Futanari
Futanari (ふたなり, seldom: 二形, 双形, literally: dual form; 二成, 双成, literally: "[to be of] two kinds") is the Japanese word for hermaphroditism, which is also used in a broader sense for androgyny.[1][2]: 79, 81
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Beyond Japan, the term has come to be used to describe a commonly pornographic genre of eroge, manga, and anime, which includes characters that show primary sexual characteristics from both females and males.[1] In today's language, it refers almost exclusively to characters who have an overall feminine body, but have both female and male primary genitalia (although testicles are not always present, while breasts, a penis, and a vagina are). The term is also often abbreviated as futa(s), which is also used as a generalized term for the works themselves.[2]
Historic origins
Japanese folk religion created diverse fantasies related to sexual characteristics. Traditional vocal pieces that date back hundreds of years deliver rough evidence that a change of gender was not ruled out,[2]: 78–79 and that the representation of the gender was used to worship deities such as dōsojin, which sometimes had ambiguous gender, being neither male nor female. Gary Leupp adds that the origins might even reach back to the origins of Buddhism, since the deities would not necessarily have a fixed or determinable gender.[1]
Likewise, the belief spread that some people could change their gender depending on the lunar phase. The term half-moon (半月, hangetsu) was coined to describe such beings.[2]: 79 Japanese traditional clothing, which made distinguishing men from women more difficult, as in other cultures, presumably might have had an influence on this development.[2]: 80 To restrict women from accessing prohibited areas and to avoid smuggling by hiding items in the belt bag, guard posts were assigned to perform body checks. Historical records indicate that guards liked to joke about this matter quite frequently, resulting in various stories and even poems.[2]: 80 Whether anatomical anomalies, such as clitoromegaly or unusual physical development, led to these assumptions remains an open question.[2]
Until 1644, when onnagata actors were required to adopt male hairstyles regardless of the gender they were portraying, actors playing characters such as female warriors capitalized on the interest in the futanari quality, which was common in both samurai and commoner society.[1]
In anime and manga
Originally, the Japanese language referred to any character or real person that possessed masculine and feminine traits as futanari. This changed in the 1990s, as drawn futanari characters became more popular in anime and manga. Today, the term commonly refers to fictional (drawn) female or female-looking hermaphrodite characters. Futanari is also used as the term for a specific genre within hentai-related media (pornographic anime or manga) that depicts such characters.[3][4]
Origins
American transgender pornography that was introduced to Japan influenced the earliest futanari works, which were drawn by artists including Kitamimaki Kei.[5] In the late 1980s, editor Yōichi Terada collected futanari dōjinshi in published anthologies such as Shemale Collection.[5] Futanari manga became popular in the 1990s and quickly became a part of the industry, cross-pollinating with multiple genres.[6] Toshiki Yui's Hot Tails has been described as the best-known example of the genre in the West.[6]
In anime aimed at a broad audience, the gender bender or cross-dressing storylines have always been popular. Popular examples include anime such as Ranma ½, Kämpfer, and Futaba-kun Change! (in which the main character changes from male to female),[7] and I My Me! Strawberry Eggs (which takes on a more cross-dressing theme). The light novel series and anime series Our Home's Fox Deity features a female fox deity who often appears as a male human.
References
- Leupp, Gary P. (1995). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780520919198. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- (in German) Krauss, Friedrich Salomo et al. Japanisches Geschlechtsleben: Abhandlungen und Erhebungen über das Geschlechtsleben des japanischen Volkes ; folkloristische Studien, Schustek, 1965
- Jacobs, Katrien (2007). Netporn: DIY Web Culture and Sexual Politics. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780742554320. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- Leite, Jorge Jr. (June 2012). "Labirintos conceituais científicos, nativos e mercadológicos: pornografia com pessoas que transitam entre os gêneros". Cadernos Pagu (38): 99–128. doi:10.1590/S0104-83332012000100004. ISSN 0104-8333. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- Nagayama, Kaoru (2020). Erotic Comics in Japan: An Introduction to Eromanga. Translated by Galbraith, Patrick W.; Bauwens-Sugimoto, Jessica. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-94-6372-712-9. OCLC 1160012499. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Del Rey Books. p. 452. ISBN 9780345485908.
- Timothy Perper; Cornog, Martha. "Sex, Love, and Women in Japanese Comics". International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Further reading
- Jensen, Nate (2009). Japanese-English Guide to Sex, Kink and Naughtiness. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781442108769.
External links
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