Go of Balhae
Dae Joyeong (died 719) (대조영; 大祚榮; [tae.dʑo.jʌŋ] or [tae.tɕo.jʌŋ] in Korean) or Da Zuorong (大祚榮, 大祚荣, in Chinese), also known as King Go (고왕; 高王; [ko.waŋ] in Korean; Gao in Chinese), established the state of Balhae, reigning from 699 to 719.
| King Go of Balhae 발해고왕 (渤海高王) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Balhae | |||||||||
| Predecessor | Dynasty founder | ||||||||
| Reign | 698–719 | ||||||||
| Successor | King Mu | ||||||||
| Born | Dae Joyeong (대조영, 大祚榮) Unknown | ||||||||
| Died | 719 | ||||||||
| Issue | Muye, King Mu Mun-ye | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | House of Dae | ||||||||
| Father | Dae Jung-sang | ||||||||
| Go of Balhae | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 高王 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Given in Chinese | |||||||||
| Chinese | 大祚荣 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 고왕 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 高王 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Given in Korean | |||||||||
| Hangul | 대조영 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 大祚榮 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Monarchs of Korea |
| Balhae |
|---|
|
Life
Early life
Dae Joyeong was the first son of general Dae Jung-sang, who was also known as Sari Geolgeol Jungsang (Hangul: 사리걸걸중상, Hanja: 舍利乞乞仲象) or Dae Geolgeol Jungsang (Hangul: 대걸걸중상, Hanja: 大乞乞仲象).
Historical sources give different accounts of Dae Joyeong's ethnicity and background.[1][2][3] Among the official dynastic history works, the New Book of Tang refers to Dae Joyeong and his state as Sumo Mohe (related to Jurchens and later Manchus) affiliated with Goguryeo.[4][5] The Old Book of Tang also states Dae's ethnic background as Mohe but adds that he was "高麗別種" (gaoli biezhong).[6] The term is interpreted as meaning "a branch of the Goguryeo people" by South and North Korean historians, but as "distinct from Goguryeo" by Japanese and Chinese researchers.[7] The Samguk yusa, a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Dae as a Sumo Mohe leader. However, it gives another account of Dae being a former Goguryeo general, citing a now-lost Sillan record.[8] Alexander Kim considers this unlikely since Goguryeo fell in 668 while Dae died in 719, and young men could not receive the rank of general.[9]
King of Jin (Zhen) and Balhae
The Wu Zhou killed Geolsa Biu, and Dae Jung-sang also died. Dae Joyeong integrated the armies of Goguryeo people and some Mohe (Malgal) tribes and resisted Wu Zhou's attack. His victory over the Wu Zhou at the Battle of Tianmenling enabled him to expand his father's empire and claimed himself the King of Jin (Zhen)in 698.[10] He established his capital at Dongmo Mountain in the south of today's Jilin province, and built a fortress, which was to become Zhen (Jin) kingdom's capital.
He attempted to expand his influence in foreign politics involving the Tang/ Wu Zhou, the Göktürks, the Khitan, Silla[11] and some independent Mohe tribes. At first he dispatched an envoy to the Göktürks, allying against Tang/ Wu Zhou. Then he reconciled himself with the Tang when Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne.[11]
In 712, he renamed his empire Balhae. In 713, he was given the titular title of "Prince of Commandery of Bohai (Balhae)" (渤海郡王) by Emperor Xuanzong.[10] After a period of rest within the empire, King Go made it clear that Silla was not to be dealt with peacefully because they had allied with Tang to destroy Goguryeo, the predecessor of Balhae. This aggressive stance towards Silla was continued on by his son and successor King Mu of Balhae.
Dae Joyeong died in 719, and his son Dae Muye assumed the throne.[12] Dae Joyeong was given the posthumous name "King Go."
Legacy
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After the fall of Balhae, Dae Gwang-hyeon, the last prince led many of the Balhae aristocracy into the Korean state, thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo.[13][14] Dae Joyeong's descendants include modern-day Koreans who bear the surname Tae (태), or Dae (대).[15]
In South Korea, a television drama on KBS1 was launched since September 2006 in his honor. Roughly 30% (based on 2007 survey) of the Korean viewers enjoyed this programme.
The third Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer commissioned by the Republic of Korea Navy is named Dae Joyeong.[16] KDX-II class destroyers are named after significant figures in Korean history such as admiral Yi Sun-sin.
The Chunbun Ancestral Rite is held annually in Balhae Village, Gyeongsaunbok-do in order to commemorate the achievements of Dae Joyeong.[17] The Gyeongsan City mayor participates in the event, which is open for public participation.
In popular culture
- Portrayed by Choi Soo-jong in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo Yeong.
See also
References
- Vovin, Alexander (2006). "Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic ?". In Juha Janhunenn; Alessandra Pozzi; Michael Weiers (eds.). Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Festschrift for Giovanni Stary's 60th birthday. Harrassowitz. pp. 255–266.
- Richard, Zgusta (2015). The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait. ISBN 978-90-04-30043-9.
- Tsiporuha Mikhail Isaakovich (2017). "История тунгусских племен мохэ и государства Бохай" [The history of Mohé and Bohai Tungusic tribes]. Покорение Сибири. От Ермака до Беринга. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- New Book of Tang, Chapter 219: Bohai. 渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。
- Kim 2015, p. 8.
- Old Book of Tang, Original: 渤海靺鞨大祚榮者，本高麗別種也. Link
- 徐吉洙. "渤海は高句麗を引き継いだ". 高句麗研究会.
- Samguk yusa, Chapter 1, Section Mohe Bohai. 通典云，渤海，本栗未靺鞨。至其酋柞榮立國，自號震旦。 [...] 又新羅古記云，高麗舊將柞榮，姓大氏。
- Kim 2011, p. 297.
- Kichan Bae, "Korea at the crossroads:the history and future of East Asia", Happyreading, 2007. ISBN 8989571464 p.83
- Patricia Ebrey, Anne Walthall, "Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History", Vol.I:to 1800, Cengage Learning, 2013. ISBN 1133606512 p.111
- UNESCO Korean Committee, "Korean History:Discovery of its Characteristics and Developments", VOl.5, Hollym, 2004. ISBN 1565911776 p.158
- 이상각 (2014). 고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년 (in Korean). 들녘. ISBN 9791159250248. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- "(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Lee Ki-baik. "The Society and Culture of Parhae." The New History of Korea, page 88-89. Harvard University Press, 1984.
- "Korea celebrates ties with Oman" Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine Times of Oman, 2014-10-29
- "[이 사람이 사는 법] 남천면 송백리 태재욱씨 - 경산자치신문". Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Bibliography
- Kim, Alexander (2011a), Relations Between Bohai and Silla (7th to 9th Centuries): A Critical Analysis
- Kim, Alexander (2011), The Historiography of Bohai in Russia
- Kim, Alexander (2015), The Problem of the Ethnic Composition of the Bohai State – A Comparative Analysis of Russian and Korean Materials
