History of Masonic Grand Lodges in North America

Freemasonry (or Speculative Masonry) developed out of the guilds and associations of operative stonemasons, during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. By 1700, numerous Masonic lodges were in existence throughout England, Scotland and Ireland. Each lodge was considered independent unto itself, and there was no supervisory body that governed all of Freemasonry. This led to some confusion, as ritual variations developed and disputes as to the legitimacy of various lodges arose. In 1717 members of four lodges in London elected to form what they called a "Grand Lodge" to supervise the fraternity and grant charters to new lodges. Not all lodges, however, accepted the self-proclaimed authority of this Grand Lodge, and soon formed rival Grand Lodges of their own.

The following Grand Lodges were formed by pre-existing "Time Immemorial" lodges (lodges that predated the concept of having Grand Lodges to supervise and coordinate the craft, and thus were retained as having existed from "time immemorial").

• Premier Grand Lodge of England - est. June 24, 1717 - (Merged with Ancient Grand Lodge of England, or "The Ancients", to form the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813)[1]

• Grand Lodge of Ireland - est. June 24, 1725[2]
• Grand Lodge of Scotland - est. 1736[3]
• Ancient Grand Lodge of England - est. 1751 - (Merged with Premier Grand Lodge of England, or "The Moderns", to form the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813)[1]

Freemasonry spread from the British Isles during the Colonial Era. All of the "original" Grand Lodges began to issue charters to individual lodges in North America, but the two English Grand Lodges (the "Ancients" and the "Moderns") were the most prolific. Starting in 1730 The Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) began to issue Warrants for Provincial Grand Lodges in the colonies. Initially, these Warrants were issued to individuals, to act as deputies for the Grand Master in a given area for fixed periods of time, and some confusion resulted due to overlapping jurisdictions. To confuse matters further, with the formation of the Antient Grand Lodge, rival Provincial Grand Lodges were chartered under their jurisdiction.

• "Coxe" Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, & New York (Moderns) - Est. 1730 - by warrant issued to Daniel Coxe by GLE for two years, allowing for a successor to be elected. Granted jurisdiction over Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. Successors claimed jurisdiction only over Pennsylvania. The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania dates itself from the formation of this Provincial Grand Lodge.[4] [5]
• Provincial Grand Lodge of New England (Moderns) - Est. 1733 by warrant given to Henry Price. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts dates itself from the formation of this Provincial Grand Lodge.
• Provincial Grand Lodge of South Carolina - Est. 1736[6]
• Provincial Grand Lodge of North Carolina - Est. 1771[7]
• Provincial Grand Lodge of New York (Moderns) - 1738-1780s - Warrants issued by GLE (Moderns) to Francis Goelet (1738–1753), to George Harrison (1753–1771), to Sir John Johnson (from 1771). As Johnson was a Loyalist during the American Revolution, he is believed to have taken his warrant with him when he fled to Canada, thus leaving the Moderns Lodges without a Provincial Grand Master.[8]
• Provincial Grand Lodge for North America (Scotland) - Est. 1757 - By warrant issued to Colonel John Young.[9]
• Provincial Grand Lodge of Canada - Est. 1759 (Became PGL of Lower Canada, i.e. Quebec, in 1792)[10]
• Provincial Grand Lodge for Pennsylvania (Ancients) - Est. 1761 - By Warrant issued to William Ball.[11]
• Provincial Grand Lodge of New York ("Athol Charter" - Ancients) - 1781-1784 - Although this PGL was Warranted by the "Ancients", the final Provincial Grand Master, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston (PGM: 1784-87), was actually the Master of a Lodge under the Jurisdiction of the Moderns, thus uniting the two branches of English Freemasonry in New York State. Livingston continued in office as the first Grand Master of the independent GL of NY.[8]
• Provincial Grand Lodge of Upper Canada - Est. 1792[12]

After the American Revolution and, again, after the incorporation of Canada, the various Provincial Grand Lodges in North America were closed, and the Lodges in each State or Province formed independent Grand Lodges. These in turn, chartered lodges in the territories in the West and North. As each new State or Province came into being, the lodges that had been chartered within its borders gathered together and formed new Grand Lodges.

• Grand Lodge of Virginia - Est. 1778[13]
• Grand Lodge of New York - Est. 1782 (declared itself Independent Grand Lodge on June 6, 1787)[14]
• Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania - Est. 1786[15] (Continuation of "Coxe" Prov. G.L. & Prov. G.L. of Penna. See above.)
• Grand Lodge of Georgia - Est. December 16, 1786[16]
• Grand Lodge of New Jersey - Est. December 18, 1786[17][18]
• Grand Lodge of Maryland - Est. December 9, 1787[18][19]
• Grand Lodge of North Carolina - Est. December 9, 1787[18][20]
• Grand Lodge of South Carolina - Est. 1788 [21]
• Grand Lodge of Connecticut - Est. 1789[22]
• Grand Lodge of New Hampshire - Est. 1789[23]
• Grand Lodge of Rhode Island - Est. 1791 [18][24]
• Grand Lodge of Massachusetts - Est. 1792 (continuation of PGL of New England (see above).
• Grand Lodge of Vermont - Est. 1794[25]
• Grand Lodge of Kentucky - Est. 1800[26]
• Grand Lodge of Delaware - Est. 1806[27]
• Grand Lodge of Ohio - Est. 1808[28]
• Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia - Est. 1811[29]
• Grand Lodge of Louisiana - Est. 1812 [30]
• Grand Lodge of Tennessee - Est. 1813 [31]
• Grand Lodge of Indiana - Est. January 13, 1818[32]
• Grand Lodge of Mississippi - Est. July 27, 1818[33]
• Grand Lodge of Maine - Est. 1820[34]
• Grand Lodge of Missouri - Est. April 21, 1821[35]
• Grand Lodge of Alabama - Est. June 11, 1821 [36][37]
• Grand Lodge of Michigan - Est. 1826 [38]
• Grand Lodge of Florida - Est. 1830 [18][39]
• Grand Lodge of Texas - Est. 1838[40]
• Grand Lodge Of Illinois- Est. 1840 - previous Grand Lodge in existence: 1822-1827[41]
• Grand Lodge of Wisconsin - Est. 1843[42]
• Grand Lodge of Iowa - Est. 1844 [43]
• Grand Lodge of California - Est. 1850[44]
• Grand Lodge of Oregon - Est. 1851[18][45]
• Grand Lodge of Minnesota - Est. 1853[46]
• Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario - Est. 1855[12]
• Grand Lodge of Kansas - Est. 1856[47]
• Grand Lodge of Nebraska - Est. 1857[48][49]
• Grand Lodge of Washington State - Est. 1858[18][50]
• Grand Lodge of Colorado - Est. 1861[18]
• Grand Lodge of Nevada - Est. January 17, 1865[51]
• Grand Lodge of West Virginia - Est. April 12, 1865[18][52]
• Grand Lodge of Montana - Est. January 24, 1866[53]
• Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia - Est. February 20, 1866[54]
• Grand Lodge of Idaho - Est. December 17, 1867[18][55]
• Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon - Est. December 24, 1867[56]
• Grand Lodge of New Brunswick - Est. 1868 [57]
• Grand Lodge of Quebec - Est. 1869[10]
• Grand Lodge of Utah - Est. 1872[58]
• Grand Lodge of the Indian Territory - Est. Oct. 6, 1874 (Reestablished in 1892 as Grand Lodge of Oklahoma)[18]
• Grand Lodge of Wyoming - Est. December 15, 1874 [59][60]
• Grand Lodge of Manitoba - Est. May 12, 1875[61]
• Grand Lodge of Prince Edward Island - Est. June 23, 1875[62]
• Grand Lodge of New Mexico - Est. 1877[63]
• Grand Lodge of Arizona - Est. 1882[64][65]
• Grand Lodge of North Dakota - Est. 1889[66]
• Grand Lodge of Oklahoma - Est. 1892 (Replaced the Grand Lodge of Indian Territory)[18]
• Grand Lodge of Alberta - Est. 1905[67]
• Grand Lodge of Saskatchewan - Est. August 9, 1906[68]
• Grand Lodge of Alaska Est. 1981[69]
• Grand Lodge of Hawaii Est. 1989[70]
• Grand Lodge of Newfoundland and Labrador - Est. 1997[71]

• List of Masonic Grand Lodges North America
• General list of masonic Grand Lodges
• History of Freemasonry

• Bullock, Steven C. Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730-1840 (UNC Press Books, 2011).
• Formisano, Ronald P., and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski. "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826-1827." American Quarterly 29.2 (1977): 139-165. online
• Hackett, David G. That Religion in Which All Men Agree : Freemasonry in American Culture (U of California Press, 2015) excerpt
• Hinks, Peter P. et al. All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of African American Freemasonry (Cornell UP, 2013).
• Kantrowitz, Stephen. " 'Intended for the Better Government of Man': The Political History of African American Freemasonry in the Era of Emancipation." Journal of American History 96#4, (2010), pp. 1001–26. online.
• Mackey, Albert Gallatin. The History of Freemasonry, Vol. 6 (Masonic History Co., NY, 1898) pages 1485-1486 online membership by state 1898

• Weisberger, R. William et al. Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico (2002), 969pp
• York, Neil L. “Freemasons and the American Revolution.” Historian 55#2 (1993), pp. 315–30. online