Gallotia

This genus can be broadly divided into two groups - lineages originating from the colonization of the earliest Canary Islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria, probably between 10-20 million years ago, and a lineage that colonised the younger western islands probably less than 10 million years ago (Cox et al., 2010). Both lineages contain large and small species.

MtDNA analyses indicate that Lanzarote and Fuerteventura were colonized first and this led to the small body-sized G. atlantica which is present today (Cox et al., 2010). Gran Canaria was the next island to have been colonized from Lanzarote/Fuerteventura, giving rise to the large body-sized species, G. stehlini (Cox et al., 2010). Finally, the clade that colonized the younger western islands was likely to have originated from Lanzarote/Fuerteventura. This western island clade diverged into two groups, all of which colonized Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro, leading to 1) a medium-bodied (e.g., G. caesaris from El Hierro) and 2) a large bodied "giant" species (e.g., G. simonyi from El Hierro) on each of these islands (note that G. intermedia from Tenerife belongs to the "giant" group, but present-day individuals are not that large). The giant species now exist, at best, in small relict populations, while G. auritae may be extinct on La Palma.

Prehistoric remains were assigned to the taxa G. goliath and G. maxima, the former supposedly occurring on several islands, the latter only on Tenerife. It was eventually determined, however, that G. maxima is a junior synonym of G. goliath, and that the latter was very close to G. simonyi; supposed G. goliath specimens from El Hierro, La Gomera, and La Palma are probably just extremely large individuals of, respectively, G. simonyi, G. bravoana, and G. auaritae (Barahona et al. 2000). However, a mummified giant specimen from Tenerife yielded ancient DNA remains, and by analysis of this, it was concluded that G. goliath is a valid species that probably was restricted to Tenerife, and apparently was closer to G. intermedia than to G. simonyi (Maca-Meyer et al. 2003).

Basal group

• Gallotia atlantica - Atlantic lizard[1]
  • Gallotia atlantica atlantica
  • Gallotia atlantica mahoratae
• Gallotia stehlini - Gran Canaria giant lizard[2]

Western clade
Large species

• Gallotia simonyi - Simony's lizard[3]
  • Gallotia simonyi simonyi - Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard, extinct (c.1930s)
  • Gallotia simonyi machadoi - El Hierro giant lizard
• Gallotia bravoana - La Gomera giant lizard, formerly G. (simonyi) gomerana and G. simonyi bravoana (Miras & Pérez-Mellado 2005a)[4]
• Gallotia auaritae - La Palma giant lizard[5]
• Gallotia goliath - Tenerife giant lizard, subfossil; includes G. maxima
• Gallotia intermedia - Tenerife speckled lizard[6]

Small species

• Gallotia caesaris - Boettger's lizard[7]
  • Gallotia caesaris caesaris
  • Gallotia caesaris gomerae
• Gallotia galloti - Tenerife lizard or Western Canaries lizard[8]
  • Gallotia galloti eisentrauti
  • Gallotia galloti galloti
  • Gallotia galloti insulanagae
  • Gallotia galloti palmae

• Barahona, F.; Evans, S. E.; Mateo, J.A.; García-Márquez, M. & López-Jurado, L.F. (2000): Endemism, gigantism and extinction in island lizards: the genus Gallotia on the Canary Islands. J. Zool. 250(3): 373-388. doi:10.1017/S0952836900003101 (HTML abstract)
• Černaňský A.; Klembara J.; Smith K.T. (2016): Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 167 (4) https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12340
• Cox, S. C.; Carranza S.; Brown R. P. (2010): Divergence times and colonization of the Canary Islands by Gallotia lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 56: 747-757. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.020
• European Environment Agency (2006) European Nature Information System (EUNIS): Gallotia. Downloaded on 18 May 2006.
• Filson, R.P. (2000): Island Biogeography and Evolution: Solving a Phylogenetic Puzzle Using Molecular Genetics. Downloaded on 11 May 2006.
• Maca-Meyer, N.; Carranza, S.; Rando, J.C.; Arnold, E.N. & Cabrera, V.M. (2003): Status and relationships of the extinct giant Canary Island lizard Gallotia goliath (Reptilia: Lacertidae), assessed using ancient mtDNA from its mummified remains. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 80(4): 659–670. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00265.x (HTML abstract)
• Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia auaritae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T61501A12492629. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61501A12492629.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021. Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is listed as critically endangered
• Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia bravoana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T61502A12493034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61502A12493034.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered
• Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia intermedia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T61505A12494026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61505A12494026.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered
• Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia simonyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T8881A12935900. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T8881A12935900.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered