Grand Army of the Republic

The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army (United States Army), Union Navy (U.S. Navy), and the Marines who served in the American Civil War. It was founded in 1866 in Decatur, Illinois, and grew to include hundreds of "posts" (local community units) across the North and West. It was dissolved in 1956 at the death of its last member, Albert Woolson.

This article is about the U.S. veterans organization. For other uses, see Grand Army of the Republic (disambiguation).

Grand Army of the Republic
AbbreviationGAR
SuccessorWoman's Relief Corps and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
FormationApril 6, 1866 (1866-04-06)
FounderBenjamin F. Stephenson
DissolvedAugust 2, 1956 (1956-08-02)
TypeVeterans' organization
PurposeSocial, literary, historical, benevolent

According to Stuart McConnell:

The Grand Army of the Republic, the largest of all Union Army veterans' organizations, was the most powerful single-issue political lobby of the late nineteenth century, securing massive pensions for veterans and helping to elect five postwar presidents from its own membership. To its members, it was also a secret fraternal order, a source of local charity, a provider of entertainment in small municipalities, and a patriotic organization.[1]

Linking men through their experience of the war, the GAR became among the first organized advocacy groups in American politics, supporting voting rights for black veterans, promoting patriotic education, helping to make Memorial Day a national holiday, lobbying Congress to establish regular veterans' pensions, and supporting Republican political candidates. Its peak membership, at 410,000, was in 1890, a high point of various Civil War commemorative and monument dedication ceremonies.

History
GAR Uniform Hat Badge from Post No. 146, "RG Shaw Post", named after Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and established by surviving members of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment in 1871 (R. Andre Stevens Civil War Collection)

After the end of American Civil War, various state and local organizations were formed for veterans to network and maintain connections with each other. Many of the veterans used their shared experiences as a basis for fellowship. Groups of men began joining, first for camaraderie and later for political power. Emerging as most influential among the various organizations during the first post-war years was the Grand Army of the Republic, founded on April 6, 1866, on the principles of "Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty," in Decatur, Illinois, by Dr. Benjamin F. Stephenson.[2]

The GAR initially grew and prospered as a de facto political arm of the Republican Party during the heated political contests of the Reconstruction Era. The commemoration of Union Army and Navy veterans, black and white, immediately became entwined with partisan politics. The GAR promoted voting rights for Black veterans, as many white veterans recognized their demonstrated patriotism and sacrifices, providing one of the first racially integrated social/fraternal organizations in America. Black veterans, who enthusiastically embraced the message of equality, shunned black veterans' organizations in preference for racially inclusive and integrated groups. But when the Republican Party's commitment to reform in the South gradually decreased, the GAR's mission became ill-defined and the organization floundered. The GAR almost disappeared in the early 1870s, and many state-centered divisions, named "departments", and local posts ceased to exist.[3]

In his General Order No. 11, dated May 5, 1868, first GAR Commander-in-Chief, General John A. Logan declared May 30 to be Memorial Day (also referred to for many years as "Decoration Day"), calling upon the GAR membership to make the May 30 observance an annual occurrence. Although not the first time war graves had been decorated, Logan's order effectively established "Memorial Day" as the day upon which Americans now pay tribute to all their war casualties, missing-in-action, and deceased veterans. As decades passed, similarly inspired commemorations also spread across the South as "Confederate Memorial Day" or "Confederate Decoration Day", usually in April, led by organizations of Southern soldiers in the parallel United Confederate Veterans.[4]

Reverse of the GAR Badge
GAR marker, beside a veteran's grave in Portland Street Cemetery, South Berwick, Maine
Department of Massachusetts GAR Post 144, Dedham Massachusetts 1886
A replica of the USS Kearsarge displayed at the 1893 GAR National Convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
Grand Army of the Republic National Encampment bulletin in 1900
Department of Ohio marching in GAR Parade, Toledo, Ohio, 1908
GAR parade during the 1914 Encampment in Detroit, Michigan
A.C. Shafer and Commander C.H. Haskins, standing, observed the transfer of the Departmental Headquarters of the Grand Army of the Republic from San Francisco to Los Angeles in June 1917.

In the 1880s, the Union veterans' organization revived under new leadership that provided a platform for renewed growth, by advocating Federal pensions for veterans. As the organization revived, black veterans joined in significant numbers and organized local posts. In at least one case, in Ohio, an African American was elected as the commander of a predominately white post. This was Robert A. Pinn of Hart Post 124 in Stark County.[5] While the national organization may have failed to press the case for pensions for black soldiers, many of them did receive federal pensions, and the papers in these pension files are now a rich source for African American genealogical research.[6] Some sources emphasize that these pensions for black soldiers were less frequent than for their white counterparts.[7] Some African American members of the GAR organized the National Memorial Association to advocate for a memorial to black soldiers in 1919.[8]

The GAR was organized into "Departments" at the state level and "Posts" at the community level, and military-style uniforms were worn by its members. There were posts in every state in the U.S., and several posts overseas.[7] The pattern of establishing departments and local posts was later used by other American military veterans' organizations, such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars (organized originally for veterans of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection) and the later American Legion (for the First World War and later expanded to include subsequent World War II, Korean, Vietnam and Middle Eastern wars).

The GAR's political power grew during the latter part of the 19th century, and it helped elect several United States presidents, beginning with the 18th, Ulysses S. Grant, and ending with the 25th, William McKinley. Six Civil War veterans (Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur; Benjamin Harrison, and McKinley) were elected President of the United States; all were Republicans. (The sole post-war Democratic president was Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th chief executive.) For a time, candidates could not get Republican presidential or congressional nominations without the endorsement of the GAR veterans voting bloc. Of the six mentioned US Presidents, at least five were members of the GAR:

  • Ulysses S. Grant (Lt General of the Union Armies) Became a member of the Philadelphia PA George G. Meade Post GAR Post # 1 May 16, 1877[9][10]
  • Rutherford B. Hayes (Brevet Major General) Became a Member of the Fremont Ohio Manville Moore GAR Post[11]
  • James A. Garfield (Major General) Possibly a member of the GAR – a GAR Post publication refers to the death of Comrade James Garfield, President of the United States[12]
  • Benjamin Harrison (Brevet Brigadier General) Became a member of the Indianapolis Indiana General George H. Thomas GAR Post[13]
  • William McKinley. (Brevet Major of the 23d Ohio) Became a member of the Canton Ohio GAR Post # 25 July 7, 1880 [It was later renamed McKinley GAR Post # 25][14]

With membership strictly limited to "veterans of the late unpleasantness," the GAR encouraged the formation of Allied Orders to aid them in various works. Numerous male organizations jousted for the backing of the GAR, and the political battles became quite severe until the GAR finally endorsed the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War as its heir.

The GAR, according to Stuart McConnell, promoted, "a nationalism that honored white, native-stock, middle-class males and ...affirmed a prewar ideal of a virtuous, millennial Republic, based on the independent producer, entrepreneurial capitalism, and the citizen-soldier volunteer."[15]

Female members

Although an overwhelmingly male organization, the GAR is known to have had at least two women who were members.

The first female known to be admitted to the GAR was Kady Brownell, who served in the Union Army with her husband Robert, a private in the 1st Rhode Island Infantry at the First Battle of Bull Run in Virginia and with the 5th Rhode Island Infantry at the Battle of New Berne in North Carolina. Kady was admitted as a member in 1870 to Elias Howe Jr. Post #3, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The GAR insignia is engraved on her gravestone in the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island.[16]

In 1897 the GAR admitted Sarah Emma Edmonds, who served in the 2nd Michigan Infantry as a disguised man named Franklin Thompson from May 1861 until April 1863. In 1882, she collected affidavits from former comrades in an effort to petition for a veteran's pension which she received in July 1884. Edmonds was only a member for a brief period as she died September 5, 1898; however she was given a funeral with military honors when she was reburied in Houston in 1901.[17]

It is possible that other women were members of the GAR, as well.

  • Kady Brownwell
    Kady Brownwell
  • Sarah Emma Edmonds
    Sarah Emma Edmonds

Later years
Grand Army of the Republic Encampment, Blue Earth County, Minnesota

The GAR reached its largest enrollment in 1890, with 410,000 members.[18] It held an annual "National Encampment" every year from 1866 to 1949. Interesting anecdotes from the war were told around the many campfires at these reunions and compiled in a book of campfire "chats", including descriptions of the festivities at the 1884–1886 encampments in Minneapolis, Portland, Maine and San Francisco.[19] At the final encampment in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1949, the few surviving attendees voted to retain the existing officers in place until the organization's dissolution. Theodore Penland of Oregon, the GAR's Commander at the time, was therefore its last.[3] At the time of the last national encampment, 16 members were still living and six were able to attend, including James Hard, the last combat veteran, who had fought at First Bull Run, Antietam, and Chancellorsville.[20] In 1956, after the death of the last member, Albert Woolson, the GAR was formally dissolved.[3]

Memorials, honors and commemorations
Red colored postage stamp
The 1948 postal stamp commemorating the GAR's final national encampment.
The Stephenson Grand Army of the Republic Memorial in Washington, D.C.
Memorial Hall Sidney, Ohio which housed the GAR Post.

There are physical memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic in numerous communities throughout the United States.

U.S. Route 6 is known as the Grand Army of the Republic Highway for its entire length.[21]

The Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps began during the conflict by both sides. In 1948, the Grand Army of the Republic was commemorated on a stamp.[22] In 1951, the U.S. Postal Service printed a virtually identical stamp for the final reunion of the United Confederate Veterans.[23]

State posts

Every state (even those of the former Confederacy) fell within a GAR "Department," and within these Departments were the "Posts" (forerunners of modern American Legion Halls or VFW Halls). The posts were made up of local veterans, many of whom participated in local civic events. As the posts were formed, they were assigned to the home Department of the National Commander-in-chief of the year that they were chartered. There was no GAR post in London, but there was a Civil War Veterans Association Group that had many GAR members belonging to it.

As Civil War veterans died or were no longer able to participate in GAR activities, posts consolidated or were disbanded.[24] Posts were assigned a sequential number based on their admission into the state's GAR organization, and most posts held informal names which honored comrades, battles, or commanders; it was not uncommon to have more than one post in a state honoring the same individual (such as Abraham Lincoln) and posts often changed their informal designation by vote of the local membership. See:

John Steinbeck's East of Eden features several references to the Grand Army of the Republic. Despite having very little actual battle experience during his brief military career, cut short by the loss of his leg, Adam Trask's father Cyrus joins the GAR and assumes the stature of "a great man" through his involvement with the organization. At the height of the GAR's influence in Washington, he brags to his son:

I wonder if you know how much influence I really have. I can throw the Grand Army at any candidate like a sock. Even the President likes to know what I think about public matters. I can get senators defeated and I can pick appointments like apples. I can make men and I can destroy men. Do you know that?

— Cyrus Trask (character), East of Eden

Later in the book, references are made to the graves of GAR members in California in order to emphasize the passage of time.[25]

Sinclair Lewis also refers to the GAR in his acclaimed novel Main Street[26] and in his novel It Can't Happen Here,[27] as does Charles Portis's classic novel, True Grit,[28] the GAR is briefly mentioned in William Faulkner's novel, The Sound and the Fury.[29] and Willa Cather's short story "The Sculptor's Funeral" briefly references the GAR.[30]

The GAR is mentioned in the seldom-sung second verse of the patriotic song "You're a Grand Old Flag".[31]

The GAR is referenced in John McCrae's poem He Is There! which was set to music in 1917 by Charles Ives as part of his cycle Three Songs of the War.[32]

In Ward Moore's 1953 alternate history novel Bring the Jubilee, the Confederates won the Civil War and became a major world power while the rump United States was reduced to an impoverished dependence. The Grand Army of the Republic is the name of a nationalistic organization working to restore the United States to its former glory through acts of sabotage and terrorism.[33]

The name appears in the Star Wars prequel era. Star Wars: The Clone Wars refers to the clone army as "The Grand Army of the Republic".

Notable commanders-in-chief
See also: List of Grand Army of the Republic Commanders-in-Chief

Women's auxiliaries
"Tea Tray Cadets" 1880 membership badge, an early women's auxiliary to the GAR

The Woman's Relief Corps was founded in 1879 as a "secret" organization and recognized in 1883 as the "official women's auxiliary" to the GAR

The Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic was also a significant organization. It was founded by Lelia P. Roby.[34] As a congressionally chartered non-profit organization, it is the oldest women's hereditary organization in the United States. The original objectives of the organization included promotion of patriotism and loyalty to the Union, and participation in community service, especially for the aid of our Veterans and their dependents."[35]

As original Union veterans of the GAR, organized in 1866, grew old, many women's groups formed to aid them and their widows and orphans. The Loyal Ladies League was established in 1881 as an auxiliary to the GAR; in 1886 the organization went more national and changed its name to "The Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic."[36] It was incorporated by Public Law 86-47 [S.949] of the 86th Congress on June 17, 1959 [37]

In 1899, the president was Dr. Julia P. Shade of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[38]

Its president in 1922 was Mrs. Ethel M. Irish, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.[39]

See also

References
  1. Stuart McConnell, Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  2. "Grand Army of the Republic History". December 13, 2013.
  3. Knight, Glenn B. "Brief History of the Grand Army of the Republic". suvcw.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  4. John E. Gilman (1910). "The Grand Army of the Republic". civilwarhome.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  5. Wills, Anita (January 8, 2013). "ROBERT ALEXANDER PINN (1843-1911)". Black Past. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  6. "USCT Pension Files: honoring those who served". International Museum of African American History: Center for Family History. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  7. "A Brief History of the Grand Army of the Republic". Grand Army of the Republic Museum and Library. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  8. The Time Has Come: Report to the President and to the Congress (PDF) (Report). National Museum of African American History and Culture. April 2, 2003. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  9. Ward, William H. (1886). Records of Members of the Grand Army of the Republic. pp. 545–547.
  10. Ward, Joseph Ripley Chandler (1889). History of the George G Meade Post No. 1... Philadelphia. p. 49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. Ward, William H. (1886). Records of Members of the Grand Army of the Republic. p. 515.
  12. What One GAR Post Has accomplished. Norwood Mass: The Norwood Press. 1913. p. 85.
  13. Harrison, Benjamin; Hedges, Charles (February 20, 1892). Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, Twenty-Third President of the United States... New York: United States Book Company. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  14. Grand army memorial souvenir of Comrade Wm. McKinley Post, no. 25. Buffalo: McKinley Memorial Publishing. 1902.
  15. George McJimsey, "Glorious Contentment: the Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900." Annals of Iowa 52.4 (1993) pp. 474–476, citing Stuart McConnell, Glorious contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900 (U of North Carolina Press, 1997) p. 222.
  16. "A female comrade of the Grand Army". New York Herald. September 16, 1870.
  17. "Sarah Emma Edmonds, Private, December 1841–September 5, 1898". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  18. Rothbard, Murray N. (June 19, 2019). "Beginning the Welfare State: Civil War Veterans' Pensions". Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. 22 (1): 68–81. doi:10.35297/qjae.010019. S2CID 197810818.
  19. Davis, Washington (1888). Camp-Fire Chats. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  20. Stilwell, Blake (September 3, 2022). "The last Union combat veteran of the Civil War lived to see the Cold War". We Are The Mighty. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  21. Richard F. Weingroff (July 27, 2009). "U.S. 6-The Grand Army of the Republic Highway". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  22. A. Gibson, Gary (1999). "Remembering the Grand Army of the Republic Fifty Years Later". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
    B. "G.A.R. Issue". National Postal Museum. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  23. "U.S. Stamps 1951". stampscatalog.info. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  24. "List of posts and location by department". Library of Congress. 2001. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  25. "Steinbeck-East of Eden". edstephan.org. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  26. Lewis, Sinclair (April 12, 2006). "XXXV". Main Street (PDF). Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  27. Lewis, Sinclair (1935). "VII". It Can't Happen Here. Feedbooks. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  28. Portis, Charles (2010). True Grit. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1590206508. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  29. The Sound and the Fury-Glossary. University of Mississippi Press. 1996. p. 54. ISBN 0878059369. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  30. "The Sculptor's Funeral". Classic Reader. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  31. Cohan, George M. (1906). "You're a Grand Old Flag (Annotated Music)". Library of Congress Performing Arts Encyclopedia. New York: F. A. Mills. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  32. "He Is There!". Song of America. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
  33. Moore, Ward (2009). Bring the Jubilee. Wildside Press. ISBN 978-1434478535. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  34. Willard, Frances Elizabeth; Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1893). "ROBY, Mrs. Lelia P.". A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life. Charles Wells Moulton. p. 617. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  35. "Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic". Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  36. "History". Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  37. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 86th Congress. Vol. 105. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1959. p. 19861.
  38. "LGAR Past National Presidents". suvcw.org. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  39. Official Register and Directory of Women's Clubs in America. Vol. XXIV. Helen M. Winslow. 1922. Retrieved August 22, 2019.

Further reading
  • Ainsworth, Scott. "Electoral Strength and the Emergence of Group Influence in the Late 1800s The Grand Army of the Republic." American Politics Research 23.3 (1995): 319–338.
  • Cimbala, Paul A. Veterans North and South: The Transition from Soldier to Civilian after the American Civil War (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2015). xviii, 189 pp.
  • Dearing, Mary R. Veterans in Politics: The Story of the GAR (1974) online
  • Gannon, Barbara A. The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic (2011)
  • Jordan, Brian Matthew. Marching Home: Union Veterans and Their Unending Civil War. New York: Liveright, 2015.
  • McConnell, Stuart. Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  • Marten, James Alan. Sing Not War: The Lives of Union & Confederate Veterans in Gilded Age America (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2011).
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