Gliophorus

Gliophorus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Gliophorus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, two species, Gliophorus europerplexus and Gliophorus reginae, are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Gliophorus
Gliophorus graminicolor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Gliophorus
Herink (1958)
Type species
Gliophorus psittacinus
(Schaeff.) Herink (1958)

Taxonomy

The genus was described by Czech mycologist Josef Herink in 1958.[2] It was formerly synonymized with Hygrocybe by many authorities,[3] but recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, indicates that Gliophorus is monophyletic and forms a natural group distinct from Hygrocybe sensu stricto.[4][5][6][7]

Description

Species are distinguished from most other waxcaps by producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) with extremely slimy or glutinous caps and stems.[8] The waxcap genus Gloioxanthomyces is superficially similar.

Habitat and distribution

In Europe, Gliophorus species are typically found in agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grasslands (including pastures and lawns).[3] Elsewhere, they are most frequently found in woodland. The genus is cosmopolitan, though New Zealand has an unusually large number of native Gliophorus species.[8]

Species
ImageScientific nameDistribution
G. bichromusNew Zealand
G. chromolimoneusNew Zealand and Australia
G. europerplexus[5]Wales, England, and Spain
G. fumosogriseusNew Zealand
G. graminicolorAustralia and New Zealand
G. irrigatus[9]Europe, Central and North America, northern Asia, and Australia
G. laetusEurope, Central America, eastern and western North America
G. lilacinoidesNew Zealand
G. lilacipesNew Zealand
G. luteoglutinosusAustralia
G. ostrinusMexico
G. pallidusNew Zealand
G. perplexus[5]Mexico
G. pseudograminicolor[9]Australia
G. psittacinusEurope, United Kingdom, Iceland, Greenland, the Americas, South Africa, Japan
G. reginaeEngland and Wales, Denmark, France, Slovakia, and Spain.
G. roseus[10]Panama
G. subheteromorphusNew Zealand
G. sulfureusNew Zealand
G. versicolorNew Zealand
G. viridisNew Zealand
G. viscaurantiusNew Zealand.

References
  1. "Gliophorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
  2. Herink J. (1958). "Stavnatkovité houby parhorku "Velká Horka" u Mnichova Hradiste". Sborník Severoceského Musea (in Czech). 1: 53–86.
  3. Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
  4. Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC 3160800. PMID 22025807.
  5. Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0.
  6. "Gliophorus Herink". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  7. "Gliophorus Herink 1958". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  8. Horak E. (1990). "Monograph of the New Zealand Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 28 (3): 255–309. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1990.10412313.
  9. Paul M. Kirk (10 September 2013). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (23): 1. ISSN 2049-2375.
  10. Reschke, K., Lotz-Winter, H., Fischer, C.W., Hofmann, T.A., Piepenbring, M., 2021. New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama. Phytotaxa 529, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.1
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