Battery storage power station

A battery storage power station is a type of energy storage power station that uses a group of batteries to store electrical energy. Battery storage is the fastest responding dispatchable source of power on electric grids, and it is used to stabilise those grids, as battery storage can transition from standby to full power in under a second to deal with grid contingencies.[1]

Tehachapi Energy Storage Project, Tehachapi, California

Battery storage power stations are generally designed to be able to output at their full rated power for several hours. Battery storage can be used for short-term peak power[2] and ancillary services, such as providing operating reserve and frequency control to minimize the chance of power outages. They are often installed at, or close to, other active or disused power stations and may share the same grid connection to reduce costs. Since battery storage plants require no deliveries of fuel, are compact compared to generating stations and have no chimneys or large cooling systems, they can be rapidly installed and placed if necessary within urban areas, close to customer load.

As of 2021, the power and capacity of the largest individual battery storage power plants is an order of magnitude less than that of the largest pumped-storage power plants, the most common form of grid energy storage. For example, the Bath County Pumped Storage Station, the second largest in the world, can store 24GWh of electricity and dispatch 3GW while the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW.[3] However, grid batteries do not have to be large, a large number of smaller ones can be widely deployed across a grid for greater redundancy and large overall capacity.

As of 2019, battery power storage is cheaper than open cycle gas turbine power for use up to two hours, and there was around 365 GWh of battery storage deployed worldwide, growing rapidly.[4] Levelized cost of storage (LCOS) has fallen rapidly, halving in two years to reach US$150 per MWh in 2020,[5][6][7] and further reduced to US$117 by 2023.[8] Additionally, annualized capital costs varies from battery chemistry used for storage, but annualized capital costs of $93/kWh can be realized with Lithium iron phosphate in 2020.

Construction
A rechargeable battery bank used in a data center
Lithium iron phosphate battery modules packaged in shipping containers installed at Beech Ridge Energy Storage System in West Virginia[9][10]

Battery storage power plants and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are comparable in technology and function. However, battery storage power plants are larger.

For safety and security, the actual batteries are housed in their own structures, like warehouses or containers. As with a UPS, one concern is that electrochemical energy is stored or emitted in the form of direct current (DC), while electric power networks are usually operated with alternating current (AC). For this reason, additional inverters are needed to connect the battery storage power plants to the high voltage network. This kind of power electronics include GTO thyristors, commonly used in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission.

Various accumulator systems may be used depending on the power-to-energy ratio, the expected lifetime and the costs. In the 1980s, lead-acid batteries were used for the first battery-storage power plants. During the next few decades, nickel–cadmium and sodium–sulfur batteries were increasingly used.[11] Since 2010, more and more utility-scale battery storage plants rely on lithium-ion batteries, as a result of the fast decrease in the cost of this technology, caused by the electric automotive industry. Lithium-ion batteries are mainly used. A flow battery system has emerged, but lead-acid batteries are still used in small budget applications.[12]

Safety

Some batteries operating at high temperatures (sodium–sulfur battery) or using corrosive components are subject to calendar ageing, or failure even if not used. Other technologies suffer from cycle ageing, or deterioration caused by charge-discharge cycles. This deterioration is generally higher at high charging rates. These two types of aging cause a loss of performance (capacity or voltage decrease), overheating, and may eventually lead to critical failure (electrolyte leaks, fire, explosion).

Examples of the latter include a Tesla Megapack in Geelong which caught fire,[13][14] the fire and subsequent explosion of a battery farm in Arizona, and the fire at Moss Landing battery farm.[15] Concerns about possible fire and explosion of a battery module were also raised during residential protests against Cleve Hill solar farm in United Kingdom.[16] Battery fire in Illinois resulted in "thousands of residents" being evacuated, and there were 23 battery farm fires in South Korea over the period of two years. Battery fires may release a number of dangerous gases, including highly corrosive and toxic hydrogen fluoride.[17]

Some batteries can be maintained to prevent loss of performance due to aging. For example, non-sealed lead-acid batteries produce hydrogen and oxygen from the aqueous electrolyte when overcharged. The water has to be refilled regularly to avoid damage to the battery; and, the inflammable gases have to be vented out to avoid explosion risks. However, this maintenance has a cost, and recent batteries such as Li-Ion, are designed to have a long lifespan without maintenance. Therefore, most of the current systems are composed of securely sealed battery packs, which are electronically monitored and replaced once their performance falls below a given threshold.

Sometimes battery storage power stations are built with flywheel storage power systems in order to conserve battery power.[18] Flywheels may handle rapid fluctuations better than older battery plants.[19]

Operating characteristics

Since they do not have any mechanical parts, battery storage power plants offer extremely short control times and start times, as little as 10 ms. They can therefore help dampen the fast oscillations that occur when electrical power networks are operated close to their maximum capacity. These instabilities – voltage fluctuations with periods of as much as 30 seconds – can produce peak voltage swings of such amplitude that they can cause regional blackouts. A properly sized battery storage power plant can efficiently counteract these oscillations; therefore, applications are found primarily in those regions where electrical power systems are operated at full capacity, leading to a risk of instability. However, some batteries have insufficient control systems, failing during moderate disruptions they should have tolerated.[20] Batteries are also commonly used for peak shaving for periods of up to a few hours.[2]

Battery storage systems may be active on spot markets while providing systems services such as frequency stabilization.[21] Arbitrage is an attractive way to benefit from the operating characteristics of battery storages.

Storage plants can also be used in combination with an intermittent renewable energy source in stand-alone power systems.

Battery storage power plant at Schwerin (interior view 2014, modular rows of accumulators)

Projects

250–280 MW NV Energy and Google

NV Energy has announced a partnership with Google to produce "the largest battery-backed solar corporate agreement in the world." Located in Nevada with 250–280 MW battery storage, the new project will power Google's Henderson data centre near Las Vegas.[22]

400 MWh Southern California Edison project

Under construction in 2015 is the 400 MWh (100 MW for 4 hours) Southern California Edison project. Developed by AES Energy it is a lithium-ion battery system. Southern California Edison found the prices for battery storage comparable with other electricity generators.[23]

Northern Gilboa, Israel project

In May 2023, the Israeli government announced it would be building four Battery storage power station in the northern Gilboa region, making it one of Israel's largest energy storage projects to date. The initial buildout will total 800 MW/3,200 MWh, and each of the four energy storage facilities will have 200 MW of capacity, and all four will have 4 hours of storage duration.[24][25][26]

250 MWh Indonesia

At present (2/2016) is under construction a 250 MWh battery storage in Indonesia. There are about 500 villages in Indonesia which should be supplied, so far they depend on the power supply of petroleum. In the past, the prices fluctuated greatly and there was often power outages. Now the power will be generated through wind and solar power.[23]

United Kingdom

In 2016, the UK National Grid issued contracts for 200 MW of energy storage in its Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) auction. Within the auction, National Grid accepted eight tenders from seven providers including EDF Energy Renewables, Vattenfall, Low Carbon, E.ON UK, Element Power, RES and Belectric. The capacity for each successfully tendered site ranged from 10 MW to 49 MW.[27]

In December 2019, Penso Power's Minety Battery Energy Storage Project started construction near Minety, Wiltshire.[28] Chinese investment provided the finance and the China Huaneng Group was responsible for construction and operation. The designed capacity is 136 MWh, using LiFePO4 batteries.[29][28] The main equipment of the project was manufactured and integrated by Chinese companies; more than 80% of equipment was made in China.[30][31] It started operation in July 2021 and was reported to be the biggest storage battery facility in Europe.[32] In 2020, Penso Power decided to expand the project to 266 MWh, to be completed in 2021.[28][33]

In November 2022, the Pillswood 198 MWh battery storage system using Tesla Megapack lithium-ion batteries, capable of producing 98 MW for 2 hours, was commissioned adjacent to Creyke Beck substation near Cottingham for the Dogger Bank Wind Farm.[34][35]

Evonik battery storage

Evonik is planning to build six battery storage power plants with a capacity of 15 MW to be put into operation in 2016 and 2017. They are to be situated in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany at the power plant sites Herne, Lünen and Duisburg-Walsum and in Bexbach, Fenne and Weiher in the Saarland.[36][37]

Storage for Aboriginal community in Australia

An existing system in an Aboriginal community in Australia consisting of a combination photovoltaic system and diesel generator will be extended by a lithium-ion battery to a hybrid system. The battery has a capacity of about 2 MWh and a power of 0.8 MW. The batteries store the excess solar power and take over the previously network-forming functions such as network management and network stabilization of diesel generators. Thus, the diesel generators can be switched off during the day, which leads to cost reduction. Moreover, the share of renewable energy rises in the hybrid system significantly. The system is part of a plan to transform the energy systems of indigenous communities in Australia.[38]

China

In 2022, China connected a battery farm consisting of 800 MWh redox flow batteries with vanadium electrolyte to the grid. With the ability to supply 200 MW of electricity for up to 4 hours, it is the largest battery farm of its kind in the world.[39] The power station is located in the city of Dalian, and its first phase, half the capacity, entered commercial operation in May 2022.[40]

Largest grid batteries
See also: List of energy storage power plants and List of largest power stations § Battery storage
10 largest battery storage power plants by storage capacity
Name Commissioning date Energy (MWh) Power (MW) Duration (hours) Type Country Location/coords Refs
Vistra Moss Landing battery 2021 Q2 — 2023 Q3 3000 750 4 Lithium-ion United States Moss Landing, California [41][42][43]
Crimson October 2022 1400 350 4 Lithium-ion United States Riverside County, California [44]
Desert Sunlight August 2022 920 230 4 Lithium-ion United States Riverside County, California [45]
Manatee Energy Storage December 2021 900 409 2.25 Lithium-ion United States Southfork Solar, Florida [46][47][48][49]
Diablo Energy Storage 2022 800 200 4 Lithium-ion United States Contra Costa County, California [50]
Moss Landing Elkhorn battery 2022 730 182.5 4 Lithium-ion United States Moss Landing [51][52]
Slate, California March 2022 561 140 4 Lithium-ion United States Kings County, California [53]
Valley Center March 2022 560 140 4 Lithium-ion United States Valley Center, California [54]
Andes 180 MW Solar IIB 2023 560 112 5 Lithium-ion Chile Antofagasta [55][56]
Lancaster Area BatterySeptember 20225081274Lithium-ionUnited StatesLancaster, California [57]

Planned or under construction
10 largest battery power plants under construction
Name Planned commissioning date Energy (MWh) Power (MW) Duration (hours) Type Country Refs
Edwards Sanborn 2022-2024 3287 Lithium-ion United States [58][59]
Ravenswood Energy Storage Project 2024 2528 316 8 Lithium-ion United States [60][61]
InterGen DP World London Gateway 2024 640 320 2 Lithium-ion United Kingdom [62]
Andes Solar IV 2023 735 147 5 Lithium-ion Chile [63]
Kapolei, Hawaii 565 185 3 United States [64]
Northern Gilboa 3200 800 4 Israel [26][24]
CEP Energy, Kurri Kurri project 2023 4800 1200 4 Lithium-ion Australia [65][66]
Waratah Origin 2025 1915 909 2 Lithium-ion Australia [67][68][69]
Neoen Wallerawang Great Western Battery 2022 1000 500 4 Lithium-ion Australia [70]
Energy Australia Jeeralang big battery 2026 1400 350 4 Lithium-ion Australia [71]

Market development and deployment

While the market for grid batteries is small compared to the other major form of grid storage, pumped hydroelectricity, it is growing very fast. For example, in the United States, the market for storage power plants in 2015 increased by 243% compared to 2014.[72] The 2021 price of a 60MW / 240MWh (4-hour) battery installation in the United States was US$379/usable kWh, or US$292/nameplate kWh, a 13% drop from 2020.[73][74]

In 2010, the United States had 59 MW of battery storage capacity from 7 battery power plants. This increased to 49 plants comprising 351 MW of capacity in 2015. In 2018, the capacity was 869 MW from 125 plants, capable of storing a maximum of 1,236 MWh of generated electricity. By the end of 2020, the battery storage capacity reached 1,756 MW.[75][76] At the end of 2021, the capacity grew to 4,588 MW.[77] In 2022, US capacity doubled to 9 GW / 25 GWh.[78]

As of May 2021, 1.3 GW of battery storage was operating in the United Kingdom, with 16 GW of projects in the pipeline potentially deployable over the next few years.[79] In 2022, UK capacity grew by 800 MWh, ending at 2.4 GW / 2.6 GWh.[80] Europe added 1.9 GW, with several more projects planned.[81]

In 2020, China added 1,557 MW to its battery storage capacity, while storage facilities for photovoltaics projects accounting for 27% of the capacity,[82] to the total 3,269 MW of electrochemical energy storage capacity.[83]

There is a lot of movement in the market, for example, some developers are building storage systems from old batteries of electric cars, where costs can probably be halved compared to conventional systems from new batteries.[84]

See also

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