Influenza A virus subtype H6N2

Influenza A virus subtype H6N2
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Negarnaviricota
Class:	Insthoviricetes
Order:	Articulavirales
Family:	Orthomyxoviridae
Genus:	Alphainfluenzavirus
Species:	Influenza A virus
Serotype:	Influenza A virus subtype H6N2

H6N2 is an avian influenza virus with two forms: one has a low and the other a high pathogenicity. It can cause a serious problem for poultry, and also infects ducks as well.[1] H6N2 subtype is considered to be a non-pathogenic chicken virus, the host still unknown, but could strain from feral animals, and/or aquatic bird reservoirs.[2] H6N2 along with H6N6 are viruses that are found to replicate in mice without preadaptation, and some have acquired the ability to bind to human-like receptors.[3] Genetic markers for H6N2 include 22-amino acid stalk deletion in neuraminidase (NA) protein gene, increased N-glycosylation, and a D144 mutation of the Haemagglutinin (HA) protein gene.[4] Transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild aquatic birds to domestic birds usually cause subclinical infections, and occasionally, respiratory disease and drops in egg production.[5] Some histological features presented in chicken infected with H6N2 are fibrinous yolk peritonitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, nephritis, along with swollen kidneys as well.[6]

Signs and symptoms

sneezing and lacrimation
prostration
anorexia and fever
sometimes swelling of the infraorbital sinuses with nasal mucous [7]

References

Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. (2010). "Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks". Avian Dis. 54 (1): 120–125. doi:10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1. PMID 20408410. S2CID 6853288.
Webby, Richard J.; Woolcock, Peter R.; Krauss, Scott L.; Webster, Robert G. (2002). "Reassortment and Interspecies Transmission of North American H6N2 Influenza Viruses". Virology. 295 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1341. PMID 12033764.
Wang, Guojun; Deng, Guohua; Shi, Jianzhong; Luo, Weiyu; Zhang, Guoquan; Zhang, Qianyi; Liu, Liling; Jiang, Yongping; Li, Chengjun; Sriwilaijaroen, Nongluk; Hiramatsu, Hiroaki; Suzuki, Yasuo; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Chen, Hualan (15 April 2014). "H6 Influenza Viruses Pose a Potential Threat to Human Health". Journal of Virology. 88 (8): 3953–3964. doi:10.1128/JVI.03292-13. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 3993743. PMID 24501418.
Abolnik, C.; Bisschop, S.; Gerdes, T.; Olivier, A.; Horner, R. (2007). "Outbreaks of avian influenza H6N2 viruses in chickens arose by a reassortment of H6N8 and H9N2 ostrich viruses". Virus Genes. 34 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1007/s11262-006-0007-6. hdl:2263/5894. PMID 16927114. S2CID 9028126.
Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. (2010). "Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks". Avian Dis. 54 (1): 120–125. doi:10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1. PMID 20408410. S2CID 6853288.
Kinde, Hailu; Read, Deryck H.; Daft, Barbara M.; Hammarlund, Marion; Moore, Janet; Uzal, Francisco; Mukai, Janee; Woolcock, Peter (September 2003). "he Occurrence of Avian Influenza A Subtype H6N2 in Commercial Layer Flocks in Southern California (2000–02): Clinicopathologic Findings". Avian Diseases. 47 (3): 1214–1218. doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1214. PMID 14575145. S2CID 34839151.
McFerran, J. B.; McNulty, M. S. (6 December 2012). Acute Virus Infections of Poultry: A Seminar in the CEC Agricultural Research Programme, held in Brussels, June 13–14, 1985. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400942875.

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[1] Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. (2010). "Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks". Avian Dis. 54 (1): 120–125. doi:10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1. PMID 20408410. S2CID 6853288.

[2] Webby, Richard J.; Woolcock, Peter R.; Krauss, Scott L.; Webster, Robert G. (2002). "Reassortment and Interspecies Transmission of North American H6N2 Influenza Viruses". Virology. 295 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1341. PMID 12033764.

[3] Wang, Guojun; Deng, Guohua; Shi, Jianzhong; Luo, Weiyu; Zhang, Guoquan; Zhang, Qianyi; Liu, Liling; Jiang, Yongping; Li, Chengjun; Sriwilaijaroen, Nongluk; Hiramatsu, Hiroaki; Suzuki, Yasuo; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Chen, Hualan (15 April 2014). "H6 Influenza Viruses Pose a Potential Threat to Human Health". Journal of Virology. 88 (8): 3953–3964. doi:10.1128/JVI.03292-13. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 3993743. PMID 24501418.

[4] Abolnik, C.; Bisschop, S.; Gerdes, T.; Olivier, A.; Horner, R. (2007). "Outbreaks of avian influenza H6N2 viruses in chickens arose by a reassortment of H6N8 and H9N2 ostrich viruses". Virus Genes. 34 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1007/s11262-006-0007-6. hdl:2263/5894. PMID 16927114. S2CID 9028126.

[5] Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. (2010). "Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks". Avian Dis. 54 (1): 120–125. doi:10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1. PMID 20408410. S2CID 6853288.

[6] Kinde, Hailu; Read, Deryck H.; Daft, Barbara M.; Hammarlund, Marion; Moore, Janet; Uzal, Francisco; Mukai, Janee; Woolcock, Peter (September 2003). "he Occurrence of Avian Influenza A Subtype H6N2 in Commercial Layer Flocks in Southern California (2000–02): Clinicopathologic Findings". Avian Diseases. 47 (3): 1214–1218. doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1214. PMID 14575145. S2CID 34839151.

[7] McFerran, J. B.; McNulty, M. S. (6 December 2012). Acute Virus Infections of Poultry: A Seminar in the CEC Agricultural Research Programme, held in Brussels, June 13–14, 1985. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400942875.