Greg LeMond anti-doping stance and controversies

Greg LeMond competed at a time when performance enhancing drugs were just beginning to impact his sport. Rumors of improprieties existed, including USA Cycling's blood doping at the 1984 LA Olympics and Francesco Moser's same measures prior to his 1984 assault on the hour record, but legalities were not sharply demarcated and the practice was not spoken of in the open.[1][2] Considered one of the most talented cyclists of his generation, from his earliest days of professional cycling LeMond was strongly against taking performance enhancing drugs, largely on the basis of the health risks such practices posed. His career lacks the suspicious results that have tarnished his successors. His willingness to speak out against doping and those prominent individuals involved inadvertently linked him with the sport’s doping scandal controversies.[3] In his opposition to fraud, corruption and what he saw as complicity on the part of cycling officials, LeMond became a lightning rod with the sports most prominent personalities.[4][N 1]

Greg LeMond addresses Play the Game 2009 conference.

In 2001 LeMond was one of the first professional cyclists of note, and the only former Tour champion, to openly express doubts over the legitimacy of Lance Armstrong's three-consecutive Tour successes.[5][6][7] He consistently questioned the relationship between riders and sports doctors like Italian Michele Ferrari. In 2006 LeMond noted that the extent of doping in the sport could not occur without complicity from the body that regulates international professional cycling, and he accused the Union Cycliste Internationale of serious doping-related corruption.[8][9] In an open letter in December 2012 he asserted that UCI's Pat McQuaid and Hein Verbruggen were central to the problem in professional cycling.[10] LeMond claimed professional cyclists are treated as "lab rats," while the doping facilitators escape harm or responsibility. He told an audience at Coventry University, "The doctors, the management, the officials, they're the ones that have corrupted riders. The riders are the only ones that pay the price".[8] LeMond's statements have brought him into conflict with some of the sport's elite, including the UCI's McQuaid and Verbruggen, the Trek Bicycle Corporation,[11] and riders Lance Armstrong,[12] Floyd Landis, and Alberto Contador. In the interests of reforming the sport, LeMond offered to serve as president of the UCI, taking over the position of former president Pat McQuaid.[13][14]

UCI and Pat McQuaid
Former UCI President Pat McQuaid

In around 2006, LeMond had described Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) as "corrupt" in an interview in L'Équipe about doping in the sport. In response the UCI and Pat McQuaid threatened to sue him for defamation in Switzerland.[8][9] In 2007 LeMond, inspired by a positive experience at L'Étape du Tour, felt that perhaps the Tour de France could start a clean-up in the sport by separating from UCI. He made his feelings known to Patrice Clerc and Christian Prudhomme. LeMond soon after received a letter from UCI's Pat McQuaid threatening him with another lawsuit.[8]

British Cycling president Brian Cookson

Following the United States Anti-Doping Agency findings against Lance Armstrong and U.S. Postal Service in 2012,[15] LeMond stated that a change needed to be made at the head of leadership for the UCI, and stated if called upon he would be willing to take the position himself if necessary to lead cycling out of the mire of doping. Said LeMond: "It is now or never to act. After the earthquake caused by the Armstrong case, another chance will not arise. I am willing to invest to make this institution more democratic, transparent and look for the best candidate in the longer term."[16]

LeMond came to support British Cycling president Brian Cookson in the UCI Presidential battle. Said LeMond: “I have met and spent some time discussing with Brian about where cycling lost its way, how it lost its way, and what to do to bring the sport back to where it is not only a sport that leads by example, but a sport that inspires people once again. I feel confident after meeting Brian that his interest is to bring honest and transparent leadership to a sport that so desperately needs it. My hope is Brian will be the one to bring all interested parties together to once and for all do what was needed to be done years before, find solutions, both short term and long term, and to make it a priority that cycling comes first, not the other way around.”[17]

Cookson defeated McQuaid at the September 2013 UCI Congress in Florence, Italy.[18]

Lance Armstrong and Trek
Lance Armstrong

In July 2001, LeMond criticized Lance Armstrong for associating with Michele Ferrari, an Italian physician and sports trainer who admitted to practicing blood doping and advocated the controlled use of the banned substance erythropoietin by athletes. Ferrari has been accused by professional cyclists of providing banned substances.[19][20][21][22]

"When Lance won the prologue to the 1999 Tour I was close to tears, but when I heard he was working with Michele Ferrari I was devastated. In the light of Lance's relationship with Ferrari, I just don't want to comment on this year's Tour. This is not sour grapes. I'm disappointed in Lance, that's all it is."[23]

Ferrari was charged with abuse of his medical license for writing prescriptions for banned substances and with sporting fraud. An Italian appeals court acquitted Ferrari, finding "the facts (to support the charges) do not exist".[24] Ferrari ultimately was banned for life by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in July 2012 for his association with doping.[25]

Following LeMond's 2001 statement, Trek threatened LeMond with litigation and financial consequences, according to a 2008 lawsuit by LeMond Cycles against Trek. Trek had been licensing LeMond cycles since the 1990s and the brand had become successful. Armstrong's business relationship with Trek had become very strong as well after his Tour victories.[26] Armstrong reportedly said privately he could "shut him up" by contacting Trek, as documented in affidavits by Frankie and Betsy Andreu released in the 2012 USADA doping report.[27][28] About a month later, in August 2001, LeMond issued an apology for his comment, calling Armstrong "a great champion and I do not believe, in any way, that he has ever used any performance-enhancing substances. I believe his performances are the result of the same hard work, dedication and focus that were mine 10 years ago."[29]

Three years later, in 2004, LeMond spoke out again. On the heels of successive Tour de France wins by Armstrong, LeMond stated: "If Armstrong's clean, it's the greatest comeback. And if he's not, then it's the greatest fraud." He went public with the fallout of his 2001 statement, alleging that Armstrong had threatened to defame him, and threatened his business interests as well:

"[Armstrong] basically said 'I could find 10 people that will say you took EPO'... The week after, I got multiple people that were on Lance ... Lance's camp, basically saying 'You better be quiet,' and I was quiet for three years. I have a business ... I have bikes that are sold ... and I was told that my sales might not be doing too well if ... just the publicity, the negative publicity."[30]

The same month, LeMond also stated to French newspaper Le Monde: "Lance is ready to do anything to keep his secret. I don't know how he can continue to convince everybody of his innocence."[31] Trek again threatened LeMond with allegedly breaching the "Moral Turpitude" section of their business agreement for making these comments, according to LeMond's 2008 complaint.[26]

In a 2007 interview, LeMond accused Armstrong of trying to sabotage his relationship with Trek bicycles, and described him by saying "I just think he's not a good person and that's all I can say. I mean, he's a facade, if you knew the real Lance Armstrong that I know. I think he fronts himself as a guy who is loving and caring. From my experience, he's not a nice guy and I've had some very difficult periods with him. And I don't believe he'll finish up having any friends in cycling."[32]

In response Armstrong pointed the finger back at LeMond and suggested an iron injection LeMond received during the 1989 Giro d'Italia[33] was in reality an injection of EPO or some other performance-enhancing agent. “We will have the opportunity to tell the truth to the authorities, and Greg LeMond will tell the truth about 1989 I hope, because he, too, needs to tell the truth. I have nothing to hide.” [34]

In March 2008, LeMond Cycling Inc sued Trek for failing to properly promote and distribute the LeMond brand, and for attempting to "silence" LeMond's public comments about doping, attributing this to the influence of Armstrong on Trek.[26] Trek responded in April 2008 by severing business ties with LeMond.[35]

At a press conference Armstrong gave September 2008 to announce his return to cycling, LeMond was on hand sitting in the front row, and publicly challenged Armstrong with questions about doping. Armstrong appeared angry and interrupted LeMond, telling him it was time to move on.[36]

On February 16, 2011, Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling. At the time he was facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations. In June 2012, USADA charged Armstrong with having used illicit performance-enhancing drugs.[37] On August 24, 2012, the USADA announced that Armstrong had been issued a lifetime ban from competition, applicable to all sports which follow the World Anti-Doping Agency code. The USADA report concluded that Armstrong engaged in "the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen."[38] In addition, the USADA stripped Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles.[39] On October 22, 2012, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the sport's governing body, announced its decision to accept USADA's findings.[40] Armstrong chose not to appeal the decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[41] Despite having denied drug use throughout his career, in January 2013 he admitted to doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey.[42]

Floyd Landis
Floyd Landis at the start of Stage 18 of the 2006 Tour de France.

On May 17, 2007, LeMond testified at a USADA hearing convened to weigh the evidence of doping by Floyd Landis during the 2006 Tour de France. Under oath, LeMond described a phone conversation he had with Landis on August 6, 2006, as well as another with Landis' business manager, Will Geoghegan, on May 16, 2007, the evening before LeMond appeared to testify. The major points of the testimony were:

  • In an August 6 phone conversation, LeMond said he told Landis that "If you did (admit to having used banned substances), you could single-handedly change the sport. You could be the one who will salvage the sport." LeMond said Landis responded by saying "What good would it do? If I did, it would destroy a lot of my friends and hurt a lot of people."[43]
  • In their conversation, LeMond had disclosed his history of childhood sexual abuse to Landis, and said the secret had nearly destroyed him. LeMond stated he warned Landis. "(Lying about doping) will come back to haunt you when you are 40 or 50. If you have a moral compass and ethics, this will destroy you."[43]
  • Will Geoghegan attempted to stop LeMond's testimony by calling LeMond at his personal mobile phone number. LeMond reported that Geoghegan claimed he was "his uncle" and that he would be at the hearing to talk about what had happened between them.[44] LeMond's BlackBerry, with Geoghegan's phone number captured in the call log, was entered into evidence.[43]

During a break in the testimony Geoghegan was observed by reporters approaching LeMond. LeMond later stated to reporters that Geoghegan had admitted making the call, and "tried to apologize".[43] Following the testimony, Landis' legal team announced that Geoghegan had been fired. Landis admitted to being in the same room as Geoghegan when the call was made,[45] and defended his decision not to fire Geoghegan until after the LeMond testimony, saying he had been waiting for legal advice.[46] Landis testified at the hearing that Geoghegan came to know of LeMond's childhood sexual abuse through discussions with the defense team, and obtained his personal mobile phone number by syncing their phones together. Geoghegan blamed "a beer or two" for his action, and entered an undisclosed rehab facility on May 21.[47] The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office opened an investigation of the incident as a potential witness tampering[48] and then terminated the case without prosecution on July 31.[49]

LeMond's testimony was supported by an online posting Landis made on the Daily Peloton forum in which Landis stated that LeMond had disclosed personal information of a sensitive nature to Landis, and Landis threatened to use that information to damage LeMond if LeMond continued to speak out about Landis' doping case.

Aftermath of the Landis testimony

Several weeks after his testimony, LeMond and his wife Kathy gave an extensive interview to the Sunday Times. He provided additional details on the circumstances of his 2001 apology to Armstrong, stating that Trek, the longtime manufacturer and distributor of LeMond Racing Cycles, had threatened to end the relationship at the behest of Armstrong. He described the two years that followed the forced apology as the worst in his life, marked by self-destructive behavior that ultimately led him to disclose his sexual abuse to his wife and seek help. LeMond also described how being a victim of molestation had impacted both his racing career and his life since.[50] In September 2007, Greg LeMond became a founding board member of the non-profit organization 1in6.org, whose mission is "to help men who have had unwanted or abusive sexual experiences in childhood live healthy, happy lives".[51]

In 2007, Landis was found guilty of doping and was banned from cycling for two years.[52] In 2010, he admitted to having been involved in doping.[53] Also in 2010, Landis personally contacted LeMond to apologize for the events of 2007, and the two reconciled their differences.[54][55] Although he declined to make details of the conversation public, LeMond acknowledged his support of Landis and sought to assist his former adversary in obtaining legal representation for the ensuing US federal investigation. LeMond told the Daily News he believed 'most of Floyd Landis' statements' about doping.[56]

Alberto Contador
Alberto Contador

On July 23, 2009, LeMond wrote an opinion article[57] in the French newspaper Le Monde where he questioned the validity of Alberto Contador's climb up Verbier in the 2009 Tour de France. In the piece, LeMond pointed out that Contador's calculated VO2 max had never been achieved by any athlete, in any sport. The article stirred a fair amount of controversy as it put to question the Tour's best rider. A normal man might have a VO2 max between 38 and 43 ml/kg/min. According to data published by former Festina coach and renowned performance specialist, Antoine Vayer, the Spanish rider would have needed a VO2 max of 99.5 mL/kg/min to produce this effort. This is an astonishingly high number. Excellent endurance athletes when highly trained may reach into the 80s. Lance Armstrong had a VO2 max calculated at 85 ml/kg/min. Miguel Indurain had achieved a VO2 max of 88 ml/kg/min. Though LeMond's own VO2 max had at one time been calculated at an astounding 92.5 ml/kg/min, this was extremely unusual without performance-enhancing products, and was still below that which was calculated for Contador.[58][59] Said LeMond: "The burden is then on Alberto Contador to prove he is physically capable of performing this feat without the use of performance-enhancing products." Other experts in exercise physiology questioned the calculation of 99.5 ml/kg/min. In an article appearing in Cyclingnews.com the same day as LeMond's piece, expert Andrew Coggan questioned LeMond's conclusions.[60]

Contador did not test positive for doping at the 2009 Tour. However, the following year he tested positive for clenbuterol after winning the 2010 Tour. On February 6, 2012, the Court of Arbitration for Sport stripped Contador of his results from July 2010 to February 2012, including his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro titles.[61]

References
Notes
  1. "What LeMond has in buckets is authenticity. Unlike Armstrong, he is a real all-American hero. LeMond did it clean. Blessed with a remarkable engine, the "LeMonster" could climb, race, time-trial, and do it all over again the following day. He was a phenomenon and is unlucky to have won only three Tour titles. Already a world road race champion, he came third in his Tour debut in 1984, despite riding in support of victorious Frenchman Laurent Fignon."
Citations
  1. Hoyle, Brian (26 September 2020). "Performance Enhancing Drugs". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  2. Cycling News (26 February 2013). "Report: Indurain and Banesto were Conconi clients". Cycling News. Retrieved 3 October 2020. Conconi helped Francesco Moser break the hour record in 1984, with the Italian rider later admitting he used then legal blood transfusions to boost his performance
  3. Tinley, Josh (24 August 2012). "Bummed About Lance Armstrong? There's Always Greg LeMond". Midwest Sports Fans (MSF). Retrieved 14 December 2012. Greg LeMond has never been accused or suspected of using performance-enhancing drugs. But his legacy and credibility are linked to the sport's doping scandals because he has been so outspoken on the topic.
  4. Slater, Matt (5 December 2012). "Greg LeMond ready to help cycling's post-Armstrong clean-up". BBC. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  5. Slater, Matt (29 November 2012). "Greg LeMond joins Change Cycling Now to clean up the sport". BBC. Retrieved 10 December 2012. The involvement of LeMond, who voiced his suspicions about Armstrong long before he was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles by the UCI, is a coup for CCN as he is one of a select group of recent Tour champions to be untarnished by allegations of drug use. The 51-year-old Californian has been increasingly outspoken in recent years about the UCI's failure to address the culture of doping that has so badly damaged cycling's credibility, and last month he called for UCI president Pat McQuaid to resign.
  6. Fotheringham, William (29 July 2001). "Drugs issue refuses to go away due to winner's Ferrari links". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2012. The rumblings about Lance Armstrong's work with the controversial Italian trainer Michele Ferrari continued yesterday, when Greg LeMond, a triple winner of the Tour, summed up the feelings of many on this Tour in saying: "When Lance won the prologue to the 1999 Tour I was close to tears, but when I heard he was working with Michele Ferrari I was devastated. In the light of Lance's relationship with Ferrari, I just don't want to comment on this year's Tour. This is not sour grapes. I'm disappointed in Lance, that's all it is."
  7. "Two champions - Armstrong surprised, upset by LeMond's comments". Sports Illustrated. 2 August 2001. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Armstrong said he had spoken to LeMond, the only other American to win cycling's most prestigious event three times and the first American to win it at all, about comments LeMond made earlier this week on Armstrong's relationship with physician Michele Ferrari. LeMond had told the Guardian, a London newspaper, "In the light of Lance's relationship with Ferrari, I just don't want to comment on this year's Tour. This is not sour grapes. I'm just disappointed in Lance."
  8. Greg LeMond - 'Cycling is dying through Drugs' at Play the Game Conference, 27:00 and 44:00 Play the Game Conference, Coventry University, 2009 Jun 12, retr 2012 10 14
  9. UCI's failure to silence LeMond, Daniel Benson and Susan Westemeyer, Cycling News, October 4, 2012
  10. LeMond, Greg (25 October 2012). "Open Letter to Pat McQuaid from Greg LeMond". NYVelocity.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Pat in my opinion you and Hein are the corrupt part of the sport. I do not want to include everyone at the UCI because I believe that there are many, maybe most that work at the UCI that are dedicated to cycling, they do it out of the love of the sport, but you and your buddy Hein have destroyed the sport.
  11. Albergotti, Reed (10 June 2009). "Feud Sends Cycling World Spinning Eight-Year-Old Dispute Between Armstrong, LeMond Could Be Headed to a Courtroom". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 December 2012. The battle between the two men has been playing out in federal district court in Minnesota, where Mr. LeMond is suing the bicycle maker Trek alleging breach of contract -- claiming, in part, that Mr. Armstrong was responsible for Trek's alleged neglect of Mr. LeMond's signature line of bikes.
  12. Albergotti, Reed (10 June 2009). "Feud Sends Cycling World Spinning Eight-Year-Old Dispute Between Armstrong, LeMond Could Be Headed to a Courtroom". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 December 2012. In August 2001, former professional cyclist George Mount was about to hop on his bike and embark on a leisurely ride in Northern California with his friend, three-time Tour de France winner Greg LeMond, when Mr. LeMond got a call on his mobile phone. It was Lance Armstrong, America's other legendary cyclist. According to Mr. Mount, Mr. Armstrong had read comments Mr. LeMond had made about him in an article about doping allegations in the Guardian newspaper, where Mr. LeMond was quoted as saying he was "disappointed" with Mr. Armstrong's association with a controversial Italian doctor. When Mr. Armstrong was done ripping into Mr. LeMond on the phone that day, Mr. Mount recalled, Mr. LeMond looked "like somebody had walked up and slapped him."
  13. Seaton, Matt (December 3, 2012). "Is Greg LeMond the right choice to challenge for the UCI presidency?". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2012. With Armstrong discredited by the Usada report, set in motion by the revelations of former team-mates Floyd Landis and Tyler Hamilton, the reformers see an epochal opportunity to usher in a new era of transparency, of credible anti-doping controls, and of stability in the sport that constantly risks the loss of vital sponsors through the drip-drip of the past decade and a half's dope-cheating scandals – from the Festina affair in 1998, through the Operation Puerto investigation, the Team Telekom/T-Mobile confessions, right up to this year's dramatic events. As LeMond said: "It is now or never to act. After the earthquake caused by the Armstrong case, another chance will not arise. I am willing to invest to make this institution more democratic, transparent and look for the best candidate in the longer term."
  14. Slater, Matt (5 December 2012). "Greg LeMond ready to help cycling's post-Armstrong clean-up". BBC. Retrieved 10 December 2012. That temporary custodian could then implement CCN's plan for a "Truth and Reconciliation Commission", an investigation of the UCI during the Armstrong era, and push forward with the creation of an independent body to run the sport's anti-doping regime. LeMond races to victory in the 1989 Tour de France "I was cornered and forced into saying yes, I'd do it, if there was nobody else," LeMond said, with palpable embarrassment. "The goal of the group is change and there are people out there who would make great presidents of the UCI. I'm not certain I would, but I would be willing to do it temporarily. "I'd prefer to be part of the group that looks at how you can return transparency and credibility to the sport, but if that requires an interim position, well, I would love to be part of the process." In truth, the American is unlikely to become president of the UCI, temporarily or otherwise. McQuaid shows no signs of stepping down voluntarily, while LeMond has no real power base and only limited contact with today's riders.
  15. "Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy". USADA. August 24, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  16. Seaton, Matt (December 3, 2012). "Is Greg LeMond the right choice to challenge for the UCI presidency?". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  17. Stokes, Shane (August 31, 2013). "Triple Tour de France winner Greg LeMond backs Brian Cookson in UCI Presidential battle". Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  18. Hood, Andrew (September 27, 2013). "Cookson wins UCI presidency after Machiavellian drama". Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  19. "Armstrong surprised, upset by LeMond's comments". CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  20. www.cyclingnews.com news and analysis. Autobus.cyclingnews.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  21. Paging Doctor Ferrari Archived 2010-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Bicycling.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  22. www.cyclingnews.com news and analysis. Autobus.cyclingnews.com (February 13, 2002). Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  23. Drugs issue refuses to go away due to winner's Ferrari links. The Guardian. Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  24. Michele Ferrari absolved of all charges by Italian appeals court", CyclingNews, May 27, 2006
  25. "USADA issues lifetime bans to del Moral, Ferrari and Marti". Cycling Weekly.
  26. Complaint, LeMond Cycling Inc, vs Trek Bicycle Corporation Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, 2008 3 20, retr 2012 10 13. from trekbikes.com.
  27. Statement of Travis Tygart of the USADA on US Postal Team USADA v. Lance Armstrong, Oct 2012, pages 53-54.
  28. Lance Armstrong and his ties to Trek, Don Walker, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, The Business of Sports. Oct 10 2012.
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  30. LeMond questions Armstrong's associations. ESPN (July 19, 2004). Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  31. Reporter denies Lance's allegations. ESPN (July 17, 2004). Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  32. Interview in Rouleur, Guy Andrews, issue five, p. 26
  33. Akins, Mark (July 17, 2004). "The soigneur is every cyclist's best friend". The Seattle Times.
  34. "Greg LeMond Says Probe Could End Lance Armstrong". Agence France Presse. July 18, 2010.
  35. TREK TO IMMEDIATELY SEVER RELATIONSHIP WITH GREG LEMOND Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, Media Release, trekbikes.com, 2008 4 8, retr 2012 10 13.
  36. Vinton, Nathaniel (September 25, 2008). "Greg LeMond and Lance Armstrong clash at news conference". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  37. "Lance Armstrong". Retrieved 2012-06-30.
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  40. "Lance Armstrong: Governing body strips American of Tour wins". BBC News. October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  41. Shane Stokes (2012-12-29). "Armstrong's CAS inaction means he loses chance of appeal against doping sanctions". Velonation.com. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
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  43. Greg LeMond's steals focus in hearing on Floyd Landis. Bendweekly.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  44. Quin, T.J. (2007-05-18). "Landis aide threatens LeMond". New York Daily News.
  45. Courtroom twists muffle Landis' doping denials. ESPN (May 20, 2007). Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  46. "Landis asked about wardrobe". Los Angeles Times. May 23, 2007.
  47. "Killion: Landis sees peril in going public". Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  48. Landis' testimony centers on fired manager. Nctimes.com (May 23, 2007). Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  49. Zeigler, Mark. (July 31, 2007) Landis spins wheels in court test. Signonsandiego.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  50. Cycle of Abuse Archived June 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  51. Brown, Tony (26 October 2014). "Greg LeMond moves forward after '12 years of hell'". Star Tribune. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  52. "Arbitrators Find Landis Guilty Of Doping, Must Forfeit Tour Title". The New York Sun.
  53. "Landis admits to doping, accuses Lance, others". ESPN.com. May 20, 2010.
  54. "Cyclist Armstrong Denies Doping" Reed Albergotti, Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2010
  55. Ford, Bonnie D. (May 23, 2010). "Landis makes amends with LeMond". ESPN.com.
  56. "Greg LeMond believes 'most of Floyd Landis' statements' about doping" Nathaniel Vinton, New York Daily News, May 20, 2010
  57. Alberto, prove to me that we can believe in you. Lemonde.fr (July 23, 2009). Retrieved on August 21, 2011.
  58. Moore p. 58
  59. "VO2-to-the-max: Performing a cycling VO2 max test". February 13, 2009.
  60. Weislo, Laura (July 23, 2009). "Contador's climbing credibility questioned". Cycling News.
  61. "Alberto Contador found guilty of an anti-doping rule violation by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS): suspension of two years" (PDF). The Court of Arbitration for Sport. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
Bibliography
  • Moore, Richard (2012) "Slaying the Badger: Greg LeMond, Bernard Hinault and the Greatest Tour de France" Vintage Publishing, London, UK ISBN 1934030872
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