Geisonoceratidae

Geisonoceratidae is an extinct family of orthoceroid cephalopods endemic to what would be Asia, Europe, and North America from the Middle Ordovician to the Middle Devonian[1] living from about 470—380 mya, existing for approximately 90 million years. With the possible addition of an Early Cretaceous orthocerid from the western Caucasus [2] the range of this group increases dramatically to some 350 million years, thus making it one of the longest lived families of the Nautiloidea.

Geisonoceratidae
Temporal range: M Ordovician - M Devonian, ?L Cret
Fossil of Geisonoceras species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: †Orthocerida
Family: †Geisonoceratidae
Zhuravleva, 1959
Genera

Morphology

Shells of geisonoceratids are orthoconic or cyrtoconic, that is long and either straight or curved, with a subcircular cross section. The siphuncle, which varies in position from central to subventral, is composed of generally short, straight to slightly curved, orthochoanitic to subchoanitic, septal necks and thin connecting rings that may expand slightly into the chambers. Organic deposits that are formed within consist of either ring-like annuli restricted to the septal openings or which extend toward the front along the next connecting ring. In advanced species these may form a continuous lining. Cameral deposits, which are generally well developed, are formed along the front and backside of the septa, referred to as episeptal and hyposeptal. Surface modifications found in some include transverse annulations or transverse and sometimes also longitudinal striae and/or lirae.[1]

Taxonomy

Geisonoceratidae was named by Zhuravleva (1959)[1] and included in the Orthocerataceae in Teichert et al. (1964)[3] and by Evans (1994 & 1996), and simply in the Orthocerida in Evans(2005).[4] Flower in his 1962 discussion of the Michelinoceratida[5] expressed doubt as to the usefulness of this taxon and called attention to the morphologic gradation between the Michelinoceratidae in which cameral deposits are retarded and the Geistonoceratidae in which they are more advanced.[6]

References
  1. Sweet, W. C. 1964. Nautiloidea- Orthocerida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part K, Teichert & Moore eds; pp K224- K242
  2. Doguzhaeva, Larisa. (1994) An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from north-western Caucasus.; Palaeontology 37(4): 889-899
  3. Teichert et al 1964, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part K Mollusca 3, Teichert & Moore Eds, K100 K224-K236.
  4. D. H. Evans. 2005. The Lower and Middle Ordovician cephalopod faunas of England and Wales. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 623:1-8
  5. R. H. Flower. 1962. Notes on the Michelinoceratida; Memoir 10, Part 2; New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro NM.
  6. Flower, R. H. 1976. Ordovician Cephalopod Faunas and Their Role in Correlation; The Ordovician System; Paleontological Association symposium 1974.
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