Sill plate

A sill plate or sole plate in construction and architecture is the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached. The word "plate" is typically omitted in America and carpenters speak simply of the "sill". Other names are rat sill, ground plate, ground sill, groundsel, night plate, and midnight sill.[1][2][3]

Unusual sill framing in a granary of half-timber construction. Long tenons project through the sill plate. Timber sills can span gaps in a foundation.

Sill plates are usually composed of lumber but can be any material. The timber at the top of a wall is often called a top plate, pole plate, mudsill, wall plate or simply "the plate".

Timber sills
An unusual barn in Schoonebeek, Netherlands with interrupted sills, the posts land directly on the padstone foundation
Norwegian style framing, Kravik Mellom, Norway

In historic buildings the sills were almost always large, solid timbers framed together at the corners, carry the bents, and are set on the stone or brick foundation walls, piers, or piles (wood posts driven or set into the ground). The sill typically carries the wall framing (posts and studs) and floor joists.

There are rare examples of historic buildings in the U.S. where the floor joists land on the foundation and a plank sill or timber sill sit on top of the joists.[4] Another rare, historic building technique is for the posts of a timber-frame building to land directly on a foundation or in the ground and the sills fit between the posts and are called interrupted sills.

Stick framing

In modern wood construction, sills usually come in sizes of 2×4, 2×6, 2×8, and 2×10. In stick framing, the sill is made of treated lumber, and is anchored to the foundation wall, often with J-bolts, to keep the building from coming off the foundation during a severe storm or earthquake. Building codes require that the bottom of the sill plate be kept 6 to 8 inches above the finished grade, to hinder termites, and to prevent the sill plate from rotting.

Automobiles

In automobiles, the sill plate is located underneath the door and sometimes displays the make or model of the vehicle.

In naval architecture, sill also refers to the lower horizontal plate (frame) height, above which doors and access opening are fixed.

References
  1. Peters, Rick (2000). Framing Basics. Sterling Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 1402711204. Sole Plate: A horizontal 2-by-framing member that is attached directly to the masonry foundation or flooring; also referred to as a sill plate or mudsill
  2. Tolson, Simon (2014). Dictionary of Construction Terms. CRC Press. p. 147. ISBN 9781317912347. Ground plate: a beam forming the lowest level of a timber frame, onto which the uprights are attached. Also known as a ground sill or sole plate ... Ground sill: see Ground plate.
  3. Soule, Richard; Howison, George H. (1891). A Dictionary of English Synonymes and Synonymous or Parallel Expressions. Frederick Warne & Co. p. 196. OCLC 697718720. Groundsill, groundsel: a. sill, ground-plate
  4. Sobon, Jack A.. Historic American timber joinery: a graphic guide. Fourth printing. ed. Becket: Timber Framers Guild, 2010. pp 21, 22.
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