Gargano

Gargano (Italian: [ɡarˈɡaːno], is a historical and geographical sub-region in the province of Foggia, Apulia, southeast Italy, consisting of a wide isolated mountain massif made of highland and several peaks and forming the backbone of the Gargano Promontory projecting into the Adriatic Sea, the "spur" on the Italian "boot".

For other uses, see Gargano (disambiguation).
Position of the Gargano sub-region (highlighted in brown) within Italy: 'the spur on the boot of Italy'
Gargano National Park, showing ancient woodlands of the Foresta Umbra
Pale limestone cliffs and islets typical of Gargano coast

Monte Calvo

The high point is Monte Calvo at 1,065 m (3,494 ft). Most of the upland area, about 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi), is part of the Gargano National Park, founded in 1991.

The Gargano peninsula is partly covered by the remains of an ancient forest, Foresta Umbra, the only remaining part in Italy of the ancient oak and beech forest that once covered much of Central Europe as well as the Apennine deciduous montane forests ecoregion. The Latin poet Horace spoke of the oaks of Garganus in Ode II, ix.

In this region since 1978 a feud has been fought between the clans of the Società foggiana.[1]

Tourism
The coast around Mattinata

The coast of Gargano houses numerous beaches and tourist facilities, including resorts such as Vieste, Peschici and Mattinata. The two major salt lakes of Lesina and Varano are located in the northern part of the peninsula. Gargano is the site of the oldest shrine in Western Europe dedicated to the archangel Michael, Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano.

Other tourist attractions include San Giovanni Rotondo, the Abbey of Santa Maria of Ripalta (Lesina) and the volcanic rocks, dating back to the Triassic Period, known as "Black Stones" in Lesina, as well as the Sanctuary of San Nazario.

Annual events

Gargano Peninsula fossils

Some 12 to 4 million years ago, during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, a highly endemic vertebrate fauna evolved on what was then Gargano Island due to higher sea levels than today. Several of these animals were subject to island gigantism.

Monte Sant'Angelo on the slopes of Gargano

The fossils are found in partially infilled paleokarst fissures across Monte Gargano. The Gargano Island fauna is known as Mikrotia fauna after an endemic rodent genus of the area. Initially named Microtia, this had to be corrected, because the genus name Microtia was already used for butterflies.

The surface features of the ancient karst developed in Mesozoic limestone. In these, sediment accumulated together with the remains of the local fauna, forming thick layers of reddish, massive or crudely stratified silty-sandy clays, known as terrae rossae ("red soils"). Through the mid-Pliocene, some of these deposits were flooded, probably due to tectonic movement of the Apulian Plate. Others were overlaid by other sediments of terrestrial or freshwater origin. In this way a buried, partially reworked paleokarst originated.

Later, as the ice ages cycle got underway, sea levels sank and the former island was continentalized. In the cool and semiarid conditions of the Early Pleistocene (some 1.8–0.8 mya) a second karstic cycle occurred, producing the neokarst which removed part of the paleokarst fill.

Fauna

The Gargano Island endemic mammals included:

  • Deinogalerix - 5 species of gymnures ("hairy hedgehogs"), among them the giant D. koenigswaldi with a skull of c.20 cm length. (Freudenthal, 1972; Butler, 1980)
  • Hoplitomeryx - some 5 species of "prongdeer" with five horns and sabre-like upper canine teeth. They ranged from tiny to the size of a red deer, and large and small ones apparently occurred at the same time rather than one evolving from the other. (Leinders 1984, van der Geer 2005, van der Geer 2008)
  • Mikrotia - 3 or more species of murine rodent. The largest species, M. magna, had a skull 10 cm long. (Freudenthal, 1976, Parra et al., 1999)
  • Paralutra garganensis - an endemic species of otter. (Willemsen, 1983)
  • Prolagus imperialis and P. apricenicus - huge endemic pika species- P. imperialis was larger than any other known Prolagus.(Mazza, 1987)
  • Stertomys - 5 species of dormouse, among them the giant S. laticrestatus (Daams and Freudenthal, 1985) and four smaller species (Freudenthal and Martín-Suárez, 2006)
  • Hattomys - 3 species of giant hamsters, among them the giant H. gargantua. (Freudenthal, 1985)

Non-endemic mammals found on the island included:

  • Apodemus gorafensis - a field mouse
  • A prehistoric species of Cricetus hamster (Freudenthal, 1985)
  • Megacricetodon - another hamster (Freudenthal, 1985)

Bird species occurring at Gargano included (studied by Ballmann, 1973, 1976):

  • Apus wetmorei, a swift.
  • Columba omnisanctorum - one of the oldest pigeon fossils known. It probably was more widespread and if so, the older name C. pisana would likely apply to it.
  • Garganoaetus freudenthali and Garganoaetus murivorus - two[3][4] species of falconid, the former larger than a golden eagle, the latter well-sized; endemic. The smaller species, which likely is the stratigraphically oldest, is closely related to Aquila delphinensis from La Grive-Saint-Alban, France, according to Peter Ballmann in 1973. Its closest living relatives are the small eagles (Hieraaetus, Spizaetus, Lophaetus).
  • Garganornis ballmanni, an extinct flightless giant goose-like waterfowl[5]
  • "Strix" perpasta - a true owl, perhaps the same as the widespread Bubo zeylonensis lamarmorae, a paleosubspecies of the brown fish-owl (Mlíkovský 2002) but this taxon was usually known from later times.
  • Tyto - 2 or 3 species of barn-owls. The largest, T. gigantea, was up to twice as massive as the living eagle-owl Bubo bubo. T. robusta was also large; this species and the former were endemic but actually seem to have been chronosubspecies. The supposed remains of the smaller T. sanctialbani found at Gargano are now placed in the widespread Tyto balearica.
  • an indeterminate woodpecker.

Languages

According to Pellegrini,[6] Gargano is home to area IIIb of Southern Italo-Romance varieties. Each town, in turn, speaks its own sub-variety. The Candeloro (or Candelaro in Italian) river defines the boundaries of the promontory as well as the borders with area IIb (that of Foggiano varieties).[7]

See also

References
  1. "Arrestato Li Bergolis, il boss del Gargano: era tra i 30 latitanti più pericolosi d'Italia". IlSole24Ore. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  2. "Gargano Running Week". Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  3. Rosemary G. Gillespie, D. A. Clague (2009). Encyclopedia of Islands Número 2 de Encyclopedias of the natural world. University of California Press. p. 374. ISBN 9780520256491.
  4. MLÍKOVSKÝ, JIŘÍ (2002). "CENOZOIC BIRDS OF THE WORLD" (PDF). nm.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
  5. Pavia, M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Rossi, M. A.; Göhlich, U. B. (2017-01-11). "The extreme insular adaptation of Garganornis ballmanni Meijer, 2014: a giant Anseriformes of the Neogene of the Mediterranean Basin". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (1): 160722. Bibcode:2017RSOS....460722P. doi:10.1098/rsos.160722. PMC 5319340. PMID 28280574.
  6. Pellegrini, Gian Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia. Firenze: Litografia Artistica Cartografica.
  7. Valente, Vincenzo (1975). Profilo dei Dialetti italiani: Puglia/Salento. Pisa: Pacini.

Sources

Media related to Gargano at Wikimedia Commons

41.733°N 15.750°E / 41.733; 15.750

  1. Freudenthal, M. (December 1972). "Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy". www.repository.naturalis.nl.
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