associated with weaving, combining the aspects of a love goddess and a domestic goddess.[8] In Sweden and some parts of Germany, the asterism of Orion's Belt is known as her distaff or spindle.[9]
Notes
- Grundy (1998), pp. 56–66.
- Grundy (1998), p. 57.
- Wagner, Norbert. "Frea Und Fulcfree: Zu Lateinisch-langobardisch ē̆/ī̆ Und ō̆/ū̆." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 112, no. 2 (1999): 299–304. JSTOR 41289012.
- de Vries (1962), p. 143.
- Orel (2003), p. 114.
- de Vries (1962), p. 142.
- Orel (2003), p. 112.
- Mythological Women: Studies in Memory of Lotte Motz, 1922-1997, Fassbaender, 2002, ISBN 978-3-900538-73-6, p. 70; M. J. Enright, The Goddess Who Weaves. Some Iconographic Aspects of Bracteates of the Fürstenberg Type. In: FMSt 24, 1990, 54-70.
- Edwardes and Spence (1913); in Swedish both Friggerock "Frigg's distaff" and Frejerock "Freyja's Distaff", see Schön, Ebbe. (2004). Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. p. 228.
References
- de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05436-3.
- Grundy, Stephan (1998). "Freyja and Frigg". In Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (eds.). The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19789-9.
- Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
Further reading
- Ásdísardóttir, Ingunn. Frigg og Freyja: kvenleg goðmögn í heiðnum sið. Íslensk menning, Vol. 4. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag. 2007. (in Icelandic)
- Doyle White, Ethan (2014). "The Goddess Frig: Reassessing an Anglo-Saxon Deity". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 3 (2): 284–310. doi:10.5325/preternature.3.2.0284. ISSN 2161-2196. JSTOR 10.5325/preternature.3.2.0284.
- Näsström, Britt-Mari. "Freyja and Frigg – two aspects of the Great Goddess". In: Shamanism and Northern Ecology. Edited by Juha Pentikäinen. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2011 [1996]. pp. 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110811674.81