2017 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 24 September 2017 to elect the members of the 19th Bundestag. At stake were at least 598 seats in the Bundestag, as well as 111 overhang and leveling seats determined thereafter.

2017 German federal election
24 September 2017 (2017-09-24)
All 709 seats in the Bundestag (including overhang and leveling seats)
Opinion polls
Registered61,688,485 Decrease 0.4%
Turnout46,976,341 (76.2%) Increase 4.7pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Angela Merkel. Tallinn Digital Summit.jpg
2017-07-21 Martin Schulz 0789.JPG
Afd leadership 2017.png
Candidate Angela Merkel Martin Schulz Alexander Gauland
& Alice Weidel
Party CDU/CSU SPD AfD
Last election 41.5%, 311 seats 25.7%, 193 seats 4.7%, 0 seats
Seats won 246 153 94
Seat change Decrease 65 Decrease 40 Increase 94
Popular vote 15,317,344 9,539,381 5,878,115
Percentage 32.9% 20.5% 12.6%
Swing Decrease 8.6pp Decrease 5.2pp Increase 7.9pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
2017-09-19 Christian Lindener PresseClub 0846 (cropped).png
Die Linke leadership 2017.png
Green leadership 2017.png
Candidate Christian Lindner Dietmar Bartsch &
Sahra Wagenknecht		 Katrin Göring-Eckardt
& Cem Özdemir
Party FDP Left Greens
Last election 4.8%, 0 seats 8.6%, 64 seats 8.4%, 63 seats
Seats won 80 69 67
Seat change Increase 80 Increase 5 Increase 4
Popular vote 4,999,449 4,297,270 4,158,400
Percentage 10.7% 9.2% 8.9%
Swing Increase 5.9pp Increase 0.6pp Increase 0.5pp
The left side shows constituency winners of the election by their party colours. The right side shows party list winners of the election for the additional members by their party colours.
Government before election

Third Merkel cabinet
CDU/CSU–SPD

 Government after election

Fourth Merkel cabinet
CDU/CSU–SPD

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Political ideologies

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CDU/CSU), led by incumbent chancellor Angela Merkel, won the highest percentage of the vote with 33%, though it suffered a large swing against it of more than 8%. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) achieved its worst result since post-war Germany at 21%. Alternative for Germany (AfD), which was previously unrepresented in the Bundestag, became the third largest party in the Bundestag with 12.6% of the vote, whilst the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won 10.7% of the vote and returned to the Bundestag after losing all their seats in 2013. It was the first time since 1957 that a party to the political right of the CDU/CSU gained seats in the Bundestag. The other parties to achieve representation in the Bundestag were the Left and Alliance 90/The Greens, each close to 9% of the vote. In the 709 member Bundestag, a majority is 355 and the CDU/CSU won 246 seats (200 CDU and 46 CSU), the SPD 153, the AfD 94, the FDP 80, The Left 69, and the Greens 67.

For the second consecutive occasion, the CDU/CSU reached a coalition agreement with the SPD to form a grand coalition, the fourth in post-war German history, and the new government took office on 14 March 2018. The agreement came after a failed attempt by the CDU/CSU to enter into a Jamaica coalition with the Greens and the FDP, which the latter pulled out of citing irreconcilable differences between the parties on migration and energy policy. This had been by far the longest government formation in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, as it was the first time a proposed coalition formation negotiation had collapsed and had been replaced by another coalition.

Background

At the 2013 German federal election, the incumbent government composed of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) had failed to maintain a majority of seats. The FDP[1] failed to get over 5% of the vote in 2013, denying the party seats in the Bundestag for the first time in its history. In contrast, the CDU/CSU obtained their best result since 1990, with nearly 42% of the vote and just short of 50% of the seats. The CDU/CSU then successfully negotiated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) to form a grand coalition for the third time.[2]

In January 2017, party leader Sigmar Gabriel recommended Martin Schulz, the former President of the European Parliament, as their leader and chancellor candidate.[lower-alpha 1] The party substantially increased its support as a result; however, the CDU afterward regained its lead, with polls generally showing a 13–16% lead over the SPD.

Date

German law requires that a new Bundestag shall be elected on a Sunday or on a nationwide holiday between 46 and 48 months after the last Bundestag's first sitting (Basic Law Article 39 Section 1).[3] In January 2017, then-President Joachim Gauck scheduled the election for 24 September 2017.[4]

After the election, the 19th Bundestag had to hold its first sitting within 30 days. Until that first sitting, the members of the 18th Bundestag remained in office (Basic Law Article 39 Section 1 and 2).[3]

Electoral system

Germany uses the mixed-member proportional representation system, a system of proportional representation combined with elements of first-past-the-post voting. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term; these seats are distributed between the sixteen German states in proportion to the states' population eligible to vote.

Every elector has two votes: a constituency and a list vote. 299 members are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post, based just on the first votes. The second votes are used to produce an overall proportional result in the states and then in the Bundestag. Seats are allocated using the Sainte-Laguë method. If a party wins fewer constituency seats in a state than its second votes would entitle it to, it receives additional seats from the relevant state list. Parties can file lists in each single state under certain conditions, such as a fixed number of supporting signatures. Parties can receive second votes only in those states in which they have successfully filed a state list.

If a party by winning single-member constituencies in one state receives more seats than it would be entitled to according to its second vote share in that state (overhang seats), the other parties receive compensation seats. Owing to this provision, the Bundestag usually has more than 598 members. The 18th Bundestag, for example, started with 631 seats: 598 regular and 33 overhang and compensation seats. Overhang seats are calculated at the state level, so many more seats are added to balance this out among the different states, adding more seats than would be needed to compensate for overhang at the national level in order to avoid negative vote weight.

In order to qualify for seats based on the party-list vote share, a party must either win three single-member constituencies or exceed a threshold of 5% of the second votes nationwide. If a party only wins one or two single-member constituencies and fails to get at least 5% of the second votes, it keeps the single-member seat(s), but other parties that accomplish at least one of the two threshold conditions receive compensation seats. During the 2002 German federal election, the PDS won only 4.0% of the party-list votes nationwide but won two constituencies in the state of Berlin. The same applies if an independent candidate wins a single-member constituency, which has not happened since 1949. In the 2013 German federal election, the FDP only won 4.8% of party-list votes; this cost it all of its seats in the Bundestag.

If a voter has cast a first vote for a successful independent candidate or a successful candidate whose party failed to qualify for proportional representation, their second vote does not count to determine proportional representation; however, it does count to determine whether the elected party has exceeded the 5% threshold.

Parties representing recognized national minorities, such as Danes, Frisians, Sorbs, and Romani people, are exempt from the 5% threshold but normally only run in state elections.[5]

Parties and leaders

Altogether 38 parties have managed to get on the ballot in at least one state and can therefore (theoretically) earn proportional representation in the Bundestag.[6] Furthermore, there are several independent candidates, running for a single-member constituency. Below are the major parties that are likely to either exceed the threshold of 5% second votes or to win single-member constituencies (first votes).

Name Ideology Leading
candidate(s)		 2013 result
Votes (%)[lower-alpha 2] Seats
CDU/CSU CDU Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands		 Christian democracy Angela Merkel 34.1%
311 / 631
CSU Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern		 7.4%
SPD Social Democratic Party of Germany
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands		 Social democracy Martin Schulz 25.7%
193 / 631
Linke The Left
Die Linke		 Democratic socialism Dietmar Bartsch
Sahra Wagenknecht		 8.6%
64 / 631
Grüne Alliance 90/The Greens
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen		 Green politics Cem Özdemir
Katrin Göring-Eckardt		 8.4%
63 / 631
FDP Free Democratic Party
Freie Demokratische Partei		 Liberalism Christian Lindner 4.8%
0 / 631
AfD Alternative for Germany
Alternative für Deutschland		 National conservatism Alexander Gauland
Alice Weidel		 4.7%
0 / 631

Traditionally, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU), which refer to each other as sister parties, do not compete against each other. The CSU only contests elections in Bavaria, while the CDU contests elections in the other fifteen states. Although these parties have some differences, such as the CSU's opposition to the previous government's immigration policies,[7] the CDU and CSU share the same basic political aims and are allowed by the Regulations of the Bundestag to join into one parliamentary Fraktion (a parliamentary group composed of at least 5% of the members of the Bundestag, entitled to specific rights in parliament) after the elections,[8] as they do in the form of the CDU/CSU group.

As the CDU/CSU and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) were likely to win the most seats in the election, their leading candidates are referred to as chancellor candidates; however, this does not mean that the new Bundestag is legally bound to elect one of them as chancellor.

Opinion polling
Main article: Opinion polling for the German federal election, 2017
The polls are from September 2013 (the last federal election) up to the current date. Each coloured line specifies a political party.

Results
For results by state and constituency, see Results of the 2017 German federal election.
Constituencies won
Results of the second vote by state
Additional member seats by state

The CDU/CSU and the SPD remained the two largest parties in the Bundestag, but both received a significantly lower proportion of the vote than they did in the 2013 German federal election.

The AfD received enough votes to enter the Bundestag for the first time, taking 12.6 percent of the vote—more than double the five percent threshold required to qualify for full parliamentary status. It also won three constituency seats, which would have qualified it for proportionally-elected seats in any event.

The FDP returned to the Bundestag with 10.7 percent of the vote. Despite improving their results slightly and thus gaining a few more seats, the Left and the Greens remained the two smallest parties in parliament.

PartyParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Christian Democratic Union12,447,65626.761514,030,75130.25185200−65
Social Democratic Party9,539,38120.519411,429,23124.6459153−40
Alternative for Germany5,878,11512.64915,317,49911.46394+94
Free Democratic Party4,999,44910.75803,249,2387.00080+80
The Left4,297,2709.24643,966,6378.55569+5
Alliance 90/The Greens4,158,4008.94663,717,9228.01167+4
Christian Social Union2,869,6886.1703,255,4877.024646−10
Free Voters463,2921.000589,0561.27000
Die PARTEI454,3490.980245,6590.53000
Human Environment Animal Protection374,1790.80022,9170.05000
National Democratic Party176,0200.38045,1690.10000
Pirate Party Germany173,4760.37093,1960.20000
Ecological Democratic Party144,8090.310166,2280.36000
Basic Income Alliance97,5390.2100New
V-Partei364,0730.1401,2010.0000New
German Centre63,2030.1400New
Democracy in Motion60,9140.1300New
Bavaria Party58,0370.12062,6220.13000
Alliance of German Democrats41,2510.0900New
Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection32,2210.0706,1140.0100New
Marxist–Leninist Party29,7850.06035,7600.08000
Partei für Gesundheitsforschung23,4040.0501,5370.0000New
Menschliche Welt11,6610.0302,2050.0000New
German Communist Party11,5580.0207,5170.02000
The Grays – For All Generations10,0090.0204,3000.0100New
From now... Democracy by Referendum9,6310.0206,3160.01000
Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität6,6930.01015,9600.03000
Party of Humanists5,9910.0100New
Magdeburg Garden Party5,6170.0102,5700.0100New
Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei3,0320.0107720.0000New
The Right2,0540.0001,1420.00000
Socialist Equality Party1,2910.0009030.00000
Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei"9110.0006720.00000
Party of Reason5330.0002420.00000
Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy2,4580.01000
The Violets2,1760.00000
Alliance C – Christians for Germany1,7170.00000
Renter's Party1,3520.0000New
New Liberals8840.0000New
Family Party5060.00000
Feminist Party4390.00000
Die Einheit3710.0000New
Independents and voter groups100,8890.22000
Total46,515,492100.0041046,389,615100.00299709+78
Valid votes46,515,49299.0246,389,61598.75
Invalid/blank votes460,8490.98586,7261.25
Total votes46,976,341100.0046,976,341100.00
Registered voters/turnout61,688,48576.1561,688,48576.15
Source: Bundeswahlleiter

Results by constituency

Below are first votes (Erststimme) by constituency.[9]

State Constituency ("Wahlkreis") CDU/CSU SPD AfD FDP Linke Grüne Others Lead
 Baden-Württemberg Aalen-Heidenheim 46.4 21.0 11.0 6.1 5.2 9.6 0.7 25.4
Backnang-Schwäbisch Gmünd 41.2 20.0 13.2 8.1 5.6 11.3 0.6 21.2
Biberach 44.5 16.9 11.3 7.5 3.8 13.5 2.5 27.6
Böblingen 38.8 19.6 11.2 12.8 5.0 11.9 0.7 19.2
Bodensee 41.4 18.0 10.4 8.8 5.3 13.9 2.3 23.4
Bruchsal-Schwetzingen 41.5 19.5 14.4 6.7 4.6 8.3 5.0 22.0
Calw 43.3 16.9 14.1 9.3 4.5 8.8 3.1 26.4
Emmendingen-Lahr 37.6 23.7 10.8 8.6 5.2 11.1 2.9 15.7
Esslingen 40.0 19.2 10.7 8.7 5.9 15.3 0.3 20.8
Freiburg 28.0 22.7 7.2 5.3 7.3 25.7 3.7 2.3
Göppingen 37.6 21.9 14.5 9.2 4.4 12.1 0.3 15.7
Heidelberg 32.7 26.0 8.9 6.6 6.1 16.7 3.0 6.7
Heilbronn 35.3 23.2 15.6 9.6 4.6 8.1 3.6 12.1
Karlsruhe-Land 40.4 19.7 11.7 9.1 4.6 11.4 3.1 20.7
Karlsruhe-Stadt 28.5 23.6 10.0 8.6 7.6 17.6 4.0 4.9
Konstanz 44.8 16.8 9.6 7.3 7.0 13.4 1.2 28.0
Lörrach-Müllheim 39.4 21.1 9.6 8.7 5.0 15.0 1.2 18.3
Ludwigsburg 38.3 17.8 11.6 10.2 5.5 14.2 2.4 20.5
Mannheim 29.3 27.9 12.5 6.9 7.4 13.1 2.9 1.4
Neckar-Zaber 40.0 19.7 12.6 8.8 4.6 12.5 1.9 20.3
Nürtingen 39.4 19.0 11.9 9.9 4.8 14.8 0.2 20.4
Odenwald-Tauber 46.8 19.1 13.6 7.1 5.2 6.9 1.3 27.7
Offenburg 48.1 17.3 10.4 6.2 5.4 12.6 0.0 30.8
Pforzheim 36.4 19.0 15.8 11.9 4.7 9.6 2.5 17.4
Rastatt 44.1 19.0 12.2 7.2 4.6 10.9 2.0 25.1
Ravensburg 38.5 12.4 9.4 10.1 5.4 20.2 4.0 18.3
Reutlingen 40.8 15.0 12.0 10.0 6.2 14.3 1.7 25.8
Rhein-Neckar 37.4 23.9 13.1 8.1 5.2 9.6 2.7 13.5
Rottweil-Tuttlingen 43.0 15.9 13.0 10.8 3.9 9.5 3.8 27.1
Schwäbisch Hall - Hohenlohe 40.5 18.5 13.5 8.4 4.3 12.6 2.2 22.0
Schwarzwald-Baar 47.0 16.7 11.4 8.4 4.3 9.8 2.4 30.3
Stuttgart I 32.0 12.8 6.7 8.4 6.5 29.7 3.9 2.3
Stuttgart II 33.5 18.5 10.4 8.6 8.9 15.9 4.2 15.0
Tübingen 35.7 17.3 8.7 7.9 8.8 19.1 2.6 16.6
Ulm 42.7 20.2 10.7 8.1 4.6 12.0 1.8 22.5
Waiblingen 36.8 19.2 12.4 13.4 4.9 12.2 1.1 17.6
Waldshut 41.9 24.1 9.2 6.2 5.0 11.9 1.8 17.8
Zollernalb-Sigamaringen 45.0 14.4 13.6 9.3 4.7 12.7 0.3 30.6
Total 39.3 19.5 11.5 8.6 5.4 13.4 2.2 19.8
 Bavaria Altötting 54.5 12.3 13.1 5.6 4.8 6.0 3.5 41.4
Erding – Ebersberg 48.2 14.9 10.3 7.3 4.0 10.2 5.1 33.3
Freising 43.0 13.5 12.5 7.2 5.0 9.4 9.4 29.5
Fürstenfeldbruck 43.6 18.7 10.2 7.2 4.1 9.1 7.0 24.9
Ingolstadt 49.5 13.6 13.0 5.1 4.8 6.3 7.6 35.9
München-Nord 32.2 26.0 7.6 9.6 6.0 13.1 5.4 6.2
München-Ost 36.8 21.3 7.4 8.9 6.3 15.2 4.1 15.5
München-Süd 33.0 23.5 7.6 9.1 7.4 13.8 5.6 9.5
München-West/Mitte 33.3 23.1 6.7 9.0 7.1 16.3 4.5 10.2
München-Land 43.5 16.3 8.4 9.3 3.9 13.7 4.8 27.2
Rosenheim 45.9 11.8 13.0 7.4 3.8 9.4 8.6 32.9
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen – Miesbach 47.6 11.3 9.9 8.2 5.3 13.6 4.2 34.0
Starnberg – Landsberg am Lech 42.1 16.7 8.9 9.6 4.0 11.9 6.9 25.4
Traunstein 50.3 16.1 10.2 5.7 4.5 8.1 5.1 34.2
Weilheim 47.6 14.8 10.1 7.0 4.7 9.1 6.4 32.8
Deggendorf 44.1 17.4 17.3 4.0 4.2 4.5 8.6 26.7
Landshut 39.6 13.6 12.6 8.5 3.6 6.5 15.6 24.0
Passau 47.5 18.9 14.1 6.1 4.8 5.6 3.1 28.6
Passau 45.0 14.4 15.1 7.0 3.9 4.9 9.7 28.6
Straubing 47.6 16.8 15.0 4.4 3.7 3.6 8.8 30.8
Amberg 47.7 15.2 11.2 5.0 4.4 6.9 9.5 32.5
Regensburg 40.1 16.7 11.8 6.2 6.0 9.3 9.9 23.4
Schwandorf 48.5 24.2 0.0 4.6 5.0 3.9 13.9 24.3
Weiden 46.2 22.3 0.0 4.1 4.4 3.6 19.3 23.9
Bamberg 42.1 20.4 11.5 6.5 5.2 9.2 5.1 21.7
Bayreuth 46.5 21.2 9.4 6.6 4.3 7.1 4.8 18.9
Coburg 45.3 26.4 10.5 4.8 5.2 5.9 2.0 18.9
Hof 47.0 23.6 11.8 3.7 4.4 4.7 4.7 23.4
Kulmbach 55.4 16.1 11.6 4.0 3.8 4.4 4.7 39.3
Ansbach 44.3 18.4 10.5 4.2 6.1 7.6 9.0 25.9
Erlangen 42.7 21.0 7.9 5.9 5.9 11.0 5.6 21.7
Fürth 39.9 22.9 10.6 5.4 6.8 9.7 4.8 17.0
Nürnberg-Nord 31.3 25.6 9.2 7.2 10.0 12.7 4.0 5.7
Nürnberg-Süd 45.6 26.5 13.2 5.8 8.2 7.8 2.8 19.1
Roth 34.5 20.6 10.3 4.7 4.8 7.9 7.3 13.9
Aschaffenburg 48.1 16.6 10.5 8.0 5.8 9.2 2.9 31.5
Bad Kissingen 51.1 19.1 10.5 5.6 5.4 7.1 1.2 32.0
Main-Spessart 46.6 22.6 9.1 5.0 4.8 7.1 4.8 24.0
Schweinfurt 47.9 17.1 11.1 6.2 7.8 7.4 2.4 30.8
Würzburg 42.2 18.7 7.7 8.0 5.6 14.0 3.8 23.5
Augsburg-Stadt 34.8 19.3 13.3 6.1 8.5 13.9 4.2 15.5
Augsburg-Land 47.8 14.1 12.3 6.1 3.7 7.5 8.6 33.7
Donau-Ries 47.0 18.1 12.8 5.0 4.2 6.4 6.4 28.9
Neu-Ulm 44.6 14.6 13.6 6.0 4.4 9.2 7.6 30.0
Oberallgäu 50.5 12.2 9.6 7.0 4.7 9.2 6.8 38.3
Ostallgäu 49.2 11.4 12.6 5.6 5.3 8.7 7.1 36.6
Total 44.2 18.1 10.5 6.5 5.2 9.0 6.5 26.1
 Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf 30.2 27.6 7.5 9.2 9.4 13.6 2.4 2.6
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg – Prenzlauer Berg Ost 12.2 16.9 6.2 3.1 24.9 26.3 10.4 1.4
Lichtenberg 19.7 14.1 15.7 3.4 34.8 5.9 6.4 15.1
Marzahn-Hellersdorf 22.3 12.6 20.6 3.5 34.2 3.2 3.6 11.9
Mitte 18.6 23.5 7.9 6.0 20.5 18.0 5.6 3.0
Neukölln 24.5 26.8 10.7 5.1 16.4 11.0 5.5 2.3
Pankow 19.6 16.4 12.1 4.2 28.8 14.2 4.8 9.2
Reinickendorf 36.8 23.6 13.2 7.2 7.7 7.9 3.6 13.2
Spandau-Charlottenburg Nord 30.9 32.1 13.4 6.4 7.6 6.2 3.4 1.2
Steglitz-Zehlendorf 35.4 24.6 8.2 9.1 7.5 12.7 2.6 10.8
Tempelhof-Schöneberg 28.9 22.0 9.1 6.4 10.8 18.9 3.9 6.9
Treptow-Köpenick 18.9 13.8 15.0 3.8 39.9 5.0 3.7 21.0
Total 24.7 21.0 11.4 5.6 20.2 12.4 4.7 3.7
 Brandenburg Prignitz – Ostprignitz-Ruppin – Havelland I 30.8 23.7 18.0 3.6 17.6 3.0 3.3 7.1
Uckermark – Barnim I 30.6 19.4 20.2 3.8 18.5 3.7 3.9 10.4
Oberhavel – Havelland II 29.9 22.7 18.0 5.2 14.7 5.3 4.2 7.2
Märkisch-Oderland – Barnim II 28.4 15.8 20.2 4.2 22.5 5.4 3.4 5.9
Brandenburg an der Havel – Potsdam-Mittelmark I – Havelland III – Teltow-Fläming I 31.8 25.1 26.9 4.6 15.1 3.4 3.1 4.9
Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II 25.9 26.1 12.3 7.5 16.5 8.0 4.7 0.2
Dahme-Spreewald – Teltow-Fläming III – Oberspreewald-Lausitz I 30.7 19.6 20.3 4.8 16.4 4.4 3.8 10.4
Frankfurt (Oder) – Oder-Spree 27.1 17.1 21.9 5.1 19.1 3.3 6.4 5.2
Cottbus – Spree-Neiße 28.4 17.0 25.3 5.7 15.7 3.3 4.6 3.1
Elbe-Elster – Oberspreewald-Lausitz II 29.5 16.7 24.7 5.4 16.2 2.9 4.7 4.8
Total 29.0 20.5 19.4 5.1 17.2 4.5 4.2 8.5
 Bremen Bremen I 24.2 30.0 7.7 11.2 12.2 11.9 2.7 5.8
Bremen II-Bremerhaven 25.0 34.0 11.4 6.7 11.5 7.7 3.7 9.0
Total 24.6 31.8 9.3 9.2 11.9 10.1 3.2 7.2
 Hamburg Altona 25.9 28.9 5.1 8.6 13.6 14.4 3.4 3.0
Bergedorf-Harburg 28.1 34.8 10.9 5.2 10.7 7.7 2.6 6.7
Eimsbüttel 28.7 31.6 5.7 6.8 10.4 15.0 1.8 2.9
Mitte 24.2 30.9 7.3 6.4 13.9 12.9 4.4 6.7
Nord 33.5 30.8 5.5 8.4 7.5 13.6 0.7 2.7
Wandsbek 29.7 34.6 9.5 7.0 9.2 7.1 2.9 4.9
Total 28.5 32.0 7.3 7.1 10.8 11.7 2.6 3.5
 Hesse Waldeck 33.6 35.1 11.0 7.1 6.1 5.7 1.4 1.5
Kassel 26.9 35.6 10.0 5.9 8.8 9.4 3.6 8.7
Werra-Meißner – Hersfeld-Rotenburg 29.9 41.2 12.5 5.0 5.5 4.0 1.8 11.3
Schwalm-Eder 30.4 37.7 12.0 6.5 5.5 5.6 2.3 7.3
Marburg 33.4 35.7 10.2 4.3 8.2 6.4 1.8 2.3
Lahn-Dill 38.3 29.7 11.7 6.3 4.7 5.8 3.5 8.6
Gießen 35.1 28.2 11.5 7.7 6.3 8.3 2.9 6.9
Fulda 45.2 20.2 17.6 5.3 4.8 5.6 1.4 25.0
Main-Kinzig – Wetterau II – Schotten 36.4 28.3 14.8 6.1 5.9 5.4 3.0 8.1
Hochtaunus 39.9 23.0 10.4 10.4 5.9 8.9 1.4 16.9
Wetterau I 36.4 29.0 10.9 8.1 4.9 8.3 2.3 7.4
Rheingau-Taunus – Limburg 41.8 25.3 10.2 7.6 5.5 7.0 2.6 16.5
Wiesbaden 34.3 28.6 10.4 7.0 7.7 8.9 3.1 5.7
Hanau 35.3 30.4 12.8 6.4 5.8 6.1 3.1 4.9
Main-Taunus 41.9 21.8 9.7 10.9 5.0 9.1 1.7 20.1
Frankfurt am Main I 30.5 27.1 9.0 9.2 9.7 10.9 3.5 3.4
Frankfurt am Main II 32.4 25.9 7.6 8.1 9.1 13.5 3.3 6.5
(electoral district)Groß-Gerau 35.1 32.4 11.3 5.6 6.7 6.8 2.1 2.7
Offenbach 36.4 24.9 11.2 7.7 7.7 8.8 3.2 11.5
Darmstadt 30.7 29.7 9.1 6.2 8.5 14.2 1.6 1.0
Odenwald 36.1 29.0 11.7 7.2 6.1 7.8 2.0 7.1
Bergstraße 38.9 26.9 12.5 7.6 5.5 7.6 0.9 12.0
Total 35.4 29.2 11.2 7.1 6.6 8.1 2.4 6.2
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Ludwigslust-Parchim II-Nordwestmecklenburg II-Landkreis Rostock I 30.0 24.0 17.4 5.7 16.2 4.0 2.6 6.0
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte I-Vorpommern-Greifswald II 31.2 13.9 23.5 5.8 19.1 2.5 4.1 7.7
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte II-Landkreis Rostock III 37.6 15.7 18.4 4.7 17.4 3.3 2.9 19.2
Schwerin-Ludwigslust-Parchim I-Nordwestmecklenburg I 32.1 22.1 16.0 4.8 17.2 3.8 4.1 10.0
Rostock-Landkreis Rostock II 29.5 17.9 14.7 4.5 24.8 5.1 3.4 4.7
Vorpommern-Rügen-Vorpommern-Greifswald I 44.0 11.6 19.2 3.1 15.9 3.0 3.1 24.8
Total 34.2 17.4 18.2 4.7 18.5 3.6 3.4 15.7
 Lower Saxony Aurich – Emden 27.6 49.6 0.0 4.9 6.7 7.0 4.1 22.0
Unterems 50.0 28.0 7.7 4.4 4.4 4.7 0.7 22.0
Friesland – Wilhelmshaven – Wittmund 32.4 39.7 8.3 5.9 5.9 5.5 2.3 7.3
Oldenburg – Ammerland 30.2 36.3 6.7 6.1 8.1 11.4 1.3 6.1
Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch – Oldenburg-Land 34.1 32.9 9.0 9.0 6.1 7.7 1.2 1.2
Cuxhaven – Stade II 42.7 30.7 8.5 5.0 5.8 6.1 1.3 12.0
Stade I – Rotenburg II 44.4 28.2 8.3 5.8 5.3 7.0 1.0 16.2
Mittelems 53.6 26.4 5.0 5.6 3.8 5.0 0.5 27.2
Cloppenburg – Vechta 57.7 20.4 7.8 5.1 4.1 4.3 0.6 37.3
Diepholz – Nienburg I 44.6 27.3 8.1 7.0 5.3 7.7 0.0 17.3
Osterholz – Verden 39.2 32.0 8.6 5.5 7.1 6.7 1.0 7.2
Rotenburg I – Heidekreis 36.1 41.2 8.2 4.5 4.1 4.8 1.1 5.1
Harburg 40.6 27.4 9.2 6.5 5.4 9.1 1.7 13.2
Lüchow-Dannenberg – Lüneburg 33.5 28.1 8.7 6.6 8.4 14.8 0.0 5.4
Osnabrück-Land 45.6 28.3 6.6 6.4 5.3 7.7 0.2 17.3
Stadt Osnabrück 40.3 31.6 0.0 8.9 8.4 10.1 0.6 8.7
Stadt Osnabrück 40.6 32.7 9.1 4.5 4.5 7.7 0.8 7.9
Stadt Hannover I 29.6 35.6 8.5 6.5 7.2 9.1 3.4 6.0
Stadt Hannover II 28.9 33.7 7.2 5.5 9.3 11.2 4.2 4.8
Hannover-Land I 40.1 33.1 9.6 5.2 5.0 6.0 1.1 7.0
Celle – Uelzen 42.7 30.0 10.1 5.5 4.6 5.8 1.1 12.7
Celle – Uelzen 36.1 37.8 9.9 4.8 5.3 5.6 0.6 1.7
Gifhorn – Peine 33.4 39.1 9.5 5.8 5.9 5.4 0.9 5.7
Hameln-Pyrmont – Holzminden 35.2 37.0 9.4 5.4 5.4 5.7 1.8 1.8
Hildesheim 36.0 37.2 8.6 5.6 5.1 7.6 0.0 1.2
Salzgitter – Wolfenbüttel 29.1 42.8 11.9 4.7 6.0 4.3 1.1 13.7
Braunschweig 31.4 38.0 7.8 5.4 7.6 8.0 1.8 6.6
Helmstedt – Wolfsburg 34.9 38.0 10.2 5.7 6.0 4.5 0.7 3.1
Goslar – Northeim – Osterode 39.8 34.8 9.3 5.0 5.7 5.4 0.0 5.0
Göttingen 33.3 34.9 7.0 4.6 5.9 11.3 3.1 1.6
Total 38.3 33.6 8.0 5.7 5.9 7.2 1.3 5.7
 North Rhine-Westphalia Aachen I 33.7 32.5 5.6 7.3 8.8 9.4 2.6 1.2
Aachen II 36.5 36.9 8.8 6.4 5.1 4.5 1.7 0.4
Heinsberg 45.6 28.0 8.3 6.6 4.6 5.0 2.0 17.6
Düren 41.9 31.7 8.9 5.9 4.4 5.5 1.7 10.2
Rhein-Erft-Kreis I 39.2 31.1 9.0 9.3 4.5 5.5 1.4 8.1
Euskirchen – Rhein-Erft-Kreis II 42.8 26.2 9.5 9.9 5.8 5.8 0.0 16.6
Köln I 31.6 31.0 8.6 7.7 8.6 9.8 2.7 0.6
Köln II 34.9 26.9 4.6 9.1 8.0 14.6 2.0 8.0
Köln III 27.6 23.3 7.5 7.1 9.7 13.2 2.6 4.3
Bonn 32.0 34.9 6.1 10.5 5.7 8.4 2.4 2.9
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis I 44.3 27.7 0.0 10.4 8.1 6.5 3.0 16.6
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis II 46.5 22.7 8.4 8.4 5.5 7.9 0.5 23.8
Oberbergischer Kreis 43.7 26.7 10.1 7.8 5.2 6.1 0.3 17.0
Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis 40.0 24.4 7.2 15.7 4.9 6.9 0.8 15.6
Leverkusen – Köln IV 30.8 38.7 8.7 6.6 6.1 5.7 3.4 7.9
Wuppertal I 31.5 29.6 11.0 8.7 8.9 7.4 2.8 1.9
Solingen – Remscheid – Wuppertal II 38.2 30.8 9.5 7.8 6.2 5.8 1.6 7.4
Mettmann I 44.6 25.7 8.9 8.3 5.5 6.9 0.0 18.9
Mettmann II 39.3 30.2 9.0 8.7 5.5 6.1 1.2 9.1
Düsseldorf I 40.4 24.4 6.4 12.8 7.4 8.4 0.2 16.0
Düsseldorf II 33.8 27.3 8.1 9.2 13.0 8.3 0.2 6.5
Neuss I 44.0 28.6 8.6 7.2 5.4 5.1 1.0 15.4
Mönchengladbach 44.3 24.4 9.1 7.8 6.8 6.0 1.6 19.9
Krefeld I – Neuss II 42.4 25.5 7.3 11.5 5.1 6.6 1.6 16.9
Viersen 47.9 25.0 7.0 8.3 5.1 6.7 0.0 22.9
Kleve 45.0 30.6 6.6 7.6 4.2 4.9 1.1 14.4
Wesel I 39.0 32.8 8.6 8.0 6.0 5.5 0.2 6.2
Krefeld II – Wesel II 37.0 32.0 8.5 8.2 5.6 6.1 2.7 5.0
Duisburg I 28.7 38.3 11.5 7.0 6.9 5.6 2.1 9.6
Duisburg II 26.4 34.7 16.6 7.0 8.9 4.6 1.8 8.3
Oberhausen – Wesel III 29.1 38.5 12.3 6.3 7.6 5.6 0.6 9.4
Mülheim – Essen I 31.3 34.9 11.5 9.0 6.5 6.2 0.5 3.6
Essen II 26.6 37.3 15.8 6.6 7.9 5.4 0.4 10.7
Essen III 37.1 30.8 8.1 8.3 6.5 8.2 1.0 6.3
Recklinghausen I 30.9 38.7 11.4 7.2 6.6 5.0 0.3 7.8
Recklinghausen II 34.5 41.1 0.0 10.2 8.4 4.7 1.0 6.6
Gelsenkirchen 25.4 38.3 16.9 6.7 6.5 4.6 1.6 12.9
Steinfurt I – Borken I 51.3 25.8 6.0 6.6 4.9 5.3 0.0 25.5
Bottrop – Recklinghausen III 33.6 36.8 11.8 6.5 6.3 4.4 0.6 3.2
Borken II 52.3 25.3 0.0 9.1 4.5 6.7 2.0 27.0
Coesfeld – Steinfurt II 51.6 23.5 0.0 10.5 6.2 8.2 0.0 28.1
Steinfurt III 44.8 30.3 6.3 5.6 5.6 6.5 0.8 14.5
Münster 37.2 28.9 4.5 7.0 6.9 12.8 2.8 8.3
Warendorf 46.4 27.9 6.9 7.0 4.8 5.5 1.5 18.5
Gütersloh I 46.6 28.0 8.0 6.5 4.3 5.7 0.8 18.6
Bielefeld – Gütersloh II 30.7 33.2 8.2 7.3 9.0 9.6 2.0 2.5
Herford – Minden-Lübbecke II 35.8 36.7 10.0 5.6 5.6 5.1 1.2 0.9
Minden-Lübbecke I 37.4 35.5 9.9 7.1 5.3 4.9 0.0 1.9
Lippe I 36.6 32.1 10.2 8.4 5.4 6.0 1.3 4.5
Höxter – Lippe II 44.3 26.7 9.1 6.9 5.5 6.0 1.5 17.6
Paderborn – Gütersloh III 53.3 19.9 9.1 5.5 5.1 6.0 1.0 33.4
Hagen – Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis I 30.3 39.2 11.3 7.9 5.4 3.9 2.0 8.9
Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis II 32.9 36.7 0.0 10.5 8.0 8.6 3.2 3.8
Bochum I 28.2 37.2 9.5 7.0 10.0 7.7 0.3 9.0
Herne – Bochum II 24.1 41.9 13.4 6.7 8.0 5.6 0.3 17.8
Dortmund I 28.6 38.8 9.5 5.9 7.7 7.3 2.2 10.2
Dortmund II 28.1 38.8 10.6 6.4 8.6 6.4 1.1 10.7
Unna I 31.8 38.8 9.1 6.4 5.4 6.4 2.1 7.0
Hamm – Unna II 35.2 36.4 10.4 5.9 5.9 4.4 1.8 1.2
Soest 42.7 29.3 8.9 7.9 5.7 5.5 0.1 13.4
Hochsauerlandkreis 48.0 26.9 7.3 8.4 4.2 4.2 0.9 21.1
Siegen-Wittgenstein 40.1 30.2 9.8 7.3 5.9 4.3 2.3 9.9
Olpe – Märkischer Kreis I 47.9 26.3 8.8 8.8 4.8 3.4 0.0 21.6
Märkischer Kreis II 37.8 38.6 0.0 10.7 7.8 3.8 1.3 0.8
Total 38.3 31.3 8.1 8.0 6.4 6.5 1.3 7.0
 Rhineland-Palatinate Neuwied 43.2 28.6 9.5 6.1 5.3 5.3 1.9 14.6
Ahrweiler 42.8 27.4 8.8 8.7 4.5 5.8 2.1 15.4
Koblenz 41.3 28.7 8.2 6.5 5.2 6.2 3.9 12.6
Mosel/Rhein-Hunsrück 44.1 25.2 8.2 8.7 5.3 4.9 3.7 18.9
Kreuznach 37.0 31.5 10.8 6.8 5.53 4.9 3.5 5.5
Bitburg 51.2 25.7 7.1 7.0 5.5 0.0 3.5 25.5
Trier 37.9 33.7 7.0 5.3 6.6 6.5 3.1 4.2
Montabaur 43.3 29.8 0.0 9.2 7.0 5.2 5.5 13.5
Mainz 35.7 28.0 7.3 6.9 6.4 10.8 4.8 17.7
Worms 41.1 26.7 11.3 6.0 5.1 6.7 3.1 14.4
Ludwigshafen/Frankenthal 32.1 31.9 14.5 7.5 5.6 5.5 2.9 10.2
Neustadt – Speyer 40.0 25.3 11.9 6.8 4.7 7.6 3.7 14.7
Kaiserslautern 31.3 33.9 12.6 5.5 7.2 5.1 4.3 2.6
Pirmasens 33.8 28.8 12.8 6.7 6.1 4.2 4.6 5.0
Südpfalz 40.3 26.0 12.3 6.0 4.7 7.9 2.7 14.3
Total 39.6 28.8 9.5 6.9 5.7 6.0 3.6 10.8
 Saarland Homburg 33.6 31.4 11.0 5.1 11.0 5.0 2.9 2.2
Saarbrücken 31.4 32.1 8.9 5.3 13.3 6.0 2.9 0.7
Saarlouis 38.0 32.1 9.0 3.8 10.8 3.5 2.7 5.9
St. Wendel 41.8 30.4 8.4 4.7 9.8 3.4 1.6 11.4
Total 36.2 31.5 9.3 4.7 11.2 4.5 2.6 4.7
 Saxony Nordsachsen 32.8 14.0 26.8 6.6 17.2 2.6 0.0 6.0
Leipzig I 27.5 16.5 20.5 5.7 19.5 5.5 4.9 7.0
Leipzig II 24.6 13.7 15.0 5.8 25.3 9.9 5.7 0.7
Leipzig-Land 34.1 11.5 28.7 6.3 15.6 3.9 0.0 5.4
Meißen 36.7 8.9 31.0 5.3 12.7 3.3 2.1 5.7
Bautzen I 30.6 10.0 33.2 5.8 15.2 2.0 3.1 2.6
Görlitz 31.4 10.9 32.4 5.0 13.6 3.3 3.4 1.0
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge 28.8 7.2 37.4 6.5 14.7 3.0 2.4 8.6
Dresden I 24.6 13.2 22.4 7.5 21.0 6.5 4.8 2.2
Dresden II – Bautzen II 25.5 11.1 22.3 7.0 17.5 8.6 7.9 3.2
Mittelsachsen 32.4 12.0 31.5 5.8 14.0 3.1 1.2 0.9
Chemnitz 26.6 15.4 24.0 6.6 19.4 4.2 3.9 2.6
Chemnitzer Umland – Erzgebirgskreis II 35.1 10.3 26.6 7.6 17.0 3.4 0.0 8.5
Erzgebirgskreis I 34.7 9.0 30.2 7.2 15.2 2.6 1.0 4.5
Zwickau 33.7 12.7 0.0 13.4 25.7 4.5 9.9 8.0
Vogtlandkreis 35.0 11.1 26.0 5.6 15.5 3.8 3.1 9.0
Total 30.6 11.7 25.4 6.7 17.5 4.5 3.5 5.2
 Saxony-Anhalt Altmark 32.6 19.1 16.5 6.7 19.2 3.4 2.5 13.4
Börde – Jerichower Land 37.8 20.0 20.3 0.0 7.6 2.4 11.9 17.5
Harz 36.4 17.5 16.1 4.9 19.2 3.2 2.6 17.2
Magdeburg 27.4 21.7 15.3 6.7 18.9 4.0 6.0 5.7
Dessau – Wittenberg 35.2 12.2 19.4 5.0 18.2 4.6 5.4 15.8
Anhalt 31.6 12.9 22.2 6.3 21.2 2.0 3.8 9.4
Halle 27.1 21.3 17.3 6.7 20.3 3.6 3.6 5.8
Burgenland – Saalekreis 33.6 13.1 23.4 6.6 16.9 2.5 3.9 10.2
Mansfeld 31.0 15.2 23.9 8.1 18.1 2.6 1.2 7.1
Total 32.4 17.2 16.9 6.5 19.2 6.5 4.7 13.2
 Schleswig-Holstein Flensburg – Schleswig 40.0 28.0 6.2 6.5 7.1 10.5 1.6 12.0
Nordfriesland – Dithmarschen Nord 45.1 25.2 5.9 8.1 5.2 9.4 1.2 19.9
Steinburg – Dithmarschen Süd 41.9 26.1 7.6 11.0 5.5 6.7 1.1 15.8
Rendsburg-Eckernförde 42.7 28.9 6.8 6.5 5.2 9.0 1.0 13.8
Kiel 30.7 31.0 6.1 7.5 7.3 14.3 3.0 0.3
Plön – Neumünster 40.7 28.9 7.8 7.2 5.4 9.0 1.0 11.8
Pinneberg 39.7 30.3 7.9 7.8 6.1 8.3 0.0 9.4
Segeberg – Stormarn-Mitte 41.1 27.3 8.2 8.1 5.7 8.3 1.2 13.8
Ostholstein – Stormarn-Nord 41.5 30.8 7.9 7.3 4.4 6.9 1.2 10.7
Herzogtum Lauenburg – Stormarn-Süd 39.5 27.2 9.1 8.2 5.1 9.7 1.1 12.3
Lübeck 35.3 33.9 8.7 6.5 0.0 13.0 2.7 1.4
Total 39.8 28.8 7.5 7.7 5.3 9.5 1.3 11.0
 Thuringia Eichsfeld-Nordhausen-Kyffhäuserkreis 38.0 14.3 21.4 4.9 15.3 2.6 3.6 16.6
Eisenach-Wartburgkreis-Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 34.4 15.2 21.2 5.0 15.5 3.1 5.5 13.2
Erfurt-Weimar-Weimarer Land II 27.3 18.2 17.5 6.0 18.7 7.1 5.3 8.6
Gera-Greiz-Altenburger Land 30.4 11.8 27.3 5.6 18.7 2.1 4.0 3.1
Gotha-Ilm-Kreis 29.0 18.6 23.9 6.0 15.6 3.3 3.6 5.1
Jena-Sömmerda-Weimarer Land I 29.2 14.2 19.3 5.8 21.4 4.9 5.2 7.8
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt-Saale-Holzland-Kreis-Saale-Orla-Kreis 30.9 11.7 26.5 6.1 17.1 3.4 4.4 4.4
Suhl-Schmalkalden-Meiningen-Hildburghausen-Sonneberg 33.5 13.5 22.8 4.9 18.3 2.6 4.4 10.7
Total 31.6 14.6 22.5 5.5 17.6 3.6 4.5 9.1

Results by state

Second Vote ("Zweitstimme", or votes for party list) by state[10]

State CDU/CSU SPD AfD FDP Linke Grüne Others
 Baden-Württemberg 34.4 16.4 12.2 12.7 6.4 13.5 4.5
 Bavaria 38.8 15.3 12.4 10.2 6.1 9.8 7.5
 Berlin 22.7 17.9 12.0 8.9 18.8 12.6 7.0
 Brandenburg 26.7 17.6 20.2 7.1 17.2 5.0 6.3
 Bremen 25.0 26.3 10.0 9.3 13.5 11.0 4.3
 Hamburg 27.2 23.5 7.8 10.8 12.2 13.9 4.5
 Hesse 30.9 23.5 11.9 11.6 8.1 9.7 4.4
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 33.1 15.1 18.6 6.2 17.8 4.3 4.9
 Lower Saxony 34.9 27.4 9.1 9.3 6.9 8.7 3.6
 North Rhine-Westphalia 32.6 26.0 9.4 13.1 7.5 7.6 3.8
 Rhineland-Palatinate 35.9 24.2 11.2 10.4 6.8 7.6 3.9
 Saarland 32.4 27.2 10.1 7.6 12.9 6.0 3.9
 Saxony 26.9 10.5 27.0 8.2 16.1 4.6 6.7
 Saxony-Anhalt 30.3 15.2 19.6 7.8 17.8 3.7 5.7
 Schleswig-Holstein 34.0 23.3 8.2 12.6 7.3 12.0 2.7
 Thuringia 28.8 13.2 22.7 7.8 16.9 4.1 6.5

Constituency seats
State Total
seats		 Seats won
CDU SPD CSU Linke AfD Grüne
Baden-Württemberg 38 38
Bavaria 46 46
Berlin 12 4 3 4 1
Brandenburg 10 9 1
Bremen 2 2
Hamburg 6 1 5
Hesse 22 17 5
Lower Saxony 30 16 14
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 6 6
North Rhine-Westphalia 64 38 26
Rhineland-Palatinate 15 14 1
Saarland 4 3 1
Saxony 16 12 1 3
Saxony-Anhalt 9 9
Schleswig-Holstein 11 10 1
Thuringia 8 8
Total 299 185 59 46 5 3 1

List seats
State Total
seats		 Seats won[10]
SPD AfD FDP Grüne Linke CDU
Baden-Württemberg 58 16 11 12 13 6
Bavaria 62 18 14 12 11 7
Berlin 16 2 4 3 3 2 2
Brandenburg 15 3 5 2 1 4
Bremen 4 1 1 1 1
Hamburg 10 1 2 2 2 3
Hesse 28 7 6 6 5 4
Lower Saxony 36 6 7 7 6 5 5
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 10 2 3 1 1 3
North Rhine-Westphalia 78 15 15 20 12 12 4
Rhineland-Palatinate 22 8 4 4 3 3
Saarland 6 2 1 1 1 1
Saxony 22 4 8 3 2 5
Saxony-Anhalt 14 3 4 2 1 4
Schleswig-Holstein 15 5 2 3 3 2
Thuringia 14 3 5 2 1 3
Total 410 94 91 80 66 64 15

Constitution of the 19th Bundestag
The father of the house of the 19th Bundestag, Hermann Otto Solms

On 24 October 2017 the 19th Bundestag held its opening session, during which the Bundestag-members elected the Presidium of the Bundestag, i.e. the President and the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag. By tradition the biggest parliamentary group (in this case the CDU/CSU-group) has the right to propose a candidate for President of the Bundestag and following the rules of order every group has the right to be represented by at least one Vice President in the presidium. However, the Bundestag may decide to elect additional Vice Presidents. Every member of the presidium had to be elected by an absolute majority of the members of the Bundestag (in this case 355 votes). Until the election of the President of the Bundestag, the father of the house, the member of parliament with the longest membership, presided over the opening session.[11]

  • Since he had been a member of the Bundestag for 45 years (since 1972), Wolfgang Schäuble would have been the father of the house.[12] However, since Schäuble was also a candidate for President of the Bundestag and would therefore likely have had to declare his own election, he refused the office. Hermann Otto Solms, who had been a member of the Bundestag for 33 years (1980–2013 and since 2017), stood in for him.[13][14]
  • The CDU/CSU group proposed Wolfgang Schäuble to be President of the Bundestag.[15] Schäuble was elected on the first ballot (501 yes votes, 173 no votes, 30 abstentions, 1 invalid vote).
  • The CDU/CSU group proposed Hans-Peter Friedrich to be a Vice President of the Bundestag.[16] Friedrich was elected on the first ballot (507 yes votes, 112 no votes, 82 abstentions, 2 invalid votes).
  • The SPD group proposed Thomas Oppermann to be a Vice President of the Bundestag. Oppermann was elected on the first ballot (396 yes votes, 220 no votes, 81 abstentions, 6 invalid votes).
  • The AfD group proposed Albrecht Glaser to be a Vice President of the Bundestag.[17] On 2 October 2017 the groups of the SPD, the FDP, The Left and Alliance 90/The Greens criticised the nomination because of controversial remarks about Islam and the basic right of religious freedom made by Glaser during the AfD's election campaign and asked the AfD group to nominate someone else to the post. The AfD group declined to accede to the request and nominate someone else.[18] Glaser failed to get a majority on three ballots, although even a plurality would have been sufficient on the third (first ballot: 115 yes votes, 550 no votes, 26 abstentions, 12 invalid votes, second ballot: 123 yes votes, 549 no votes, 24 abstentions, 1 invalid vote, third ballot: 114 yes votes, 545 no votes, 26 abstentions).
  • The FDP group proposed Wolfgang Kubicki to be a Vice President of the Bundestag. Kubicki was elected on the first ballot (489 yes votes, 100 no votes, 111 abstentions, 3 invalid votes).
  • The Left group proposed Petra Pau, who has held this position since 2006, to be a Vice President of the Bundestag. Pau was elected on the first ballot (456 yes votes, 187 no votes, 54 abstentions, 6 invalid votes).
  • The Alliance 90/Greens group proposed Claudia Roth, who already held this position in the previous legislative session, to be a Vice President of the Bundestag.[19] Roth was elected on the first ballot (489 yes votes, 166 no votes, 45 abstentions, 3 invalid votes).

The AfD's seat in the Presidium has remained vacant since the first session. On 7 November 2018, the AfD-group nominated Mariana Harder-Kühnel to the post.[20] Harder-Kühnel failed to secure a majority on the first ballot on 29 November 2018 (223 yes votes, 387 no votes, 44 abstentions), on the second ballot on 12 December 2018 (241 yes votes, 377 no votes, 41 abstentions), or on the third ballot on 4 April 2019 (199 yes votes, 423 no votes, 43 abstentions)[21][22][23] On 9 April 2019, the AfD nominated Gerold Otten to the post; however, he has failed to secure a majority on the first ballot on 11 April 2019 (210 yes votes, 393 no votes, 31 abstentions),[24][25] on the second ballot on 16 May 2019 (205 yes votes, 399 no votes, 26 abstentions),[26] or on the third ballot on 6 June 2019 (211 yes votes, 426 no votes, 30 abstentions).[27]

Government formation

Jamaica coalition

The SPD's leader and Chancellor candidate Martin Schulz and other party leaders stated that the SPD would not continue the incumbent grand coalition government after unsatisfactory election results.[28] Following the SPD's announcement that it would return to the opposition, the media speculated that incumbent chancellor Angela Merkel might need to form a Jamaica coalition (black-yellow-green) with the FDP and the Greens as that was the only viable coalition without the AfD or The Left, both of which had been ruled out by Merkel as coalition partners before the election.[29] On 9 October 2017, Merkel officially announced that she would invite the Free Democrats and the Greens for talks about building a coalition government starting on 18 October 2017.[30][31]

In the final days of the preliminary talks, the four parties had still failed to come to agreement on migration and climate issues.[32] Preliminary talks between the parties collapsed on 20 November after the FDP withdrew, arguing that the talks had failed to produce a common vision or trust.[33]

Grand coalition

After the collapse of these coalition talks, the German President appealed to the SPD to change their hard stance and to consider a grand coalition with the CDU/CSU.[34] On 24 November, Schulz said he wants party members to be polled on whether to form another grand coalition with CDU/CSU after a meeting with President Frank-Walter Steinmeier the day before.[35] According to CDU deputy leader Julia Klöckner, talks were unlikely to begin until early 2018.[36] On 6 December the SPD held a party congress in which a majority of the 600 party delegates voted to start preliminary coalition talks with the CDU/CSU.[37] This decision was met with reluctance by the party's youth wing, which organised protests outside the convention hall.[38] Martin Schulz's backing of the coalition talks was interpreted by media organisations as a U-turn, as he had previously ruled out considering a grand coalition.[39][40][41]

On 12 January, the CDU/CSU and the SPD announced that they had reached a breakthrough in the preliminary talks and agreed upon an outline document to begin formal negotiations for the grand coalition.[42] On 21 January, the SPD held an extraordinary party conference of 642 delegates in Bonn.[43] The conference voted in favour of accepting the conclusion of preliminary talks and launching formal coalition negotiations with the CDU/CSU.[44] The formal coalition talks finally began on 26 January.[45][46]

On 7 February, the CDU/CSU and SPD announced that the final coalition agreement had been reached between the parties to form the next government.[47] According to terms of the agreement, the SPD received six ministries in the new government including the finance, foreign affairs and labour portfolios while the CDU received five and the CSU three ministries. The agreement stipulated there would be rises in public spending, an increase in German financing of the EU and a slightly stricter stance taken towards immigration.[48][49] SPD chairperson and Europe expert Martin Schulz was to step down as party leader and join the cabinet as foreign minister,[50] despite having previously stated that he would not serve under a Merkel-led government.[51] However, only days after these reports were published, Schulz renounced his plan to be foreign minister reacting on massive criticism by the party base.[52] The complete text of the coalition agreement was published on 7 February.[53] The coalition deal was subject to approval of the approximately 460,000 members of the SPD in a postal vote.[54][55] The results of the vote were announced on 4 March. In summary, 66% of respondents voted in favour of the deal and 34% voted against it.[56] Approximately 78% of the SPD membership responded to the postal vote.[56] The result allowed the new government to take office immediately following Bundestag approval of Merkel's fourth term on 14 March 2018.[57]

Further reading
  • Dilling, M. 2018. "Two of the Same Kind? The Rise of the AfD and Its Implications for the CDU/CSU." German Politics and Society 36 (1): 84–104
  • Dostal, Jörg Michael. "The German Federal Election of 2017: How the wedge issue of refugees and migration took the shine off Chancellor Merkel and transformed the party system." Political Quarterly 88.4 (2017): 589–602. online
  • Faas, Thorsten, and Tristan Klingelhöfer. "The more things change, the more they stay the same? The German federal election of 2017 and its consequences." West European Politics 42.4 (2019): 914–926.
  • Franzmann, Simon T., Heiko Giebler, and Thomas Poguntke. "It's no longer the economy, stupid! Issue yield at the 2017 German federal election." West European Politics 43.3 (2020): 610–638. online
  • Hansen, Michael A., and Jonathan Olsen. "Flesh of the same flesh: A study of voters for the alternative for Germany (AfD) in the 2017 federal election." German Politics 28.1 (2019): 1–19. online
  • Olsen, J. 2018. "The Left Party and the AfD. Populist Competitors in Eastern Germany." German Politics and Society 36 (1): 70–83.
  • Patton, D. 2017. "Monday, Monday: Eastern Protest Movements and German Party Politics since 1989." German Politics 26 (4): 480–497.
  • Schmidt, I. 2017. "PEGIDA: A Hybrid Form of a Populist Right Movement." German Politics and Society 35 (4): 105–117.

Notes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Germany Bundestagswahl.
  1. Schulz was formally nominated in March.
  2. Second votes (party list)

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