Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail

Apart from bird watching the trail system includes many nature preserves which feature a wide variety of wildlife. In addition the various sites cover many types of natural terrain and flora including forests, marshes, and beaches.

The trail system is the nation's largest.[2][8] One of the most well-known locations along the trail system is the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, which holds the winter home of the only natural flock of whooping cranes in the world.[1]

A road sign for the trail system in Newton County[9]

The Texas coast has been popular among bird watchers in the United States for decades.[7] Located where the Central Flyway meets the Gulf Coast and the Mississippi Flyway, the region sees a large number of migrants; in addition, the southern part of the Texas coast is far enough south to host a number of tropical species.[10] A 1991 American Birding Association (ABA) study by Roland Wauer showed that Texas was the top bird-watching destination in the United States for its members.[11] In 1993 the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department began a $1.5 million project to develop public and private resources to utilize as bird sanctuaries and observation sites. The plan and the concept were largely developed by Ted Eubanks and Madge Lindsay.[2] Site improvements included trail markers, trail development, boardwalks, observation stations, and many others. The goal was both to encourage environmental protection and to establish a tourism network that would benefit businesses throughout the Texas Gulf Coast region catering to ecotourists.[11]

The Central Coast section of the trail network was opened in 1994 with more than 95 sites. The other sections opened soon afterward.[11] The trail system was completed in 2000.[12] Markers featuring a logo with a black skimmer are present on each of the viewing sites.[12] Soon other wildlife trail networks were developed in other parts of Texas, and other states established their own wildlife trail systems patterned after the Texas model.

Sites along the trail systems are popular among birding enthusiasts, both domestic and international.[13] Events such as the state's Great Texas Birding Classic continue to build interest in the trails among nature lovers.[14]

Snow geese over the wetlands of Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge.

The region covered by the trail network is part of the Gulf Coastal Plains. With annual rainfall averages ranging from about 20 to 58 inches (510 to 1,470 mm), this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes, and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.[15]

The region stretches from the Piney Woods of East Texas to the Texas Coastal Prairies that dominate the majority of the coast south of Houston. The Piney Woods area features groves of pine and other hardwood trees such as oak, magnolia, and American Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua). This wooded area which has supported Texas' lumber industry since the 19th century is now considered one of the most critically endangered ecosystems in the world.[16] These woodland areas of the trail network stretch from the Big Thicket area in the east to Sam Houston National Forest in the west, with pockets of woodlands stretching down into the area around Galveston Bay near Houston.

The prairie regions feature a variety of grass types, particularly Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum).[17] The grasslands around the Laguna Madre near Corpus Christi are considered some of the most important.[17]

Parts of extreme South Texas around Brownsville and the Rio Grande feature forests of sabal palm (Sabal mexicana) and Texas ebony (Ebenopsis ebano).[18] These forests, once widespread in the region, were mostly cleared during the 1900s though some clusters, particularly the Sabal Palm Audubon Center and Sanctuary, remain.[19] The areas around Zapata and Laredo, which though significantly inland are considered part of the "coastal" trail system, feature a semi-arid climate as they lie near the eastern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert.[20] Scrub vegetation dominates the area with the Rio Grande and lakes supporting substantial wildlife diversity.

The coastline features numerous bays and lakes including Sabine Lake, Galveston Bay, Matagorda Bay, San Antonio Bay, Copano Bay, Corpus Christi Bay, Baffin Bay, and the Laguna Madre.[21]

Black skimmer

Typical varieties of birds along the length of the system include ducks, geese, and seagulls with many other species found in particular locations.[22] The endangered whooping cranes that winter in Aransas National Wildlife Refuge are among the most famous.[1] The black skimmer, adopted as a symbol of the trail system, can be found throughout almost the entire coastline.[23]

Apart from the many varieties of bird species, many other types of animals can be found along the trails. American alligators, bobcats, coyotes, and nutria are common in areas of the Upper Coast.[24][25] Collared peccaries, the Texas spiny lizard, and the Texas indigo snake can be found further south.[26] In the Central Coast, the northern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) snake is prominent, not to mention dolphins and other marine mammals along the Gulf. Nine-banded armadillos and white-tailed deer can be seen throughout.[22] The Rio Grande Valley is particularly known for the many varieties of butterflies that inhabit the area (celebrated by the annual Texas Butterfly Festival in Mission).[27] Resident species include the Julia, zebra, Mexican bluewing, and white peacock.[28][29]

• The Great Texas Wildlife Trail is divided into three major sections: the Upper Coast, Central Coast, and Lower Coast regions.[3]

Counties containing sites in the trail system.

Within each section, there are 43 "loops," hiking and driving trails containing specific birding sites ranging from parks and observatories to nature preserves and wildlife refuges.[3] Individual sites may contain any number of individual hiking trails through a wide variety of terrain. Some venues are particularly well known for specific viewing opportunities. The Bolivar Flats area is especially well known for its abundance of shorebirds.[12] The wetlands of Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge are known for the multitude of waterfowl.[12] High Island is known for its nesting colonies of spoonbills and herons.[12] The Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge is a major preserve created for the protection of the endangered Attwater's prairie chicken. The loops of the Lower Coast feature a variety of snowbirds from Canada and the northern U.S. which winter in the region.[12]

Along the coast near Port Arthur one can find pelicans, cormorants, horned grebes, orioles, Cape May warblers, and laughing gulls.[30] The area around Galveston Bay and Houston is home to Henslow's sparrows, roseate spoonbills, white-faced ibises, marsh wrens, seaside sparrows, snow geese, yellow and black rails, and northern harriers.[31] The Smith Point peninsula contains a 20-foot observation tower offering views of broad-winged hawks and other hawk species.[32] Closer to the coast seagulls, peregrine falcons, and seaside sparrows may be visible.[33]

The Aransas National Wildlife Refuge is the largest of the national refuges in Texas.[41] The Big Thicket National Preserve features the largest number of wetlands boardwalks in the state (75).[42]

Other major nature preserves along the trail system include Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Big Boggy National Wildlife Refuge, Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge, Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Texas Point National Wildlife Refuge.[24]

The trail systems lie in and around numerous communities along the coast, many of which specifically cater to ecotourists. Annual nature festivals are held in Rockport, Port Aransas, McAllen, Galveston, Harlingen, and Mission attracting large numbers of visitors each year.[12][27] The system includes numerous important urban nature centers including the Armand Bayou Nature Center, Baytown Nature Center, Beaumont Botanical Gardens and Cattail Marsh[43] located in Tyrrell Park, the Corpus Christi Botanical Gardens and Nature Center, the South Padre Island Birding and Nature Center, and the Texas City Prairie Preserve.

• Creole Nature Trail
• Great Florida Birding Trail
• National Scenic Byway
• State wildlife trails (United States)
• World Birding Center

• Blackburn, Jim (2004). The book of Texas bays. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-339-0.
• Lockwood, Mary W. (2007). Basic Texas Birds: A Field Guide. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71349-9.
• Ritter, Jamie (2007). Birding Corpus Christi and the Coastal Bend: More Than 75 Prime Birding Sites. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 9780762739158.
• Ramos, Mary G.; Reavis, Dick J. (2004). Texas. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-676-90502-1.
• Schmidly, David J. (2002). Texas Natural History: A Century of Change. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-469-3.
• Schultz, Patricia (2007). 1,000 Places to See in the U.S.A. & Canada Before You Die. Workman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7611-3691-0.
• Wauer, Roland H. (2004). Butterflies of the Lower Rio Grande. Boulder, CO: Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 1-55566-347-8.
• Wauer, Roland H.; Elwonger, Mark (1998). Birding Texas. Guilford, CT: Falcon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56044-617-0.
• White, Mel (2003). Exploring the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail: Highlights of a Birding Mecca. Global Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-2712-4.

• Texas Parks and Wildlife Department: Great Texas Coastal Birding Trails
• GORP-The Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail

29°N 96°W